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Item Embargo Digital Migration in South Africa: Experiences of Rural Selected Communities in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Ralufuluvhi, Gudani Julius; Nodoba, T.; Chari, T.The global transition from analogue to digital broadcasting has been a significant shift driven by advancements in information and communication technologies. Digital migration offers benefits such as improved picture quality, efficient spectrum usage, and accommodating multiple channels on a single frequency. However, this transition has presented challenges for various stakeholders, particularly in developing regions and rural communities. This study focuses on the experiences of rural communities in the Thulamela Municipality, located in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, during the shift from analogue to digital broadcasting. The motivation for this study stems from the delayed migration to digital television in South Africa, which began in 2009 but missed International Telecommunications Union deadlines for analogue switch-off in June 2015. Rural communities, especially those similar to the Thulamela Municipality, have faced difficulties related to infrastructural deficits, economic constraints, and limited access to digital equipment such as Set-Top Boxes. The research adopted a qualitative approach, gathering experiences from 15 purposively selected community members of Thulamela Municipality through semi-structured interviews. These interviews aimed to understand the challenges faced by these communities during the digital migration, the impact of the switchover on their access to broadcasting services, and any benefits derived from the digital transition. The results revealed that while there are potential benefits associated with digital migration, most rural households remained disconnected due to inadequate infrastructure, delays in Set-Top Box distribution, and a lack of public awareness campaigns about the transition. This research is based on the theoretical underpinning of communication rights, digital rights, and universal access, emphasising equal opportunities for access to information technologies for all actors. The concept of communication rights is highly relevant as it underscores citizens' right to freely seek, receive, and impart information, compromised due to the irregular establishment of digital infrastructure in many rural communities. The survey findings suggest that the well-intentioned policies of the South African government fell short in addressing the specific needs of rural communities, leading to a digital divide. The study highlights the implications of more inclusive policies and their proper implementation to ensure that all citizens, regardless of geographical location or economic status, benefit equally from digital broadcasting. This dissertation provides insight into the socio-economic implications of digital migration in rural South Africa and emphasises the need to improve efforts toward digital inclusion to reduce the disparities between urban and rural areas. The dissertation offers practical recommendations for policymakers, broadcasters, and other stakeholders involved in the digital migration, emphasising the need for targeted interventions to achieve universal access to digital broadcasting services in underserved regions.Item Open Access The challenges in the implementation of crime prevention strateg by South African Police Service, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Morifi, Fulgence Mosweu; Zitha, H. E.; Singo, T. A.The South African Police Service (SAPS) is required by the constitution to prevent, investigate, and combat crimes that are likely to occur in communities. The study provided information on the difficulties the South African Police Service, Limpopo Province, faces in putting its crime prevention policy into practice. In order to prevent crime and guarantee the protection and security of the nation's citizens, the South African Police Service (SAPS) was established. The SAPS investigates and fights crime as part of the Justice Crime Prevention and Security (JCPS) Cluster. According to the 1998 White Paper on Safety and Security, SAPS is the primary law enforcement agency in the nation and is in charge of carrying out the country's and the province of Limpopo's crime prevention policy. The South African Police Service encounters challenges within the increasingly sophisticated, technological, and international crime arena. A literature review was also conducted to gain a thorough knowledge of SAPS's difficulties and challenges in implementing a crime prevention strategy in Limpopo Province. The study followed a mixed methods approach, using the pragmatic paradigm and applying descriptive and contextual research designs. The study used semi-structured interviews and self-administered questionnaires to collect data from SAPS members. The study used both purposive and random sampling methods. Thematic analysis was adopted for qualitative data, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for quantitative data. The study's findings sought to improve SAPS's skills, competencies, and capacity to implement crime prevention strategies. KeywordsItem Embargo Towards the right to an environment that is not harmful to health or well-being in the context of sustainable development(2025-09-05) Mpangane, Innocent Mxolisi; Kandala, L. J. J.; Mawila, P.This study addresses the pressing issue of providing individuals with an environment that promotes health and well-being while ensuring sustainable development in South Africa. The focus is on the right to a safe and healthy environment, and how it can be achieved in sustainable development. Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides that everyone has the right to a healthy environment and mandates the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures to prevent environmental degradation. Several legislations, such as the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), uphold the right to a healthy environment. Despite these protections, the violation of the right to a healthy environment persists, and this is illustrated by the lack of enforcement of environmental laws, which require a balance between human well-being and environmental sustainability. The study discussed specific measures, such as the integration and interrelationship of human rights and social, economic, and environmental objectives or principles of sustainable development, holding that states must consider the environmental and social (including human rights) aspects of economic plans. The goal is to create a balance between human well-being and environmental sustainability, ensuring that both present and future generations can thrive in a healthy and sustainable environment. To achieve this goal, an analysis was conducted of the laws, policies, and regulations related to the right to a healthy environment. Furthermore, the study discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing environmental rights and sustainable development. The study used a desktop-based research methodology, also known as doctrinal methodology. This study used rational deduction or legal perception to order, arrange, and organise legal instruments, case laws, resolutions, and legal studies.Item Embargo The Criminological Evaluation of Cybercrimes Within Higher Learning Institutions. A Case Study of University of Venda: Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Maringa, Matimu; Mulaudzi, A. N.; Tshidada, T. C.This study evaluated the nature and extent of cybercrimes prevalent within higher learning institutions of South Africa. Cyber-attacks are growing at a distressing rate and has posed a serious challenge within academia by impacting and disrupting normal learning setting. Universities data infrastructure is vulnerable to criminals, can be compromised easily while students and staff are not alien to proportion of cybercrime impact inclusive of hacking, financial loss, bullying, illegal circulation of pornography, blackmailing’s, extortion and many other crimes. This case study evaluated cybercrimes at the University of Venda (Univen). It therefore, evaluated if Univen have institutional framework for managing cybercrimes and cybersecurity risk, also assess if it has been efficient to counteract cybercrimes impact against the university and students. Mixed method approach applied, where snowballing sample procedure was utilised to quantitatively sample Univen students, and purposive sampling was applied to sample Univen Information Communication Technology officials. The researcher utilised the routine activities theory and differential association theory of crime as the study problem framework. Sample was selected based on their suitability of contributing towards research; Focus group discussions, questionnaires and voice recorder were used to collect data. Thematic Content Analysis (TCA), was used to analyse qualitative data and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 for quantitative data analysis. The study made findings and recommendations that could be used to inform adoption of framework to manage cybercrimes within higher education institutions (HEI) of South Africa and to find alternatives programmes that will positively address cyber incidents within academia.Item Open Access An exposition of micro-franchising and women’s entrepreneurship development, in Thulamela Local Municipality(2025-09-05) Maluleke, Tiyisani Shiella; Nkondo, L. G.; Zindiye, S.Micro-businesses, help, for instance, women to build their social, emotional, and economic capabilities in addition to increasing national productivity and creating jobs. Limited studies, however, have explored the exposition of micro-franchising on women entrepreneurship development in Thulamela Local Municipality, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was conducted to explore the challenges that are faced by women entrepreneurs in micro-franchising and to come up with strategies that can be employed to overcome those challenges. A qualitative research approach was employed, with a sample of 12 women entrepreneurs in Thulamela Local Municipality; convenience sampling technique was adopted to select the participants. Primary data was gathered through in-depth interviews using a structured interview guide. The study findings reveal that the contribution of micro-franchising to women’s entrepreneurship development includes employment creation, income generation, independence, and skills pooling. The study also established that the challenges that are faced by women entrepreneurs in micro franchising are – lack of access to markets; inadequate infrastructure; very stiff competition; unreliable customers; distrust by individuals; gender discrimination; inadequate knowledge; lack of capital; lack of financial literacy; lack of training; low profit, inadequate client base; having to sell on credit; poor time management and unsatisfied customers. Strategies recommended to enhance micro franchising for women entrepreneurship development, included – stakeholders conducting awareness events, campaigns and entrepreneurial workshops, financial literacy training; funding; infrastructure provision; mentorship, non-financial support and network opportunities; skills training and the municipality must create an enabling condition such as providing women entrepreneurs with stalls to sell from. The major limitation is that the study was done in Thulamela Local Municipality, Vhembe district, Limpopo which implies that it might not be possible to generalise the findings and recommendations to other municipalities or provinces.Item Embargo Exploring African Indigenous Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices on Reproductive Health: A Case Study of Allandale Women in Mpumalanga(2025-09-05) Mdhluli, Ophilile; Matshidze, P.E.; Tshifhumulo, R.This study explored African indigenous knowledge, beliefs and practices on reproductive health among women in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. Women sexual and reproductive health in many African indigenous communities, like Allandale village, is an ongoing sensitive issue that is difficult to discuss in many contexts. As such, information, knowledge and practices relating to women reproductive health is shrouded in obscurity through religion, tradition and culture and no wonder why many rural women, including the girl-child, are left vulnerable. The study argues that little and/or no logical information exists on women reproductive health written from an African indigenous perspective. The study used three theories in exploring traditional medicine and its impact on reproductive health of rural women; Afrocentricity, Appreciative Inquiry approach and ethnomedical approach. The study adopted the qualitative research design since it sought to understand knowledge that was within indigenous communities. The researcher chose Allandale as the interview site due to its abundance of traditional medicine and the presence of traditional healers specializing in reproductive health. Indigenous women (18-50 years), traditional healers (diviner, traditional birth attendant, herbalist, traditional surgeon and faith healer) and elderly women (60 years and above) participated in the study. The study findings provided a panoramic view of a wide contextual analysis of reproductive health issues from an indigenous perspective. Most of the respondents perceived indigenous knowledge practices as efficacious in the preventive, promotive and curative aspect of reproductive health, with some key testimonials undergirding these views. The centrality of taboos, herbs, ceremonies, rituals and observance of social norms demonstrated the vantage point which indigenous knowledge occupied as it straddled the physical, biological social and spiritual aspects of diagnoses, prognosis, treatment, promotion and prevention of reproductive maladies that affected women. Based on the findings and conclusions, this study proposes the adoption of an African Indigenous Knowledge Framework on women's reproductive health.Item Open Access The importance of community participation in the implementation of Local Economic Development: A case study of Makhado Local Municipality(2025-09-05) Khomola. Maluta; Mbedzi, L.; Nekhavhambe, M. M.Community participation is often seen as essential for the effectiveness of numerous health programs. Nevertheless, there is a deficiency in theoretical frameworks and empirical data concerning the factors influencing participation within specific contexts and relationships. The study focused on the importance of community participation in the implementation of Local Economic Development in the Makhado Local Municipality. Local Economic Development is considered as a solution to the triple challenges (unemployment, poverty, and inequality) in South African municipalities. Local Economic Development approach aims to stimulate economic growth and improve the quality of life within communities by identifying the needs of communities through community participation. The study applied the participatory theory, which explains more about community participation and the contribution of citizens in community-based projects. Participatory theory was incorporated on mutual involvement of all important stakeholders, especially the use of respective members of citizens to make decisions and set the plans for their future. The study used a pragmatic research paradigm to select the research method of the study. The study deployed a mixed-methods research design. The descriptive research design was used as a blueprint for the study. The study population was limited to Makhado Local Municipality and the community members who were under Makhado Local Municipality. A purposive sampling technique that uses non-probability sampling was adopted in this study using a qualitative method. Statistical and thematic analyses were adopted to analyse data quantitatively and qualitatively. Enhanced research methodologies are required to enhance the conceptualisation of community participation and to elucidate a deeper comprehension of the ways in which factors like power and influence impact community engagement and its results. The major findings of the study are: • The study found that most respondents are unfamiliar with the goals and objectives of Local Economic Development initiatives, and there is a considerable knowledge gap within the community regarding understanding Local Economic Development and its objectives. • The study found that poor information dissemination is a key challenge and a lack of proper channels by the Local Economic Development officials to reach out to the community members under Makhado Local Municipality. • The study revealed that the role of Non-Governmental Organisations in the Makhado Local Municipality is not well played in terms of addressing the barriers to community participation for Local Economic Development initiatives. • The findings indicated that active involvement fosters a sense of ownership among community members, which enhances both the sustainability and effectiveness of projects. • The findings indicate that increasing access to information and education about Local Economic Development initiatives would improve participation. The following are the recommendations that are made based on the findings of the study. • The study recommends that the Makhado Local Municipality implement targeted public awareness campaigns using local radio stations, social media platforms, and community meetings to educate residents on Local Economic Development. • The study recommends that Makhado Local Municipality develop a comprehensive Local Economic Development communication strategy to ensure the timely and clear dissemination of information. • The study recommends the introduction of dedicated Local Economic Development awareness campaigns such as NGOs to educate the community on the benefits and opportunities available through Local Economic Development initiatives. • The study recommends that the municipality launch extensive awareness programs to address the prevailing uncertainty about Local Economic Development inclusivity and ensure that all community members are well-informed in order to foster ownership to the community members. • The study recommends that the municipality enhance the dissemination of information and educational materials on Local Economic Development initiatives to improve community awareness and participation.Item Open Access The efficacy of Integrated Development Planning in promoting Developmental Local Government: A case of Collins Chabane Local Municipality, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Hlungwani, Tumelo Hamfree; Maemu, E.; Mahole, E.The study focuses on the efficacy of integrated development planning in promoting developmental local government: A case of Collins Chabane Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. Developmental local government (DLG) is a vision for the future form of local government in South Africa. The DLG outlines a system of democratic local government in which efficient and effective municipalities meet the needs of all, but particularly those of poor and vulnerable communities. A pragmatic research paradigm was adopted, incorporating a mixed-method approach that used both quantitative and qualitative research. In this study, mixed research methods were integrated while maintaining each method's original structures and procedures. The researcher employed descriptive study designs. A probability sampling method was used, as it allowed researchers to create a sample that accurately represented the real-life population of interest. Data collected through research questionnaires were analysed using IBM SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) Version 29.0, while data gathered through research interviews were analysed using Atlas.Ti. Throughout the data collection process, all ethical considerations were prioritised to ensure that respondents participated freely, without any form of coercion or intimidation. The major findings of the study are: • The Municipality has a serious issue with high youth unemployment, raising concerns about the future for young people. • Community participation is essential for successful IDP processes. It fosters engagement and ensures community needs are met. • External stakeholders help the Municipality develop and implement the Integrated Development Plan (IDP). They provide important insights, resources, and expertise to ensure the plan meets the community's needs. • Insufficient infrastructure frequently restricts the effective implementation of IDP initiatives, creating challenges in providing essential services and meeting the community's developmental goals. • The IDP needs to integrate all planning, budgeting, and administration activities in the Municipality. The following recommendations are therefore made based on the findings of the study: • The study recommends that the Municipality should create job in order to reduce a high rate of unemployed youth. • The Municipality should actively involve the community, as this participation is key to successful IDP processes. • It is recommended that the external stakeholders should be encouraged to assist the Municipality in the development and execution of the IDP. • The Municipality should prioritise infrastructure projects to address the community's most pressing needs, such as reliable water supply, efficient transportation, and adequate healthcare facilities. • The researcher recommends that the Municipality should fully implement robust public employment programs specifically designed to create a substantial number of job opportunities for the large cohort of unemployed youth. • The study recommends that the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) effectively combine and synchronise all planning, budgeting, and administration activities within the Municipality.Item Embargo The intersection between the theory of feminism and the right to equality in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, in relation to the right of women to succeed to traditional leadership(2025-09-05) Ravele, Gudani; Mzolo, N.; Mokoena, U. C. A.This study critically examined the intersection of feminism and the constitutional right to equality in South Africa, focusing on women’s succession rights to traditional leadership positions. Despite the progressive constitutional framework that guarantee=d equality and prohibited gender-based discrimination, customary law practices most notably the principle of male primogeniture continued to marginalise women within traditional leadership succession, reflecting deeply entrenched patriarchal norms. The aim of the research was to analyse the legislative and judicial frameworks addressing equality and their efficacy in ensuring women’s rights to succeed in traditional leadership. The objectives included evaluating feminism values and theories relevant to gender equality and assessing judicial interpretations that influenced customary law reform in South Africa. Adopting a doctrinal methodology, the study analysed statutes, landmark court decisions such as Bhe and Shilubana and feminism theories to understand the evolving legal landscape. No empirical data collection was undertaken, ensuring a focused legal and theoretical enquiry. Findings revealed ongoing tensions between constitutional mandates for substantive equality and customary practices governed by patriarchal traditions. Judicial interventions progressively invalidated discriminatory customs, fostering greater recognition of women’s leadership rights. However, challenges remained in fully aligning customary succession practices with gender equality principles. The study concluded that achieving substantive gender equality in traditional leadership succession necessitated continued legal reform informed by feminism and a commitment to constitutional values. Such reforms were essential to dismantle entrenched patriarchal barriers and uphold women’s human dignity, equality and freedom with the South African society.Item Embargo Conceptualizations of ancestral calling: Symptoms of mental illness from the traditional healers’ viewpoint in villages around Tzaneen Municipality of Mopani District(2025-09-05) Machete, Tshikani; Takalani, J.; MphephuCultural beliefs about ancestral spirits and ancestral calling are widespread in Southern Africa. When an individual particularly Black/African has an ancestral calling they may sometimes present with symptoms similar to those of mental illness or disorder as outlined in the DSM (Statistical Diagnostic Manual). The discourse being that the perceived ‘sick person’ may need to go through the process of ukuthwasa (initiation) and become a traditional healer. Therefore, the study sought to explore the conceptualizations of ancestral calling: Presentation of mental illness from the traditional healers’ viewpoint. The research was conducted at villages around Tzaneen Municipality of Mopani District Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study had adopted a qualitative research approach. Because the study has focused on people’s knowledge and experiences, a qualitative approach has afforded the researcher to obtain in-depth information. An exploratory design was employed for the researcher to gain more insight and understanding into the phenomenon that was being researched. To select traditional healers, the study employed a qualitative research approach and used exploratory and phenomenological research designs. The participants of the study were sampled using purposive and convenience sampling. The African Perspective Theory served as the theoretical framework for this research. The population from which the sample was drawn for this study was all the traditional healers who went through the process of ukuthwasa, residing and currently practicing in the villages under Tzaneen Municipality of Mopani District in Limpopo province, South Africa A sample of twenty participants was considered as a target population. However, the researcher discontinued interviews with 15 participants due to data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collecting using an interview guide as an instrument, and data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Ethical principles such as informed consent and confidentiality and the code of ethics to protect the rights of the participants were applied throughout the study. The findings of the study revealed that there are certain symptoms of mental illness that are present and regarded as a sign that an individual has an ancestral calling. According to the research findings these symptoms may be healed or treated only when the individual accepts the call at the beginning of the training process for one to become a traditional healer, this process is called Ukutwasa. This research will provide additional information in aspects of African Psychology for the trained mental health practitioner in the assessment and treatment of mental health care users who holds significant African traditional and cultural beliefs.Item Embargo An Analysis of the Strategies to promote Ethical Behaviour in Local Government: A Case of Thulamela Local Municipality(2025-09-05) Ravhuanzwo, Shumani Maxwell; Zitha, H. E.; Lavhelani, N. P.The study analyses the strategies to promote ethical behavior in local government, with a particular focus on Thulamela Local Municipality (TLM). TLM is one of the local municipalities constituting Vhembe District Municipality in the Limpopo province. The 1994 first democratic elections in South Africa demonstrated the country's dedication to human rights and prosperity. There are three spheres of government: national, provincial, and local. Local government has come a long way since then, but obstacles to service delivery have led to a loss of trust in municipal employees. Good governance is increasingly being threatened by systemic corruption, which results from the unethical behavior of municipal leadership. The strategies and recommendations to be provided in this research study serve as a light on the challenge of adherence to the prescribed ethical standards in service delivery by TLM and other local municipalities across the country. To better investigate strategies to promote ethical behavior by municipal employees in service delivery in TLM, the study utilized the public value theory, a qualitative approach (descriptive design and explorative design) and the constructivism paradigm. The study used purposive sampling to ensure precise sample collection. Primary data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Thematic and descriptive analyses were applied to the analysis of the qualitative data. The major findings of this study are that unethical behavior in TLM is manifested through corruption, nepotism, cadre deployment, political interference, and bribery; that lack of exemplary behavior by senior municipal officials and incompetent staff members are some of the causes of unethical conduct within TLM; that unethical behavior demotivates committed municipal officials; and that internal strategies for enhancing ethical conduct within the municipality are not effective. The study recommends that consequence management and the provisions of the codes of conduct must be enforced and that TLM stakeholders must report unethical behavior by municipal officials to external watchdog bodies such as the National Prosecting Authority and the Office of the Auditor General.Item Embargo Judicial Approach to the Application of Section 24(b)(i) of the Constitution on the Duty to Prevent Pollution through ‘Other measures’ in South Africa A(2025-09-05) Ramusekene, Oda; Jegede, A. O.Pollution is one of the world’s triple planetary crises. In South Africa, it is no less of a challenge as it continues to disproportionately harm vulnerable populations and pose a threat to their right to quality air, water, and an adequate standard of living. Section 24(b)(i) of the Constitution of South Africa provides that the state must prevent pollution through ‘reasonable legislation’ and ‘other measures’. The state has put in place several reasonable legislation to address pollution, which has been a subject of interpretation in several cases. These include the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) and the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (NEMAQA). Yet, legal scholarship is limited on what the phrase ‘other measures’ means in the context of Section 24(b)(i) of the Constitution of South Africa. Courts are vested with interpretive functions and are not neutral concerning theories of interpretation. However, a judicial interpretation has not been placed on this phrase, which signifies that its meaning remains in limbo in the context of environmental pollution. Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology, this study” engages with the challenge of pollution and how key theories of judicial interpretation may assist with applying the phrase ‘other measures’ to address pollution in South Africa. KItem Embargo The legal Implications of colonialism on patrilineal succession to traditional leadership in South Africa(2025-09-05) Chunguane, Pertunia LeratoCustomary law has been a cornerstone of African legal systems for centuries; it governs social relationships, especially succession. The legacy of colonialism has had a profound impact on African legal systems, particularly in the realm of customary law. Such imposition of foreign values and norms has contributed to the distortion of indigenous customs and practices, leading to ongoing scholarly debates about the role of customary law in contemporary South Africa. The intersection of customary law and Constitutional values has sparked controversy, particularly about patriarchal norms, gender equality, traditional erosion and preservation of culture. It is often argued that harmonising customary law with Constitutional values will obscure the lens used to view, interpret and apply customary law. On the opposite spectrum, it is contradictorily argued that the harmonisation is undesirable as it will render customary law entirely Western, threatening the preservation of the indigenous customs. Contemporarily, case law has played a significant role in shaping the development of customary law, with courts grappling with the challenge of harmonising customary practices with Constitutional principles. This study explores the tension between customary law and Constitutional values, examining the arguments for and against the harmonisation of customary law with modern Constitutional principles. It considers the implications of this harmonisation for preserving indigenous customs and promoting gender equality, highlighting this debate's complex and nuanced nature. This scholarship holds that the rule of male primogeniture is discriminatory towards women and needs to evolve to reflect contemporary values of equality and dignity as provided by the Constitution. While deploying a doctrinal approach, this mini dissertation thus examines this tension and how it is addressed in the contemporary South African context.Item Embargo An Analysis on the Impact of Service Delivery on Humam Rights: A Case of Vhembe District Municipality(2025-09-05) Phangophango, Zwivhuya; Lavhelani, N. P.; Mbedzi, L.The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, provides that failure to provide services is a violation of human rights. In addition, Section 22 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, forbids discrimination and guarantees freedom of trade, activity, and profession,emphasizing the connection between human rights and service delivery. It creates a framework for encouraging fair access to services and holds officials responsible for making sure that the provision of services satisfies the freedom, equality, and dignity guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. This is a required activity, and people's human rights are infringed when they are denied these services. Moreover, failing to provide services to the public is not supported by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It makes clear that everyone has the inherent right to dignity and the protection of the human rights. The study aims to analyze the impacts of service delivery on human rights in Vhembe District Municipality. Secondary data was sourced from the journal articles, municipal annual reports, legal framework, websites, library books, and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996, pertinent laws, and policies pertaining to human rights. The researcher used non-probability sampling and purposive sampling to collect secondary data for this study. Moreover, the study adopted desktop research. The literature on this subject has been examined in order to find common problems, patterns, and operational parallels with regard to how service delivery affects human rights in VDM. Thematic analysis was used to analyze secondary data collected. Significant gaps in access to essential services such as water, health-care, education, and power were shown by the analysis of service delivery in the Vhembe District Municipality. These gaps result in violations of core human rights, such as the right to dignity, health, and education. To overcome these gaps and protect human rights in the area, it is significant for the local government to consider infrastructure investment as a priority, enhance governance and accountability systems, transparency, and guarantee increased community involvement in decision-making. The study recommended the VDM to respect human rights by extending services to the communities.Item Embargo Student's perspectives on the role of internal communication in students academic performance at highrt learning institutions in South Africa: A case study of University of Venda(2025-09-05) Ramonetho, M. B.; Mabika, M.; Nodoba, T.Internal communication between lecturers and students is increasingly recognised as a key factor influencing academic performance in higher education institutions. Research suggests effective communication contributes to students' understanding of course material, motivation, and overall academic success. However, there is a limited exploration of how this dynamic operates within the South African context, particularly in historically disadvantaged institutions. The gap in the literature lies in a lack of in-depth studies that specifically examine the internal communication structures in place and their direct impact on student outcomes at institutions like the University of Venda, which faces unique socio-economic and cultural challenges. This study addresses the problem by investigating how internal communication practices between lecturers and students affect students' academic performance at the University of Venda. It seeks to fill the gap by exploring the quality, frequency, and effectiveness of communication between students and lecturers, and how these factors contribute to or hinder students’ academic success. The main objective of this study is to examine how internal communication impacts students' academic performance, focusing on the experiences and perceptions of students across various faculties at the University of Venda. The study will focus only on students’ perspectives; hence the role of internal communication can be best evaluated from students’ side as they are recipients of academic services facilitated by internal communication. Through a qualitative approach, the study draws on 20 students selected using purposive sampling. An interpretive paradigm guides the research, employing semi-structured interviews for data collection. Thematic analysis is used to interpret the findings, offering insight into the communication strategies that foster or impede academic success. The study is supported by triangulation, System Theory, stakeholder theory, and Constructivist Learning Theory to offer a comprehensive understanding of internal communication in higher education.Item Embargo Liturgical Inculturation in the Context of Christian and African Burial Rites within Shikundu Areas in Collins Chabane Local Municipality(2025-09-05) Makamu, Mboni Collins; Khosa, H. P.; Mudimeli, L. M.Religion plays a crucial role during funerals. It also impacts beliefs regarding death, burial, and mourning. People decide how they prefer to be sent off after death based on their religious beliefs, this includes types of ceremonies and any rituals which need to be done for their souls to be well accepted where they believe souls go after death. The co-existence of Christian and African burial rites has breed conflicts between the two forms of liturgies. It is undeniable that they call for liturgical inculturation since they both operate in the same context. This study was about the purpose study was to explore was to explore liturgical Inculturation in the Context of Christian and African Burial Rites in Collins Chabane Local Municipality. The study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. An interview schedule was used to collect data from participants. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to sample participants. The study uses qualitative research approach and exploratory research design. A purposive sampling method will be used to select 4 church leaders and 4 traditional doctors from Shikundu areas under Collins Chabane Local Municipality The major objectives of the study were to explore understanding about liturgical inculturation, to determine conflict between Christian and African practices with regard to burial rites, to determine the differences between Christian and African Burial rites, to determine the process of Christian burial rites and African burial rites, to explore Challenges of collaborating Christian burial rites and African burial rites and to suggest liturgical inculturation between Christian and African burial rites. The major findings of this study is that liturgical inculturation is when two different are fused to become one in the same context. Again, Christian and African burial rites are conducted in the same context, that is, they are conducted at the same time to the same people. Furthermore there is a conflict between Christian and African burial since the former regards the later as abomination before God. The study further revealed that the difference between the Christian burial rites and African burial rites is that Christian burial rites are solely founded on the scriptures while the African burial rites are connected with appeasing ancestors. Again, the study showed that the challenge of achieving liturgical inculturation lies in the reality that the purpose of conducting Christian burial rites is to send the deceased to God as his or her final destination. While on the other hand the purpose of conducting African burial rites is to connect the deceased with his or her ancestors. The study recommended that ministers of the Christian religion should establish forums that would cater to African traditional leaders in order to discuss how liturgical inculturation could be achieved.Item Embargo Leveraging and enhancing existing legal frameworks in the African Regional system for the prevention of ecocide and environmental dam(2025-09-05) Mutasa, Lawrence Tatenda; Kandala, L. J. J.; Jegede, A. O.The African Regional system has been a subject of ongoing debates and discussions on how to protect the environment and combat ecocide effectively. In this regard, various legal frameworks have been put in place to address these issues, particularly the Bamako Convention on The Ban Of Import To Africa And The Control Of Transboundary Movement And Management Of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa. However, there is still room for improvement in leveraging and enhancing these existing legal frameworks for more efficient ecocide prevention and environmental protection. The Protocol On The Amendments To The Protocol On The Statute Of The African Court Of Justice And Human Rights (Malabo Protocol) provides a more effective way to criminalise Ecocide. The main question addressed in this research is how the African Regional system can prevent ecocide and ensure environmental protection through Article 28L of the Malabo Protocol. If so, how should this be done, and if not, how can existing legal frameworks be leveraged and enhanced? KeywoItem Embargo The Constitutionality of Permission to Occupy as Opposed to the Deed of Grant and Title Deed undr South African Law(2025-09-05) Mulaudzi, F. G.; Oluyeju, OlufemiSouth Africa attained its democratic rule 30 years ago. However, solutions to some fundamental issues, such as the constitutionality of permission to occupy (PTO) vis a vis the deed of grant regarding land tenure, remain elusive. Although PTO is widely utilised as evidence of title to land ownership, a landholder with a PTO is insecure. This is so because PTO does not grant ownership to the holder, but it is commonly accepted that the personal rights granted are similar to having a real right. Moreover, PTOs are not registrable at the Deeds Office, as opposed to a deed of grant. It is further argued that, although the title deed is recognised by the Constitution, its use and availability in servicing the marginalised communities in urban and rural communities is worrisome. Title deeds are permanent and give the owners the right to occupy and enjoy the use of the land or property. However, PTO is temporary and can be repealed at the whim of authorities. Despite considerable efforts to eliminate overreliance on PTOs, their continuous use in tribal communities signifies the need for it to be considered a real right in law and practice. Ensuring that PTOs confer a real right is essential in solving the challenges of poverty and inequality in rural and urban communities. In particular, such a policy thrust would redress the discriminatory legacy of the apartheid system. This study's findings will inform a policy change and law reform. It will introduce a new perspective in law by influencing a new thinking amongst the legal fraternity. The law professionals will be intriqued to in proffer appropriate legal instruments critical to empowering marginalised communities. Keywords:Item Embargo Translating and interpreting South Africa’s cultures: art, song and dance in Mda’s selected novels(2025-09-05) Makhafola, Thabo; Ndlovu, I.; Mahori, F.This study explores the translation and interpretation of South African cultures through art, song, and dance in Zakes Mda's following novels: Ways of Dying (1995), She Plays with the Darkness (1995), The Heart of Redness (2000), and The Sculptors of Mapungubwe (2013). The study employs post-colonial theories and decolonial perspectives to discern how Mda deploys these artistic expressions to transcend their aesthetic value, acting as powerful symbols of resistance, unity, and healing. These narratives have been selected because they highlight Mda's skill in navigating the complexities of translating South African cultural realities into narrative form. By examining how Mda incorporates and reinterprets traditional South African art forms, music, and dance, this study reveals the complex dynamics of cultural expression and translation. The study argues that Mda navigates the tensions between cultural preservation and innovation, highlighting the ways in which art, song, and dance serve as powerful tools for storytelling, social commentary, and cultural critique. The selected novels foreground and epitomise a deeper understanding of the role of art, song and dance in shaping South African identity and experience.Item Embargo Experiences of novice educators when teaching multi-grade classes at selected primary schools of the Niani East Circuit in the Vhembe East District of Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Netshivhale, Rudzani; Sotshangane, O. N.; Ravhuhali, F.This study aimed to explore the experiences of novice educators teaching in multi-grade classrooms. Multi-grade teaching has become a key focus in education, involving the integration of different grade levels within a single classroom, all taught by one educator. As such, this study specifically explored the experiences of novice educators in such teaching environments. Given the nature of the research, a qualitative approach was chosen. The study was carried out in selected public primary schools in the Niani East Circuit of Vhembe East District, Limpopo Province, with data collected through classroom observations and interviews. Nine public primary schools with multi-grade classrooms in the Niani East Circuit were selected for the study. Purposive sampling was used to select participants, comprising nine novice educators and nine principals from these schools. The data were analysed using a thematic approach. The research followed an interpretivism paradigm, aiming to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences, behaviours, and social contexts of novice educators, ultimately producing rich, detailed data that illuminate the complexities of human behaviour in this educational setting. Reflective practice, professional collaboration, and Professional and Social Responsibility were the approaches used in this study to highlight how novice educators focused on their teaching practices and experiences to improve and develop as educators. It is hoped that the study will reveal experiences that included challenges or successes regarding teaching multi-grade classes. The findings could be useful to school principals and other stakeholders to inform practices that might be employed to induct novice educators into multi-grade teaching.