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Item Embargo Empowering Informal Traders through Developmental Local Government: The Case of Polokwane Local Municipality(2025-05-16) Selepe, Modupi; Vermaak, N. J.; Nkuna, N.South Africa’s democratic dispensation brought hope and trust to oppressed black citizens, particularly the promise of economic emancipation and freedom, as highlighted in the ruling party’s manifestos and the Freedom Charter. However, post-democracy challenges such as unemployment, poverty, marginalisation, and lack of social security have led to an increasing number of informal traders operating within areas managed by local municipalities since the introduction of developmental local government. Consequently, informal trading has gained significant momentum and reshaped urban landscapes, both locally and globally. The South African Local Government Association (SALGA) introduced the concept of Developmental Local Government (DLG), mandating municipalities to collaborate with communities to promote economic development, including informal traders. This study aimed to develop an informal trader empowerment model/framework. The Dualist Theory of the informal economy was adopted, which posits that individuals participate in the informal economy due to socio-economic factors such as poverty, unemployment, and marginalisation. This theory was validated through findings indicating that participants engaged in informal trading for survival. A mixed-method research approach was utilised, with an anti-positivist/interpretivist paradigm guiding the study. The research focused on Polokwane’s informal traders and the Polokwane Local Municipality. Non-probability sampling techniques, including convenience and purposive sampling, were employed to collect data from a total of 70 participants—50 informal traders and 20 municipal officials. Data collection involved focus group interviews to address time constraints and Covid-19 restrictions, with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ensuring safety. Data analysis primarily involved thematic analysis, complemented by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel for quantitative enumeration. Ethical standards were rigorously adhered to, ensuring anonymity, protection from harm, voluntary participation, and securing permission from gatekeepers.Item Embargo The pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics of ADME polymorphisms in-drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis patients from rural healthcare facilities in the Vhembe District of Limpopo (South Africa)(2025-09-05) Mashilo, Maphepele Sara; Traore, A. N.; Potgieter, N.; Kinnear, C. J.BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of death after the recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The rate of TB mortality remains high due to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB), which includes multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. Although TB is curable, the most common side effect associated with the use of anti-TB drugs globally is hepatotoxicity. This observation has been associated with the host genetic variation in the genes involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The African population has been reported to have a high genetic diversity, yet their genomic information on the genetic contribution to TB and treatment is understudied. AIM OF THE STUDY This study sought to investigate the pharmacogenetic analysis of ADME polymorphisms in TB patients from rural healthcare facilities in the Vhembe District, Limpopo province of South Africa. METHODOLOGY Thirty-five TB outpatients were recruited from various healthcare facilities in Vhembe District. In this study, data and samples were collected from August 2022 to December 2023. Interviews were conducted to collect socio-demographic information and other factors related to TB, and samples (Sputum, urine, and blood) of the participants. DNA isolated from sputum was used to confirm (Anyplex MTB/NTM) and determine the extent of the MDR/XDR-TB using Allplex™ MTB/MDR/XDRe kit from Seegene, and the Zymo kit was used for blood DNA extraction. The whole genome sequencing was achieved by Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique to analyse the SNPs involved in drug ADME to understand the risk associated with treatment failures and predisposition to anti-TB induced toxicity on only seven genomic DNA (gDNA) samples, and untargeted metabolomics were used to evaluate the metabolites in the urine of the TB/MDR-TB patients. RESULTS Among the 35 participants, 54,3% (19/35) were females. The ages of the participants ranged from 23 to 72 years. The estimated prevalence of DR-MTB was 11.4% (4/35). Unemployment constituted 65% (23/35) of the participants’ status. Fifty-one percent (18/35) of the patients were co-infected with HIV. In total, the co-infections included MTB+NTM (40%, 14/35), MDR-MTB+NTM (5,7%, 2/35), XDR-MTB+NTM (2,9%, 1/35) and XDR-MTB+HIV (2.9%, 1/35). ANOVA analysis across groups identified 42 significantly altered metabolites (p < 0.05), where 2149 were annotated from a spectrum of 4191. The metabolomics resulted in 5 pathways, including i) One carbon pool by folate, ii) Folate biosynthesis, iii) Sphingolipid metabolism, iv) Tryptophan metabolism, and v) Fatty acid biosynthesis. Pharmacogenomics revealed a high prevalence of variants in UGT1A9 (94), ABCB1 (88), SLCO1B1 (69) and CYP24A1 (49) genes affecting drug metabolism and transport. NAT2 genotyping predicted diverse acetylator phenotypes with slow and intermediate acetylators predominating, suggesting variable isoniazid metabolism and potential differences in treatment efficacy and toxicity risk. CONCLUSION The study's findings underscore the urgent need for targeted strategies in addressing MTB and DR-TB. The high prevalence of co-infection, particularly NTM+DR-MTB, and HIV+DR-MTB should be a primary focus in MTB control in the Vhembe district. The significant proportion of unemployment among TB patients and late healthcare consultation were identified as key risk factors. Strategies should prioritise education on TB co-infection diagnosis/ treatment and address unemployment, as these are crucial areas where interventions can significantly impact the health of the individuals and the overall public health in this region. Integration of metabolomic and genetic analyses highlights complex host-pathogen interactions in DS-TB and DR-TB, underscoring metabolic pathway disruptions and genetic polymorphisms that influence drug response. Therefore, this initiative is crucial for assessing the likelihood of drug resistance, toxicity, and treatment failure. Therefore, these findings emphasize the need for personalised medicine approaches to optimize anti-TB therapy in genetically diverse populations, thus preventing individuals predisposed to ADR attributable to anti-TB drugs. Further validation and functional studies are warranted to translate these insights into clinical practice.Item Open Access Sedimentological and mineralogical characteristics of Limpopo River Sand at Beit Bridge Border between South Africa and Zimbabwe(2025-09-05) Ramavhunga, Mukondeleli; Odhiambo, Beneath; Kori, EdmoreThe research aimed to investigate the sedimentological and mineralogical characteristics of Limpopo River sand upstream of Beit Bridge, situated on the South Africa/Zimbabwe border. Due to limited information available about the minerals and sediments associated with Beit Bridge, this study was conducted to fill this knowledge gap and enhance knowledge of the river’s history and environmental changes. Samples of sediment representing the river were collected from upstream of Beit Bridge along the Limpopo River. The sieve analysis technique was used to classify the particle size of the samples. The X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) analysis identified mineral composition, detecting quartz, feldspar, and other minerals. The petrographic analysis offered detailed mineral component observations, confirming XRD findings. Subsequently the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis traced sediment provenance by identifying specific elements and compounds, illuminating geological history. The results showed that sand was the most dominant component across all stations, with varying proportions of fine silt and gravel. XRD and microscopic analysis revealed minerals such as quartz, plagioclase, microcline, muscovite, and actinolite to be dominant. The prevalence of quartz suggests a quartz-rich source, while plagioclase indicates a predominance of igneous and metamorphic rocks in the local geological formations. The geochemical analysis indicated intense weathering, as evidenced by the high concentration of SiO2 in the sediments. The SiO2/Al2O3 ratio suggests significant leaching processes. Enrichment of Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) in the sediments indicates a provenance from the subduction zone's geochemical region. The Al2O3/TiO2 ratio reflects diverse sources, including basic and ultrabasic plutonic protoliths. These geochemical insights contribute to understanding the area's geological history and mineral resource potential, guiding future exploration and exploitation efforts. The research successfully determined the sedimentological and mineralogical characteristics of the Limpopo River sand upstream of Beit Bridge. The combination of sieve analysis, XRD analysis, petrographic analysis, and XRF analysis yielded valuable insights into the historical transformations in the river's surroundings and the geological mechanisms that influenced the terrain in the examined area.Item Embargo Formulation and nutrient composition of ready-to-use therapeutic food with Glycine max, Vigna subterranea, Sorghum bicolor and Moringa oleifera leaf as micronutrient premix(2025-09-05) Akinmoladun, Oluwaseun Funmi; Nesamvuni, C. N.; Jideani, V. A.The growing population number of malnourished under-five children across the globe requires immediate nutritional intervention. The standard peanut- and milk-based ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) commonly deployed for managing severe acute malnutrition is expensive and not easily accessible in the rural areas where it is needed most. However, this intervention should be cheap, readily accessible, nutritionally dense, have an extended shelf life, and not require further preparation. Therefore, the study aimed to formulate and profile the nutritional content of a ready-to-use therapeutic food with Glycine max, Vigna subterranea, Sorghum bicolor, and Moringa oleifera (MO) leaf powder as a micronutrient premix. The objectives were firstly to develop a ready-to-use therapeutic food from local base ingredients, including Sorghum, Bambara groundnut, soybean, and Moringa oleifera leaf powdered (MOLP) micronutrient premix with the aid of linear programming (LP) tool. Secondly, the study investigated the acceptability of the developed RUTFs, including colour (L*, a*, b*, H*, C*) measurements and focus group discussion by mothers and caregivers. It also evaluated the nutritional profile, including the proximate, antinutrient, minerals, and microbial assessment of the newly developed and/or formulated RUTFs, as the third objective. The final objective assessed the in vitro digestibility, including protein, starch, and amino acid profile of the formulated RUTFs. In the first objective, six RUTFs, based on different combinations of each of the base ingredients, were generated by LP: soybean (11.73%, 14.25%, 20%, 25.34%, 22.88%, 20%), Sorghum (29.11%, 28.93%, 24.35%, 15%, 15%, 21.66%), Bambara groundnut (15%, 10%, 10%, 10%, 15%, 15%), vegetable oil (27.11%, 26.82%, 25.64%, 26.66%, 27.12%, 25.34%) and sugar (17%, 20%, 20%, 23%, 20%, 18%). Eighteen RUTFs were produced, where each RUTF was composited with the three levels of micronutrient premix (3% MOLP alone, 3% standard RUTF alone, and a mixture of MOLP and standard RUTF at 1.5% each). Following proximate analysis, eight of the eighteen RUTFs met the minimum requirements for protein (14-16%) and energy (520-550 kcal) and were selected for pre-sensory analysis. Based on the overall acceptability score from the pre-sensory trial, five (RUTFs 1,2,3,4 and 5) of the eight RUTFs were rated higher and selected for further analysis and of nutrient composition in subsequent chapters. In objective two, the sensory analysis revealed that RUTFs 3 and 4 were highest (p<0.05) in appearance and aroma, while RUTFs 2 and 4 were highest (p<0.05) in taste and texture. The colour attributes revealed L*, a* and b* to be highest (p<0.05) in RUTF 3 and decrease through RUTFs 4 and 5 to RUTFs 1 and 2. Some of the comments by the caregivers and nursing mothers involved in the acceptability trial include, 'I would buy it if it were affordable, and I do not have a problem with the colour; after all, we all eat vegetables'. Regarding their RUTF knowledge, the comment was, 'They are used for children who are not well nourished, especially underweight'. In chapter five, the proximate analysis revealed that all the RUTFs have similar moisture and fibre content. While RUTFs 1,2,3 and 5 had identical crude protein and energy, RUTF 5 had the highest (p<0.05) crude fat. RUTF 3 had the highest (p<0.05) in most macro and micro minerals. This was closely followed by RUTFs 5,4,1 and 2. While aflatoxin remains undetected in all the RUTFs, RUTFs 3 and 4 had a much higher (p<0.05) phytate and trypsin than other RUTFs. The microbial assessment revealed 'no growth' for mould, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, while 'absent' was reported for Listeria monocytogenes. Other microbial loads had <10 counts. In the final objective, the predicted that glycaemic index was similar for the five RUTFs. However, RUTFs 2 and 4 had the highest (p<0.05) but similar hydrolysis index and in vitro protein digestibility. The total essential amino acids were similar in RUTFs 1,3 and 5. The study showed that LP can be used to develop ready-to-use therapeutic food with a nutritional composition comparable to the WHO standard RUTF. Based on the ease of acceptability and mineral profile, RUTF 3, formulated with standard RUTF, seems the best. Closely followed are either RUTF 4 or 5. In conclusion, even though these RUTFs are yet to be clinically tested, developing a ready-to-use therapeutic food from Sorghum, Bambara groundnut, and soybean with MOLP could provide easily accessible but nutrient-dense nutrition therapy for managing severe acute malnutrition in children under five. Ethics were considered for the acceptability study. The University of Venda Research Ethics Committee granted certification.Item Embargo Phytoremediation of metals from Klein Letabs Gold Mine Tailings, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Munyai, Phumudzo Gift; Mundalamo, H. R.; Ogola, J. S.Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technique that uses green plants to reduce, remove or extract environmental toxins, primarily those of anthropogenic origin, to restore sites to a condition suitable for private or public use. Its efforts have largely focused on the use of plants to accelerate the degradation of organic contaminants with root rhizosphere microorganisms or remove hazardous metals from the soils and water. Phytoremediation of contaminated sites is relatively inexpensive and aesthetically pleasing to the public compared to alternate remediation strategies which involve excavation or chemical in-situ stabilization. The Giyani Greenstone Belt is known for its gold mineralisation, and has been exploited at Klein Letaba, Louis Moore, Birthday, Golden Osprey and Fumani mines. All these mines are closed but the metals within their respective tailing’s dams can cause environmental and health problems. This study focuses on the Klein Letaba Tailings Dam which has metals such as Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni) and Cadmium (Cd) and traces of Gold (Au), which pose significant risks due to historical mining activities. Fieldwork involved geobotanical mapping, geochemical surveys, and pot culture experimental design. A total of 80 plants and tailings samples were randomly collected due to their dominance and abundance on the tailings dam. Tailings samples were collected at the same location as the plant samples. The samples were analysed at the University of Venda, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture and Madzivhandila College of Agriculture. Pot-culture experimental design setup was conducted to evaluate the growth rate and metal uptake and accumulation by hyperaccumulating plant species at the South African National Biodiversity Institute (Thohoyandou Botanical Garden Nursery). The setup involved the use of 14 flower trays. This was done to mimic the Klein Letaba tailings natural environment. The duration of the experiment varied with the growth rate of the different plant species with an estimated period of 7 months for all plants followed by harvesting for four months. Metal concentrations of the plants and tailings were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emissions spectrometry (ICP-OES). Geochemical data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel, Arc GIS and Simple Kriging (SK) software to evaluate the metal distribution and plant metal uptake potential on different parts of the plant species at Klein Letaba tailings dam. The study identified three dominant native plant species: Combretum imberbe, Cynodon dactylon and Sporobolus africanus, which are naturally adapted to the tailings dam. Results revealed significant metal uptake, particularly in the roots of Combretum imberbe (CI), and Sporobolus africanus (SA). The metal concentrations of Pb, Ni, As, Cr, Zn and Cu in the tailings dam were found to be high, with a maximum of 11886 ppm, 2049 ppm, 1276 ppm, 1271 ppm, 695 ppm and 140 ppm respectively. The pot-culture experimental set-up constituted 4 harvests where Combretum imberbe demonstrated metal uptake for Cu, Pb and Zn, with concentrations in roots exceeding 7 ppm for Cu and 6 ppm for Pb. Sporobolus africanus showed notable accumulation of Cr, As and Pb with concentrations of 7.8 ppm, 6.6 ppm and 6.5 ppm respectively. Metal uptake was generally higher in the roots compared to the shoot and leaves, indicating that this species primarily acts as a stabiliser rather than a translocator of metals. The potential economic recoverability of metals from native plant species, such as Combretum imberbe, Sporobolus africanus, and Cynodon dactylon, was reviewed. The study identified Combretum imberbe as the most promising phytoremediator, recording high Zn, Fe and Cu uptake in the leaves and shoots, indicating potential for above-ground harvesting. Accumulation of Cu (~5 ppm), Zn (~8 ppm), and Fe (~10 ppm) make it viable for extracting economically valuable metals making it a potential candidate for phytomining. Combretum imberbe and Sporobolus africanus exhibited complementary potential for Zn recovery and stabilisation of Mn and Fe. Furthermore, the low concentrations of Cd and As uptake across all species suggest limited risk of secondary environmental contamination. Metals like Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd are economically valuable due to their market demand and can also be extracted by environmental remediation. Lead, for example, is currently valued at about $1.95 per kilogram, copper, $4.83 per kilogram, nickel, $7.11 per kilogram, manganese $1.55 per kilogram and zinc, $2.82 per kilogram. This research highlights the potential of native plant species to remediate and stabilise tailings environments while offering economically viable solutions through recovery of valuable metals. This environmentally friendly remediation strategy aligns with the global sustainability goals, fostering safer ecosystems and providing opportunities for rehabilitated land use in mining affected areas. Therefore, this remediation strategy is not only applicable in the studied site but can also be applied in other similar studies.Item Embargo The effects of traumatic events, on the effective functioning of Police officers in Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa(2025-05-16) Bakane, Nwamani Onicca; Talakani, F. J.; Mushwana, M. D.This study was about the effects of traumatic events on the effective functioning of police officers at Thohoyandou SAPS, Limpopo province, South Africa. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of traumatic events on the effective functioning of police officers at Thohoyandou SAPS, Limpopo province, South Africa. The study was qualitative in nature and used non-probability sampling. The subtype sampling method was purposive sampling. The study population was SAPS members in the Vhembe District, Thohoyandou and the study sample size was 10 SAPS members from Thohoyandou SAPS that was determined by data saturation. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and the data collection instrument was an interview guide. Furthermore, the study used exploratory research design to conduct the study and used interpretative phenomenology analysis to analyse the collected data. The study findings indicate that most SAPS members are suffering from psychological problems such as trauma and PTSD. The study recommended that SAPS members be subjected to debriefing and psychological counselling when they encounter traumatic incidents while on duty.Item Embargo Corporate Governance and Water Crisis: A Study of Water Boards in South Africa(2025-09-05) Matome, Hosea Modipane; Nkuna, Nghamula; Munzhedzi, HarryThe concept ‘Corporate Governance’ has been investigated intensively by academics and policy makers in the past two to three decades. This is mainly because of number of reasons, namely, global corporate governance outrages, global financial crisis in 2007 to 2008 and introduction of best code of practice for corporate governance globally and locally. The relationship between corporate governance and the water issue as a governance crisis is a topic of debate despite the wealth of study on the subject. Therefore, the study's goal was to examine the relationship between corporate governance and water crises from the viewpoints of three distinct governance scenarios: water boards that are experiencing a crisis in governance, those that are not, and those that follow strong governance practices. Similar to earlier research, "board size, board independence, board committees, board diversity, board activity, and leadership structure were measured as independent variables in corporate governance." The dependent measurements were, namely, asymmetric information; transaction cost; and Capability, Accountability and Responsiveness (CAR) including transparency which are the measurements of water crisis. A pragmatism research paradigm, which request simultaneous gathering and analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data on the same time, was employed. A Stratified Sampling technique was also employed. A questionnaire was used to gather primary data from the former Board Members of the Water Boards, former Ward Councillors and former Mayoral Executive Committee members for water and sanitation and Ward Committee members. This study utilised corporate governance models to establish the association that exist between corporate governance and water crisis. To this date, a sample of nine (9) water boards with various governance situations were examined with the combination of structural equation model and regression analysis. Two crucial facts come out from the results of the study, firstly, corporate governance variables performed differently in different governance situations. To certain extent, some corporate governance variables had a positive effect on water crisis through non-governance crisis and provided evading mechanisms during governance crisis. The results of the study also indicated a key issue, which motivated the needs to reassess corporate governance not only during non-governance crisis, but also during the governance crisis situations. Second, the stewardship theory appeared to be supported by capability, accountability, and responsiveness (CAR), including transparency, whereas the agency and resources reliance theories appeared to be supported by asymmetric knowledge and transaction costs. This showed that CAR including transparency viewed self-governed boards as adding no value to the water boards, while both asymmetric information and transaction cost viewed independent boards as a means of bring new skills and resources that the Executive Management of the water boards does not have. On the same note, independent boards ensured good governance practice and reduces the corporate governance problems between agents and principals. Furthermore, good corporate governance practice “perceived large board, board activity, board committee and leadership structure to be structures that could provide adequate monitoring and reduce agency problems”. Like some of the previous studies in corporate governance literature that documented diverse results for asymmetric information and transaction cost, this study also proved that, in some instances, asymmetric information and transaction cost provided conflicting outcomes as the two pointers used to measure governance from different situations. In case of nature of governance, the findings of both regression analysis and factor analysis concluded that the relationship between corporate governance and water crisis differs based on the nature of governance. For example, in consistent with the stewardship theory in the case of water boards without governance crisis, board independence ad an insignificant relationship with water crisis. These results imply that independent non-executive directors did not add any value to the improvement of day-to-day operation of the water boards as executive directors knows better than them. In this case and contradictory to the King IV report, it would be logical to more administrative staff than independent oversight structure.Item Embargo Statistical analysis of rainfall and groundwater trends and their spatial variations in the Mopani District, South Africa(2025-09-05) Nkuzana, Nkateko Mumsy; Makungo, Rachel; Nkuna, TinyikoThis study analysed rainfall and groundwater level trends and variations in the Mopani District, Limpopo of South Africa to guide sustainable water resource strategies, improve decision- making, drought assessments, and climate adaptation strategies. The methodology involved a two-phase approach, starting with data collection through desktop research and fieldwork in the Mopani District. Historical groundwater level and rainfall data were analysed using techniques like the double mass curve, Mann-Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, quantile regression, and geospatial analysis with QGIS software to identify trends and correlations. Rigorous quality control measures ensured data integrity, which was confirmed through double-mass curve analysis showing a strong correlation between monitoring stations (R² = 0.9995). The Thiessen polygon method was utilized to select rainfall stations based on their proximity to groundwater monitoring points, emphasizing the hydrological connectivity of the area. The study found that several boreholes, such as Bordeaux Julesburg, Rubbervale, State Land Vuheli, and Nghalume, Skwinyani, Caledone Ndengeza, Nkoankoa, Doorhoek, and Worcester, with Sen’s slope values ranging from -0.049 to -0.547 m/year, showed significant decreases in groundwater levels, indicating potential depletion or over-extraction. Monitoring borehole stations in Namakgale, Paardedood, and Doornhoek with slope values ranging from 0.0743 to 0.1255 m/year also showed non-significant decreasing trends. However, boreholes like Mica and Silwane Nyakalane with slopes of 1.63 m/year and 1.69 m/year exhibited significant increases, likely due to improved recharge conditions influenced by factors such as rainfall, agricultural activities, or other climatic factors. The increasing trend in Haenersburg was not statistically significant (p = 0.960), suggesting random variation rather than a reliable upward trend. The trend analysis of annual rainfall data from 2006 to 2020 at Giyani, Tzaneen Westfalia Estate, and Hoedspruit stations revealed decreasing trends, with negative Sen’s slope values of -13.504, -8.626, and -18.452, respectively. However, these reductions were not statistically significant, suggesting that these reductions may be due to natural variability rather than long-term climate changes. Quantile regression analysis of annual groundwater levels across 16 monitoring borehole stations indicated variability in trends, with negative slope coefficients reflecting decreasing groundwater levels for stations like Bordeaux Julesburg and Rubbervale Station. Overall, 75% (12 out of 16) of boreholes exhibited statistically significant decreasing trends influenced by factors such as over extraction rates and recharge variability. In Hoedspruit, the trends at quantiles 0.1 (p-value = 0.010) and 0.2 (p-value = 0.031) were significant, indicating a noteworthy decline in lower rainfall values. This study reveals significant trends in rainfall and groundwater levels across various monitoring stations, aligning with previous research in Mopani District, Limpopo Province, and South Africa. It emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring to understand water resource management implications and address challenges related to climate variability and water availability in the region.Item Embargo Mineralogical and chemical characterisation of terracotta clays and their application for dyes removal from aqueous solution(2025-09-05) Mhlarhi, Rirhandzu; Edokpayi, J, N.; Ayinde, W. B.The continuous discharge of untreated or semi-treated dye effluents is one of the global leading causes of surface water quality degradation. The present research aimed at investigating the potential of terracotta clay, herein termed (RTC) and its composite with zinc oxide nanoparticles (RTC@ZnONPs) to effectively sequester cationic (Methylene Blue) and anionic (Congo Red) dyes from aqueous solution. The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the clay prior to sorption were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET). The adsorbents’ point of zero charge was also determined. The clays’ characterisation revealed that it was crystalline and mesoporous. Effects of variations in sorption time, adsorbent dosage, initial adsorbate concentration, pH, temperature and water chemistry were investigated in batch experiments. The optimum pH for MB adsorption was identified as 10, and 2 for that of CR. The pseudo second order model provided the best fit for the kinetic data, while Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms justified the state of equilibrium data. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models provided explanations for the adsorption processes. Thermodynamics investigations revealed that the reactions were viable, spontaneous and exothermic. After five cycles of adsorption/desorption for the sequestration of both MB and CR dyes from aqueous solutions, the composite RTC@ZnONPs demonstrated outstanding reusability (88.75%) and (61.43%), respectively. The current study showed that (RTC@ZnONPs) can be employed for the removal of other dyes such as Crystal Violet, Indigo Carmine and Methyl Orange from wastewater. Moreover, both RTC and its composite (RTC@ZnONPs) are ideal for the economical and environmentally acceptable removal of MB and CR from aqueous solution.Item Embargo Lived Experiences of Students with Impaired Vision at the University of Venda, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province in South Africa(2025-09-05) Nemavhidi, Gloria Faith; Tshivhase, S. E.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Vision is a crucial sensory function in the human body, enabling individuals to engage with their environment, ensuring safety, and maintaining cognitive alertness. Visual impairments refer to a decrease in vision that is caused by factors like - eye diseases, accidents, or eye problems that are present from birth and can affect people’s quality of life. People with impaired vision have trouble with self-navigation, indoors due to furniture or outdoors because of unsafe sidewalks. The study’s purpose was to gain comprehensive insights into the lived experiences of students with impaired vision at the University of Venda, Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study target population was visually-impaired students who are 18 years and above, registered for the 2023 academic year, and are in their second year of study. The study employed a qualitative methodology, specifically a descriptive and exploratory research design. The researcher employed a non-probability purposive sampling method, specifically targeting students with poor vision who possessed the necessary information for the study. The sample size was calculated based on the point at which data saturation occurred at tenth participant and the data collection was conducted using in-depth individual interviews and recorded with tape recorder. The data collection instrument underwent a pre-testing phase at the University of Venda, where it was evaluated by two visually-challenged students who were not included in the main study. Data was analysed qualitatively using a thematic analysis. This study examined the many obstacles visually-impaired University of Venda students encounter in numerous aspects of their university life. Participants reported that starting from admission to course materials, exams, and accommodations, they face major challenges that affect their academic progress and well-being. The findings underscore the necessity of tackling these issues through a comprehensive approach that focuses on accessibility, assistance, and inclusiveness. The recommendations indicate that universities should adopt inclusive admission procedures, offer accessible course materials, modify test formats, and enhance campus facilities and transportation options to support visually-impaired students.Item Embargo Socio-ecological factors affecting compliance with COVID-19 preventative measures, amongst staff and students at a selected university in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Ravhura, Anzani; Tshitangano, T. G.; Tshivhase, S. E.Corona virus was declared a pandemic worldwide in 2019. In South Africa, COVID-19 became noticeable from the fifth of March 2020 when the first case was reported and confirmed. To protect staff and students, educational institutions, like universities, were forced to close, and were only to re-open with COVID-19 precautionary measures in place. The purpose of this study was to investigate socio-ecological factors that contributed to non-compliance to COVID-19 preventative measures amongst staff and students at a selected university campus, as a baseline to inform interventions for future pandemics. The study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, online survey design, with respondents selected through convenience sampling. The collected data was analysed through SPSS version 29.0. The researcher ensured that research ethics - informed consent, obtaining permission, as well as ensuring confidentiality, beneficence and privacy - were adhered to. The study findings indicated that most of the respondents (86.9%) where aware of COVID-19, however, the university’s student representatives council (SRC) members (55,5%) were not compliant with Covid-19 preventative measures. The results also indicated that a significant number of respondents (72.3%) were not aware of the COVID-19 regulations of wearing face masks on the campus. Furthermore, a total of 389 respondents attested that they did know about the penalties for not wearing a mask in public. The researcher recommends that the Department of Public Health should collaborate with campus health and organise health education awareness campaigns which would emphasise the importance of wearing masks and encouraging staff and students, especially public figures such as SRC members, to adhere to the standard precautions against pandemics like, COVID-19.Item Embargo Digital Migration in South Africa: Experiences of Rural Selected Communities in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Ralufuluvhi, Gudani Julius; Nodoba, T.; Chari, T.The global transition from analogue to digital broadcasting has been a significant shift driven by advancements in information and communication technologies. Digital migration offers benefits such as improved picture quality, efficient spectrum usage, and accommodating multiple channels on a single frequency. However, this transition has presented challenges for various stakeholders, particularly in developing regions and rural communities. This study focuses on the experiences of rural communities in the Thulamela Municipality, located in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, during the shift from analogue to digital broadcasting. The motivation for this study stems from the delayed migration to digital television in South Africa, which began in 2009 but missed International Telecommunications Union deadlines for analogue switch-off in June 2015. Rural communities, especially those similar to the Thulamela Municipality, have faced difficulties related to infrastructural deficits, economic constraints, and limited access to digital equipment such as Set-Top Boxes. The research adopted a qualitative approach, gathering experiences from 15 purposively selected community members of Thulamela Municipality through semi-structured interviews. These interviews aimed to understand the challenges faced by these communities during the digital migration, the impact of the switchover on their access to broadcasting services, and any benefits derived from the digital transition. The results revealed that while there are potential benefits associated with digital migration, most rural households remained disconnected due to inadequate infrastructure, delays in Set-Top Box distribution, and a lack of public awareness campaigns about the transition. This research is based on the theoretical underpinning of communication rights, digital rights, and universal access, emphasising equal opportunities for access to information technologies for all actors. The concept of communication rights is highly relevant as it underscores citizens' right to freely seek, receive, and impart information, compromised due to the irregular establishment of digital infrastructure in many rural communities. The survey findings suggest that the well-intentioned policies of the South African government fell short in addressing the specific needs of rural communities, leading to a digital divide. The study highlights the implications of more inclusive policies and their proper implementation to ensure that all citizens, regardless of geographical location or economic status, benefit equally from digital broadcasting. This dissertation provides insight into the socio-economic implications of digital migration in rural South Africa and emphasises the need to improve efforts toward digital inclusion to reduce the disparities between urban and rural areas. The dissertation offers practical recommendations for policymakers, broadcasters, and other stakeholders involved in the digital migration, emphasising the need for targeted interventions to achieve universal access to digital broadcasting services in underserved regions.Item Open Access The challenges in the implementation of crime prevention strateg by South African Police Service, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Morifi, Fulgence Mosweu; Zitha, H. E.; Singo, T. A.The South African Police Service (SAPS) is required by the constitution to prevent, investigate, and combat crimes that are likely to occur in communities. The study provided information on the difficulties the South African Police Service, Limpopo Province, faces in putting its crime prevention policy into practice. In order to prevent crime and guarantee the protection and security of the nation's citizens, the South African Police Service (SAPS) was established. The SAPS investigates and fights crime as part of the Justice Crime Prevention and Security (JCPS) Cluster. According to the 1998 White Paper on Safety and Security, SAPS is the primary law enforcement agency in the nation and is in charge of carrying out the country's and the province of Limpopo's crime prevention policy. The South African Police Service encounters challenges within the increasingly sophisticated, technological, and international crime arena. A literature review was also conducted to gain a thorough knowledge of SAPS's difficulties and challenges in implementing a crime prevention strategy in Limpopo Province. The study followed a mixed methods approach, using the pragmatic paradigm and applying descriptive and contextual research designs. The study used semi-structured interviews and self-administered questionnaires to collect data from SAPS members. The study used both purposive and random sampling methods. Thematic analysis was adopted for qualitative data, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for quantitative data. The study's findings sought to improve SAPS's skills, competencies, and capacity to implement crime prevention strategies. KeywordsItem Embargo Towards the right to an environment that is not harmful to health or well-being in the context of sustainable development(2025-09-05) Mpangane, Innocent Mxolisi; Kandala, L. J. J.; Mawila, P.This study addresses the pressing issue of providing individuals with an environment that promotes health and well-being while ensuring sustainable development in South Africa. The focus is on the right to a safe and healthy environment, and how it can be achieved in sustainable development. Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides that everyone has the right to a healthy environment and mandates the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures to prevent environmental degradation. Several legislations, such as the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), uphold the right to a healthy environment. Despite these protections, the violation of the right to a healthy environment persists, and this is illustrated by the lack of enforcement of environmental laws, which require a balance between human well-being and environmental sustainability. The study discussed specific measures, such as the integration and interrelationship of human rights and social, economic, and environmental objectives or principles of sustainable development, holding that states must consider the environmental and social (including human rights) aspects of economic plans. The goal is to create a balance between human well-being and environmental sustainability, ensuring that both present and future generations can thrive in a healthy and sustainable environment. To achieve this goal, an analysis was conducted of the laws, policies, and regulations related to the right to a healthy environment. Furthermore, the study discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing environmental rights and sustainable development. The study used a desktop-based research methodology, also known as doctrinal methodology. This study used rational deduction or legal perception to order, arrange, and organise legal instruments, case laws, resolutions, and legal studies.Item Embargo The Criminological Evaluation of Cybercrimes Within Higher Learning Institutions. A Case Study of University of Venda: Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Maringa, Matimu; Mulaudzi, A. N.; Tshidada, T. C.This study evaluated the nature and extent of cybercrimes prevalent within higher learning institutions of South Africa. Cyber-attacks are growing at a distressing rate and has posed a serious challenge within academia by impacting and disrupting normal learning setting. Universities data infrastructure is vulnerable to criminals, can be compromised easily while students and staff are not alien to proportion of cybercrime impact inclusive of hacking, financial loss, bullying, illegal circulation of pornography, blackmailing’s, extortion and many other crimes. This case study evaluated cybercrimes at the University of Venda (Univen). It therefore, evaluated if Univen have institutional framework for managing cybercrimes and cybersecurity risk, also assess if it has been efficient to counteract cybercrimes impact against the university and students. Mixed method approach applied, where snowballing sample procedure was utilised to quantitatively sample Univen students, and purposive sampling was applied to sample Univen Information Communication Technology officials. The researcher utilised the routine activities theory and differential association theory of crime as the study problem framework. Sample was selected based on their suitability of contributing towards research; Focus group discussions, questionnaires and voice recorder were used to collect data. Thematic Content Analysis (TCA), was used to analyse qualitative data and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 for quantitative data analysis. The study made findings and recommendations that could be used to inform adoption of framework to manage cybercrimes within higher education institutions (HEI) of South Africa and to find alternatives programmes that will positively address cyber incidents within academia.Item Open Access An exposition of micro-franchising and women’s entrepreneurship development, in Thulamela Local Municipality(2025-09-05) Maluleke, Tiyisani Shiella; Nkondo, L. G.; Zindiye, S.Micro-businesses, help, for instance, women to build their social, emotional, and economic capabilities in addition to increasing national productivity and creating jobs. Limited studies, however, have explored the exposition of micro-franchising on women entrepreneurship development in Thulamela Local Municipality, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was conducted to explore the challenges that are faced by women entrepreneurs in micro-franchising and to come up with strategies that can be employed to overcome those challenges. A qualitative research approach was employed, with a sample of 12 women entrepreneurs in Thulamela Local Municipality; convenience sampling technique was adopted to select the participants. Primary data was gathered through in-depth interviews using a structured interview guide. The study findings reveal that the contribution of micro-franchising to women’s entrepreneurship development includes employment creation, income generation, independence, and skills pooling. The study also established that the challenges that are faced by women entrepreneurs in micro franchising are – lack of access to markets; inadequate infrastructure; very stiff competition; unreliable customers; distrust by individuals; gender discrimination; inadequate knowledge; lack of capital; lack of financial literacy; lack of training; low profit, inadequate client base; having to sell on credit; poor time management and unsatisfied customers. Strategies recommended to enhance micro franchising for women entrepreneurship development, included – stakeholders conducting awareness events, campaigns and entrepreneurial workshops, financial literacy training; funding; infrastructure provision; mentorship, non-financial support and network opportunities; skills training and the municipality must create an enabling condition such as providing women entrepreneurs with stalls to sell from. The major limitation is that the study was done in Thulamela Local Municipality, Vhembe district, Limpopo which implies that it might not be possible to generalise the findings and recommendations to other municipalities or provinces.Item Embargo Exploring African Indigenous Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices on Reproductive Health: A Case Study of Allandale Women in Mpumalanga(2025-09-05) Mdhluli, Ophilile; Matshidze, P.E.; Tshifhumulo, R.This study explored African indigenous knowledge, beliefs and practices on reproductive health among women in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. Women sexual and reproductive health in many African indigenous communities, like Allandale village, is an ongoing sensitive issue that is difficult to discuss in many contexts. As such, information, knowledge and practices relating to women reproductive health is shrouded in obscurity through religion, tradition and culture and no wonder why many rural women, including the girl-child, are left vulnerable. The study argues that little and/or no logical information exists on women reproductive health written from an African indigenous perspective. The study used three theories in exploring traditional medicine and its impact on reproductive health of rural women; Afrocentricity, Appreciative Inquiry approach and ethnomedical approach. The study adopted the qualitative research design since it sought to understand knowledge that was within indigenous communities. The researcher chose Allandale as the interview site due to its abundance of traditional medicine and the presence of traditional healers specializing in reproductive health. Indigenous women (18-50 years), traditional healers (diviner, traditional birth attendant, herbalist, traditional surgeon and faith healer) and elderly women (60 years and above) participated in the study. The study findings provided a panoramic view of a wide contextual analysis of reproductive health issues from an indigenous perspective. Most of the respondents perceived indigenous knowledge practices as efficacious in the preventive, promotive and curative aspect of reproductive health, with some key testimonials undergirding these views. The centrality of taboos, herbs, ceremonies, rituals and observance of social norms demonstrated the vantage point which indigenous knowledge occupied as it straddled the physical, biological social and spiritual aspects of diagnoses, prognosis, treatment, promotion and prevention of reproductive maladies that affected women. Based on the findings and conclusions, this study proposes the adoption of an African Indigenous Knowledge Framework on women's reproductive health.Item Open Access The importance of community participation in the implementation of Local Economic Development: A case study of Makhado Local Municipality(2025-09-05) Khomola. Maluta; Mbedzi, L.; Nekhavhambe, M. M.Community participation is often seen as essential for the effectiveness of numerous health programs. Nevertheless, there is a deficiency in theoretical frameworks and empirical data concerning the factors influencing participation within specific contexts and relationships. The study focused on the importance of community participation in the implementation of Local Economic Development in the Makhado Local Municipality. Local Economic Development is considered as a solution to the triple challenges (unemployment, poverty, and inequality) in South African municipalities. Local Economic Development approach aims to stimulate economic growth and improve the quality of life within communities by identifying the needs of communities through community participation. The study applied the participatory theory, which explains more about community participation and the contribution of citizens in community-based projects. Participatory theory was incorporated on mutual involvement of all important stakeholders, especially the use of respective members of citizens to make decisions and set the plans for their future. The study used a pragmatic research paradigm to select the research method of the study. The study deployed a mixed-methods research design. The descriptive research design was used as a blueprint for the study. The study population was limited to Makhado Local Municipality and the community members who were under Makhado Local Municipality. A purposive sampling technique that uses non-probability sampling was adopted in this study using a qualitative method. Statistical and thematic analyses were adopted to analyse data quantitatively and qualitatively. Enhanced research methodologies are required to enhance the conceptualisation of community participation and to elucidate a deeper comprehension of the ways in which factors like power and influence impact community engagement and its results. The major findings of the study are: • The study found that most respondents are unfamiliar with the goals and objectives of Local Economic Development initiatives, and there is a considerable knowledge gap within the community regarding understanding Local Economic Development and its objectives. • The study found that poor information dissemination is a key challenge and a lack of proper channels by the Local Economic Development officials to reach out to the community members under Makhado Local Municipality. • The study revealed that the role of Non-Governmental Organisations in the Makhado Local Municipality is not well played in terms of addressing the barriers to community participation for Local Economic Development initiatives. • The findings indicated that active involvement fosters a sense of ownership among community members, which enhances both the sustainability and effectiveness of projects. • The findings indicate that increasing access to information and education about Local Economic Development initiatives would improve participation. The following are the recommendations that are made based on the findings of the study. • The study recommends that the Makhado Local Municipality implement targeted public awareness campaigns using local radio stations, social media platforms, and community meetings to educate residents on Local Economic Development. • The study recommends that Makhado Local Municipality develop a comprehensive Local Economic Development communication strategy to ensure the timely and clear dissemination of information. • The study recommends the introduction of dedicated Local Economic Development awareness campaigns such as NGOs to educate the community on the benefits and opportunities available through Local Economic Development initiatives. • The study recommends that the municipality launch extensive awareness programs to address the prevailing uncertainty about Local Economic Development inclusivity and ensure that all community members are well-informed in order to foster ownership to the community members. • The study recommends that the municipality enhance the dissemination of information and educational materials on Local Economic Development initiatives to improve community awareness and participation.Item Open Access The efficacy of Integrated Development Planning in promoting Developmental Local Government: A case of Collins Chabane Local Municipality, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Hlungwani, Tumelo Hamfree; Maemu, E.; Mahole, E.The study focuses on the efficacy of integrated development planning in promoting developmental local government: A case of Collins Chabane Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. Developmental local government (DLG) is a vision for the future form of local government in South Africa. The DLG outlines a system of democratic local government in which efficient and effective municipalities meet the needs of all, but particularly those of poor and vulnerable communities. A pragmatic research paradigm was adopted, incorporating a mixed-method approach that used both quantitative and qualitative research. In this study, mixed research methods were integrated while maintaining each method's original structures and procedures. The researcher employed descriptive study designs. A probability sampling method was used, as it allowed researchers to create a sample that accurately represented the real-life population of interest. Data collected through research questionnaires were analysed using IBM SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) Version 29.0, while data gathered through research interviews were analysed using Atlas.Ti. Throughout the data collection process, all ethical considerations were prioritised to ensure that respondents participated freely, without any form of coercion or intimidation. The major findings of the study are: • The Municipality has a serious issue with high youth unemployment, raising concerns about the future for young people. • Community participation is essential for successful IDP processes. It fosters engagement and ensures community needs are met. • External stakeholders help the Municipality develop and implement the Integrated Development Plan (IDP). They provide important insights, resources, and expertise to ensure the plan meets the community's needs. • Insufficient infrastructure frequently restricts the effective implementation of IDP initiatives, creating challenges in providing essential services and meeting the community's developmental goals. • The IDP needs to integrate all planning, budgeting, and administration activities in the Municipality. The following recommendations are therefore made based on the findings of the study: • The study recommends that the Municipality should create job in order to reduce a high rate of unemployed youth. • The Municipality should actively involve the community, as this participation is key to successful IDP processes. • It is recommended that the external stakeholders should be encouraged to assist the Municipality in the development and execution of the IDP. • The Municipality should prioritise infrastructure projects to address the community's most pressing needs, such as reliable water supply, efficient transportation, and adequate healthcare facilities. • The researcher recommends that the Municipality should fully implement robust public employment programs specifically designed to create a substantial number of job opportunities for the large cohort of unemployed youth. • The study recommends that the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) effectively combine and synchronise all planning, budgeting, and administration activities within the Municipality.Item Embargo The intersection between the theory of feminism and the right to equality in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, in relation to the right of women to succeed to traditional leadership(2025-09-05) Ravele, Gudani; Mzolo, N.; Mokoena, U. C. A.This study critically examined the intersection of feminism and the constitutional right to equality in South Africa, focusing on women’s succession rights to traditional leadership positions. Despite the progressive constitutional framework that guarantee=d equality and prohibited gender-based discrimination, customary law practices most notably the principle of male primogeniture continued to marginalise women within traditional leadership succession, reflecting deeply entrenched patriarchal norms. The aim of the research was to analyse the legislative and judicial frameworks addressing equality and their efficacy in ensuring women’s rights to succeed in traditional leadership. The objectives included evaluating feminism values and theories relevant to gender equality and assessing judicial interpretations that influenced customary law reform in South Africa. Adopting a doctrinal methodology, the study analysed statutes, landmark court decisions such as Bhe and Shilubana and feminism theories to understand the evolving legal landscape. No empirical data collection was undertaken, ensuring a focused legal and theoretical enquiry. Findings revealed ongoing tensions between constitutional mandates for substantive equality and customary practices governed by patriarchal traditions. Judicial interventions progressively invalidated discriminatory customs, fostering greater recognition of women’s leadership rights. However, challenges remained in fully aligning customary succession practices with gender equality principles. The study concluded that achieving substantive gender equality in traditional leadership succession necessitated continued legal reform informed by feminism and a commitment to constitutional values. Such reforms were essential to dismantle entrenched patriarchal barriers and uphold women’s human dignity, equality and freedom with the South African society.