Theses and Dissertations
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Embargo Compatible components of the integrated pest management of Bathycoelia distincta (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae(2024-09-06) Manzini, Shaun; Foord, S. H.; Joubert, E.Two-spotted stink bug, Bathycoelia distincta Distant (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a major pest of macadamia. It causes damage by directly feeding on macadamia kernel throughout the season and reducing nut quality by inducing nut abscission, premature nut abortion, necrotic lesions, deformed kernels, discoloration, or translucent blemishes on the kernel. Currently, growers rely on chemical insecticides to control stink bug populations. However, with overreliance and extensive use of chemical insecticides, the B. distincta has developed some resistance to certain active ingredients Furthermore, there is no doubt that agricultural intensification is the primary driver of the loss of biodiversity globally. Therefore, there is a need to develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to effectively minimize the damage caused by B. distincta and the loss of biodiversity due to agricultural intensification. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of landscape context, elevation, flying vertebrates, and pesticide application in shaping arboreal arthropod assemblages and macadamia nut quality metrics and evaluate the efficacy of alternative pest control measures to control B. distincta, explicitly focusing on entomopathogenic fungi and egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Landscape context and elevation were the principal factors that explained species richness and arthropod size. Species richness and insect size decreased with increasing pesticide application rate; however, it was not significant. Insect damage did not vary in response to pesticide application, but the proportion of sound kernels decreased significantly with increasing pesticide application. All entomopathogenic fungal treatments were effective against B. distincta, with chitinase enzyme leading to a 95% mortality rate. Under field conditions, EPFs and a chemical knock-down spray showed no significant difference between the treatments. All parasitoid treatments significantly affected B. distincta egg mortality, with two pairs reaching a 100% parasitism rate. The processes that increase sound kernel recovery seem to be related to an increase in invertebrate community diversity and arthropod size, and although the mechanisms related to this are not always clear, the results suggest that arthropod diversity could be a good proxy for these processes. On the other hand, the study results showed that EPFs and stink bug egg parasitoids, Trissolcus basalis, may be used as biological control agents against B. distincta. Overall, the thesis emphasizes the importance of reducing pesticide application and using biological control agents, promoting more sustainable agricultural practices, and supporting biodiversity to improve ecosystem service provided by pest natural enemies.Item Embargo Assessment of nutraceutical attributes of selected wild edible fruit plants used by Vhavenda people of the Thulamela Local Municipality(2024-09-06) Nephawe, Rinae Lucy; Mokganya, M. G.; Madala, N. E.Wild edible fruit plants are highly valued in many remote rural areas, where they play a significant role in fulfilling the sociocultural and livelihood needs of people. Many of these plants are harvested by local communities to augment and diversify their diets as well as to promote local food security. The decline in the use of wild edible fruit plants may be due to a lack of knowledge of their nutritional value, their potential for income generation, and medicinal and cultural uses. This study focused on the documentation of utilisation, conservation, and nutraceutical composition of the wild edible fruit plants of the Thulamela Local Municipality. Information on wild edible fruit plants was gathered through semistructured interviews, fieldwork, and a literature review. A total of 39 wild edible fruit plants of 22 botanical families recorded during the study were used as food, beverage, and additionally as medicine. The number of wild edible fruit plants with medicinal properties was 39 whereas those used to make beverages were 9. Wild edible fruit plants of Thulamela municipality were experiencing challenges due to human activities resulting in declining, endangered, or even extinct. Results of this study also showed the use of wild edible fruit plants as firewood because 10 out of 39 were mentioned for this use. In this study the UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS-based in source collision induced dissociation method was utilized to generate fragmentation data to assist in the differentiation of closely related isomers. Wild edible fruit plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and for nutritional purposes. Strychnos species has not yet been fully decoded, and due to the inherent complexity of plant metabolomes, the characterization of Strychnos photochemistry remains challenging. Thus, in this study, we propose the use of molecular networking to unravel the families using the metabolome analysis of two Strychnos species (Strychnos pungens and Strychnos spinosa) and highlight the relevance of molecular networking in exploring the chemotaxonomy of plants. This allows visualization of chemical classes and the variety of substructures within the molecular families.Item Embargo Assessment of pharmaceutical waste management in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2024-09-06) Malema, Mpho Bridget; Edokpayi, J. N.; Masindi, V.Administering of pharmaceutical products is recognized as a crucial component of healthcare services, since these are used to treat, prevent, and cure diseases, however, rapid population growth has significantly increased the demand for pharmaceutical products, leading to a noticeable surge in their waste generation. This poses serious ecological and health risks if not properly managed, as pharmaceutical waste includes hazardous by-products that can contaminate various environmental spheres. Traces of pharmaceuticals have been detected in wastewater treatment plants, which often lack the necessary infrastructure to remove these compounds effectively. Consequently, the management of pharmaceutical waste is a critical concern for regional, national, and international communities, necessitating a thorough understanding of their management and potential eco-toxicological impacts to devise effective handling and containment strategies. This study was designed to appraise the holistic management of pharmaceutical waste in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. To fulfil this objective, various data collection methods were employed, including questionnaires, on-site observations, and interviews with medical practitioners and waste management personnel. A checklist was used to evaluate compliance with regulatory frameworks, focusing on healthcare facilities and pharmaceutical outlets. Data from observations were analysed descriptively, supported by visual aids like photographs; the interviews were categorized, coded, and abbreviated for easier analysis, while the questionnaire data were processed using SPSS and other statistical tools to generate meaningful outputs. The study's findings reveal significant deficiencies in pharmaceutical waste management within the Vhembe District. Inadequate waste management practices were observed, marked by the absence of source segregation and the use of suboptimal temporary storage containers chosen for convenience rather than efficacy. The infrastructure for waste storage within some of these facilities proved substandard, thereby, failing to meet regulatory requirements. Most facilities rely on municipal waste collection services and the sewer drainage systems, raising environmental and health concerns. The study also identified a significant gap in education and training regarding pharmaceutical waste management with healthcare professionals, who often perceive their responsibility as ending after writing a prescription. This lack of knowledge and preparedness to manage pharmaceutical waste, in line with legal requirements, is a major concern. Additionally, the study revealed participants’ challenges related to understanding waste categories and regulations, hence, emphasizing the need to sensitize healthcare professionals about these regulations. The results showed that 71% of consumers were aware of pharmaceutical waste, but only 20.1% understood its associated environmental and health risks. Alarmingly, 71.8% consumers lacked essential information about the consequences of pharmaceutical waste, and 80% frequently had surplus medications due to practitioners’ over-prescribing or discontinuation of treatment, contributing to waste accumulation. Furthermore, 86% of participants did not segregate pharmaceutical waste from general household waste. A significant 58.3% disposed of pharmaceutical waste in standard trash bins, leading to landfills and potential soil and water contamination through leaching and migration. The study also highlighted the absence of dedicated regulatory measures addressing pharmaceutical waste; they are often categorised under the broader healthcare waste management framework. The existing framework suffers from a disconnect in policy development, implementation and enforcement, with regulations frequently formulated by different stakeholders who do not effectively collaborate. This lack of clarity makes it challenging for stakeholders to understand their separate roles and responsibilities, necessitating improved stakeholder engagement, education, and clear regulatory measures. Future efforts should focus on holistic approaches, proper stakeholder engagement, and stringent regulatory compliance to enhance proper pharmaceutical waste management and conserve the environment for future generations.Item Embargo Strategies for Enhancing Delivery of Beneficiary-preferred Low-cost Housing: A Case Study of Selected Rural Areas in Ephraim Mogale Local Municipality(2024-09-06) Mokolo, Rudolf Kaleka; Francis, J.; Kamuzhanje, J.This cross-sectional survey focused on the intricate process of delivering low-cost housing in Moganyaka and Tsimanyane villages within Ephraim Mogale Local Municipality in South Africa. It aimed to uncover the multifaceted challenges that hinder timely and satisfactory housing provision. Sixty-six participants drawn from Moganyaka (31) and Tsimanyane (35) were sampled. A questionnaire that contained closed-ended questions was administered electronically via Google Forms. Timely delivery of low-cost housing in Moganyaka and Tsimanyane villages was explored, focusing on community preferences, satisfaction levels and viable strategies. Ethical procedures were followed, following steps that included obtaining clearance from the University of Venda Social Research Ethics Committee and securing entry for the study through engaging Traditional Councils in both villages. Data collection was carried out using an exploratory sequentially mixed method research design and involved pre-testing the questionnaire with entirely closed-ended questions. The questionnaire was administered via Google Forms from a total sample of 66 individuals drawn from both villages. Data analysis included crosstabulation and frequency computations, revealing insights into community preferences, satisfaction levels and challenges related to low-cost housing delivery. Demographic factors such as age and gender were observed to be playing a significant role. A higher participation rate from Tsimanyane Village compared to Moganyaka Village was observed, with a higher representation of females in both villages. This imbalance can be attributed to large numbers of males who migrate to other provinces for work opportunities, resulting in a high presence of female-headed households in rural areas. The age group distribution showed that the majority of participants in both villages were youth, highlighting the importance of addressing their needs and concerns. Timeliness of delivery and quality of low-cost housing projects were also explored, with notable concerns regarding project timelines, resource management, structural integrity and alignment with beneficiaries' preferences. Available literature emphasizes the importance of addressing the housing needs of low-income populations, especially in rural areas, and incorporating eco-friendly practices and energy-efficient technologies to enhance the sustainability and resilience of housing projects. Regarding the timeliness of delivery, the participants identified crucial criteria such as iii adherence to predetermined milestones, efficient resource management and streamlined administrative processes. Efficient resource management, regulatory compliance, community engagement, and sustainability were identified as critical factors in ensuring timely delivery and high-quality housing that meets beneficiaries' needs and preferences. Although there was agreement on good value and affordability, concerns about structural integrity, compliance with building regulations, and the visual appeal and functional design of housing units were revealed. In addition, there is a need for more attention to energy-efficient, durable housing. Streamlined processes, community engagement, technological integration and innovation, and risk management and capacity building for timely delivery of low-cost housing were found to be important. In conclusion, the importance of addressing the housing crisis for low-income populations through comprehensive approaches that consider efficient project management, regulatory compliance, community engagement and sustainability was highlighted. Thus, stakeholders can enhance beneficiary well-being and contribute to a more equitable and just society. The current study contributes to the field of rural development by proposing strategies for enhancing the delivery of beneficiary-preferred low-cost housing, which emphasizes the need for streamlined processes, effective resource allocation, technological integration, and community engagement. Addressing these areas helps stakeholders improve the overall effectiveness of low-cost housing initiatives and contribute to a more equitable and just society.Item Embargo Perceptions of cannabis entrepreneurs on South Africa’s cannabis masterplan: a case study of Limpopo Province(2024-09-06) Maumela, Mulalo Rejoyce; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.This study delves into the emerging discourse surrounding the decriminalisation and commercialisation of cannabis, particularly within the context of South Africa's Cannabis Master Plan. With global shifts toward legalisation for both medicinal and recreational purposes, understanding the perceptions and challenges faced by cannabis entrepreneurs becomes paramount. In the Limpopo Province, like many other regions of South Africa, one of its strategic plans is to promote entrepreneurship and small-scale businesses, thus there is a need to interrogate the cannabis masterplan of the country. The main objective of the study was, therefore, to explore the perceptions of cannabis entrepreneurs on South Africa’s cannabis Master Plan. In this study a qualitative research method was used, and participants were selected using non-probability snowball sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview guide through face-to-face interviews. An audio recorder and a notebook were used to capture the responses of the participants and data was collected from 16 cannabis entrepreneurs in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The adequate number of the sample size was guided by the point of saturation. The collected data was transcribed using Microsoft Word version 26 and analysed using ATLAS.ti.23 and the results found were used to make conclusions and recommendations of the study. The research findings highlight challenges faced by cannabis entrepreneurs, particularly, compliance with the country’s laws and regulatory bodies. For instance, to obtain a cannabis operating license, one is expected to pay a minimum of R25 000 and build a cannabis facility with high security and a sensory detector which is estimated could be over a million rand. The participants emphasised the need for unrestricted cannabis commercialisation, citing its benefits, such as income generation, economic growth and employment creation amongst others; also, entrepreneurs face issues with society not being informed about cannabis’ potential benefits. One of the recommendations made from this study is that policymakers and industry stakeholders should foster a sustainable, inclusive cannabis industry through full implementation of the Cannabis Master plan.Item Embargo Application of ethics in the provision of municipal services in Makhado Local Municipality(2024-09-06) Matodzi, Tshifhiwa Rejoyce; Munzhedzi, P. H.; Sethu, M. J.Access to basic municipal services is a major challenge in South Africa. Section 152 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, makes provision for municipalities to deliver basic services to their local communities. Local government plays an important role in ensuring that communities are provided with basic services. Research has shown that South Africa is experiencing challenges in providing basic services. This study focused on the application of ethics in the provision of municipal services in Makhado Local Municipality. The study was conducted at Makhado Local Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study aims to evaluate the application of ethics in the provision of municipal services at Makhado Local Municipality and suggest recommendations on how to eradicate challenges regarding basic municipal services. The researcher utilised a mixed research method in which both qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted. A sample of 284 participants consisting of traditional leaders, selected community members, municipal staff members, and ward councillors was selected using probability sampling and non-probability sampling techniques. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interview schedules. The quantitative and quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis respectively. The main findings of this study indicate that the application of ethics has not significantly contributed to the improvement of municipal service delivery at Makhado Local Municipality. The main recommendations based on the findings are that decision-making on basic municipal services should be centred on ethics and that the municipality should aim to solve community issues in a sustainable manner rather than just following protocol.Item Embargo The impact of talent acquisition on municipal service delivery - the case of Ethekwini Metropolitan Municipality(2024-09-06) Cele, Lindelwa Judy; Nekhavhambe, M. M.; Takalani, H. H.The public sector institutions in South Africa face numerous difficulties in providing public services. Both public and private sector institutions must now provide their clients with services of the highest calibre in this day and age of public administration. When a customer's demands are not met or the expected level of service is not met, this may give rise to complaints about the delivery of public services, which can occasionally lead to communities engaging in boycotts, riots, and protests. This may have an adverse effect on employee motivation and lower workplace morale. To ensure that the good service standard is constantly met in public sector organizations and to support the success of municipal service delivery, talent acquisition is consequently of the utmost importance. In order to effectively impact the rendering of public services, this study intends to evaluate how talent acquisition can be employed in employee motivation. This study implemented a mixed-methods research methodology to acquire data and analyse the role that talent acquisition plays in employee motivation—and ultimately in the success and efficacy of municipal service delivery. The research project also examines how recruiting practices are impacted by the human resource management process, which can assist in the provision of effective, efficient, and reasonably priced services, notably in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. The study also made use of the pragmatism paradigm and an exploratory research design. All these tools were used to guarantee the correctness and dependability of the collected data. In the eThekwini Municipality, improving the process and approach for talent acquisition is the study's main goal. Additionally, it was useful in providing suggestions for upcoming practices, procedures, and personnel acquisition rules. The eThekwini Municipality, together with other local government institutions as well as the provincial and national spheres of government, must undertake this study in order to support the adoption of tried-and-true talent acquisition procedures. According to the survey, there are a lot of gaps because of dissatisfied workers. These employees either believed that the procedures did not support their professional development inside the organization or were impacted by local policies. The research also advocated for the Municipality to support programs for employee growth and development to enhance the provision of municipal services. The study also suggested changing a few municipal rules to better support staff members both professionally and personally. By raising worker morale, this improves service delivery.Item Embargo The Role od Ward Committees in community participation: the case of Lepelle-Nkupi Local Municipality, Limpopo Province(2024-09-06) Aphane, Calvin Sehlapelo; Mathebula, N. E.; Mathoga, S. T.Participating in the community involves open dialogue and team effort to solve problems in order to make decisions that are better and more acceptable. The focus of this study is to investigate the role that ward committees play in promoting community participation in the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. This is an attempt to learn how community participation through ward committees can aid basic service delivery which in doing so the community will be effectively playing their part in the integrated development planning. The study was conducted in the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality. For this study, mixed-method research was used. The study adopted a pragmatism paradigm and utilized a descriptive and contextual design using questionnaires and interviews as a method of collecting data. The study population consisted of municipal officials, ward councillors, ward committee members, civic organisations, community leaders, and community development workers. Sampling methods such as non-probability sampling in the form of purposive sampling technique were adopted. International business machinery: The statistical package of social sciences (IBM: SPSS) latest version was used to analyse quantitative data collected through questionnaires. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative interview data narratively. To guarantee that all respondents may participate voluntarily and without being forced or intimidated, all ethical considerations were taken into account during the data-gathering process.Item Embargo Realising the right to healthcare services in South Africa(2024-09-06) Monyai, Wanga Ezekiel; Kandala, L. J. J.; Choma, H. J.This study examines the ongoing problems faced in an attempt to enforce the provision of the entitlement to hospital facilities. It outlines the legal and constitutional frameworks that makes provision for the entitlement for having to access healthcare services for all people in the Republic. The need for such provision is a central part of the national vision for healthcare transformation. Therefore, our constitution provides that: “everyone has the right to have access to health care service.” In this regard it is important to note that “ This constitution is the supreme law of the Republic ;law or conduct that is in consistent with it is invalid and obligations imposed by it must be fulfilled”. The study draws on evidence from a range of sources, including published literature, policy, and existing healthcare reforms in South Africa, evaluates their efficiency and the current state of healthcare in the country, and discusses the socio-economic and political issues, including poverty, inequity and inadequate public healthcare infrastructure. Particularly, this study accesses the legal initiatives in South Africa, such as the statutory Health Insurance (NHI), and their potential to improve enforceability of the said right. The conclusions drawn from this paper suggests that South Africa faces ongoing problems in achieving the objectives of providing for the right to healthcare, including a shortage of healthcare providers, low levels of public financing for health, and inadequate supplies. We are further burdened by the country's limited human resources and infrastructure, inadequate health systems governance, and weak public-private partnerships have all contributed to the slow progress in achieving universal healthcare coverage in the country. The study concludes by proposing specific recommendations to safeguard the provision of the said right. These strategies include increasing public investment in health, strengthening public-private partnerships, and improving the management of the health system. It also highlights the importance of developing innovative strategies that can engage stakeholders in understanding and addressing these ongoing problems. The evidence presented throughout this study suggests that substantial effort will be required to overcome the different challenges and ensure universal healthcare coverage in the country.Item Open Access Constitutional protection of animal “rights” in South Africa and India: A legal comparison(2024-09-06) Mmbadi, Mbavhalelo Gerson; Jegede, A. O.; Lansink, A.The human-animal relationship has several inconsistencies. This is because of the contradictions on how human beings treat animals. In certain instances, human beings have shown love and affection towards animals, while in some instances, there has been a highest level of cruelty towards animals. Animal cruelty has long been a concern; however, society has occasionally accepted this behaviour as usual. This is because humans have power over animals and view them as property. A number of anti-cruelty Acts have been passed in South Africa in response to the current trend in the plight of animals. However, South Africa's anti-cruelty laws are insufficient, incoherent, and disjointed. Their anthropocentric as opposed to the ecocentric nature raises ethical and legal concern relating to the adequacy of legal protection of animals. Yet, ecocentric focus has emerged as a feature of legal protection in several legal systems; including India, which has used progressive interpretation of its Constitution for legal protection of animals. Using a doctrinal methodology, this study interrogates the various ethical and legal approaches that support the protection of animal rights. It then determines whether the legal protections for animals under South African law are adequate, and whether there are any lessons to be learned from India's constitutional protection of animals. It was found that Courts in South Africa prefer anthropocentric arguments to protect animals, while Courts in India prefer ecocentric viewpoints. Various provisions in the South African Constitution have been used to protect animals. There are, however, some constitutional provisions that can be used to protect animals, taking into account lessons in India, where Courts have readily extended constitutional provisions that protect humans to cover animals as well.Item Open Access Probabilistic renewable energy modelling in South Africa(2024-05-05) Ravele, Thakhani; Sigauke, Caston; Jhamba, LodwellThe variability of solar power creates problems in planning and managing power system operations. It is critical to forecast accurately in order to maintain the safety and stability of large-scale integration of solar power into the grid. Accurate forecasting is vital because it prevents transmission obstruction and maintains a power equilibrium. This thesis uses robust models to solve this problem by addressing four main issues. The first issue involves the construction of quantile regression models for forecasting extreme peak electricity demand and determining the optimal number of units to commit at minimal costs for each period using the forecasts obtained from the developed models. The bounded variable mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model solves the unit commitment (UC) problem. This is based on priority constraints where demand is first met from renewable energy sources followed by energy from fossil fuels. Secondly, the thesis discusses the modelling and prediction of extremely high quantiles of solar power. The methods used are a semi-parametric extremal mixture (SPEM), generalised additive extreme value (GAEV) or quantile regression via asymmetric Laplace distribution (QR-ALD), additive quantile regression with covariate t (AQR-1), additive quantile regression with temperature variable (AQR-2) and penalised cubic regression smoothing spline (benchmark) models. The predictions from this study are valuable to power utility decision-makers and system operators in knowing the maximum possible solar power which can be generated. This helps them make high-risk decisions and regulatory frameworks requiring high-security levels. As far as we know, this is the first application to conduct a comparative analysis of the proposed robust models using South African solar irradiance data. The interaction between global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and temperature helps determine the maximum amount of solar power generated. As temperature increases, GHI increases up to the point that it increases at a decreasing rate and then decreases. Therefore, system operators need to know the temperature range in which the maximum possible solar power can be generated. The study used the multivariate adaptive regression splines and extreme value theory to determine the maximum temperature to generate the maximum GHI ceteris paribus. Lastly, the study discusses extremal dependence modelling of GHI with temperature and relative humidity (RH) using the conditional multivariate extreme value (CMEV) and copula modes. Due to the nonlinearity and different structure of the dependence on GHI against temperature and RH, unlike previous literature, we use three Archimedean copula functions: Clayton, Frank and Gumbel, to model the dependence structure. This work was then extended by constructing a mixture copula model which combined the Frank and Gumbel models. One of the contributions of this thesis is the construction of additive quantile regression models for forecasting extreme quantiles of electrical load, which are then used in solving the UC problem with bounded MILP with priority constraints. The other contribution is developing a modelling framework that shows that GHI converges to its upper limit if temperature converges to the upper bound. Another contribution is constructing a mixture of some copulas for modelling the extremal dependence of GHI with temperature and RH. This thesis reveals the following key findings: (i) the additive quantile regression model is the best-fitting model for hours 18:00 and 19:00. In contrast, the linear quantile regression model is the best-fitting model for hours 20:00 and 21:00. The UC problem results show that using all the generating units, such as hydroelectric, wind power, concentrated solar power and solar photovoltaic is less costly. (ii) the AQR-2 was the best-fitting model and gave the most accurate prediction of quantiles at τ = 0.95, 0.97, 0.99 and 0.999, while at 0.9999- quantile, the GAEV model had the most accurate predictions. (iii) the marginal increases of GHI converge to 0.12 W/m2 when temperature converges to 44.26 ◦C and the marginal increases of GHI converge to −0.1 W/m2 when RH converges to 103.26%. Conditioning on GHI, the study found that temperature and RH variables have a negative extremal dependence on large values of GHI. (iv) the dependence structure between GHI and variable temperature and RH is asymmetric. Furthermore, the Frank copula is the best-fitting model for variable temperature and RH, implying the presence of extreme co-movements. The modelling framework discussed in this thesis could be useful to decisioniii makers in power utilities, who must optimally integrate highly intermittent renewable energies on the grid. It could be helpful to system operators that face uncertainty in GHI power production due to extreme temperatures and RH, including maintaining the minimum cost by scheduling and dispatching electricity during peak hours when the grid is constrained due to peak load demand.Item Embargo Use of information communication technology as a tool for preserving Tshivenda Proverbs(2024-09-06) Nevondo, Phathutshedzo Unarine; Madima, T. J.; Makhanikhe, T. J.; Matshidze, P. E.This study explored the use of Information Communication Technology in preserving the Tshivenḓa proverbs. From time immemorial, proverbs were valuable cultural practices of oral tradition, which were used to empower the young generation on morals, norms, behaviour, education, and other African values. It has been noticed that due to modernisation and lack of preservation, proverbs have been abounded by the majority of Vhavenḓa youths, which seems to be resulting in moral degeneration because youth no longer acquire moral knowledge and skills through proverbs. The overall objectives were to examine different ways of gaining knowledge and understanding about proverbs and Information Communication Technology, to explore the role of information Communication Technology in preserving proverbs within Vhavenḓa communities, and to explore strategies to mitigate challenges associated with the preservation of Tshivenḓa proverbs through the use of Information Communication Technology. The study was grounded in socio-cultural and diffusion of innovation theories. This study intended to adopt a qualitative research design. Therefore, participants were selected using Purposive and snowballing samplings. Furthermore, semi-structured and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Thematic data analysis was used to analyse data. The envisioned findings of the study could be convenient in preserving the Vhavenḓa proverbs.Item Embargo Views of women regarding gender-based violence in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province(2024-09-06) Netshiongolwe, Rabelani; Mushwana, M.; Madzhie, M.Background: South Africa is identified to be one of the most unsafe countries for women because of its high prevalence of Gender-Based violence. About 10.516 rapes, 1.514 cases of attempted murder and 14.401 assaults against female victims were recorded in 2023 (Mpako &Ndoma, 2023). Gender Links has reported that more than two thirds of women in Limpopo have had an experience on some form of gender-based violence in their lifetime, including partner and non-partner violence. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the views of women regarding Gender based violence. The objectives were: to explore the views of women on gender- based violence against women, to explore the social impacts of GBV towards women, to describe the effects of GBV on women as victims of GBV and to explore the potential measures that may reduce GBV against women. Methods: The study was qualitative in nature and utilized exploratory research design to explore the views of women regarding gender-based violence. The study was conducted at the five villages with the Thulamela municipality, Thohoyandou, Lwamondo, Tshisaulu, Itsani, Muledane. A sample of 20 Tshivenda speaking women aged between the ages of 25 to 50 were selected using purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews and an interview guide was used during data collection process, and the study employed thematic analysis for the purpose of data analysis. Pre-testing of the interview guide was done using two participants who fell within the inclusion criteria of the study but were later excluded in the actual study. Trustworthiness of the study was assessed using credibility, conformability, dependability and transferability. Furthermore, the study adhered to the following research ethics; institutional ethics, informed consent, confidentiality, avoidance of harm, voluntary participation, publication of results and acknowledgement of others works. Results: The findings of the study found that GBV is indeed prevalent in the Thulamela municipality. The study found psychological, social and physical impacts of GBV on women as victims of gender-based violence. The following impacts were identified: stress and depression, trauma, suicide, alcoholism, anxiety and mood disorder, low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness and shame. Furthermore the study suggested that changing certain societal norms and expectation like normalising divorce might help reduce GBV against women. Recommendation: based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that communities are to change certain societal expectations and norms and teach females to be more independent financially to reduce the number of females who become victims of GBV. The study further recommends that the department of justice along with the department of correctional services to give longer sentences to perpetrators of GBV.Item Embargo Evaluation of Gender Mainstreaming on the appointment process of senior management: A case study of the Office of the Premier in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2024-09-06) Ngobeni, Ellah Nkensani; Mukwevho, M. H.; Thobejane, T. D.The challenges of inequality in South Africa’s workplace are compounded by the legacy of the system of apartheid and colonialism. Gender inequality continues to exist even during the new dispensation despite the existence of national, regional and international legislation to address inequality. This study evaluated the extent of the implementation and enforcement of employment equity policies on the appointment of senior management officials at the Office of the Premier. The study adopted a feminist qualitative approach to collect data. The sample of the study comprised males and females in the Office of the Premier. Non-probability purposive sampling to identify and select Deputy Directors, Directors and Chief Directors was used as these categories of employees are in the pipeline and poised to take different senior management positions. Data was collected using interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis. Due to my position as the Chief Director working in the Office of the Premier, I relied on the process of reflexivity to question and analyse any biases I may have had in the process of collecting and analysing the data. Reflexivity is a process of continual internal dialogue and critical self-evaluation of the researcher’s positionality as well as active acknowledgement; and explicit recognition that this position may affect the research process. Collected data was analysed using thematic analysis. Ultimately, findings and recommendations from the study were shared with the Institutional Development Support Branch in the Office of the Premier for implementation by all sector departments in the Limpopo Provincial Administration.Item Embargo The Impact of Nandoni Dam construction on selected indigenous plant diversity: A case study in Thulamela Municipality within Vhembe District of Limpopo Province South Africa.(2024-09-06) Thovhogi, Ntevheleni Justice; Odhiambo, B. D. O.; Ligavha-Mbelengwa, H. H.; Mokoebo, M. J.The study assessed the impact of Nandoni Dam construction on selected indigenous plant species (IPS) diversity: A case study in Thulamela Municipality within Vhembe District. The construction of Nandoni Dam started in 1998 and was completed in 2005. The research focused on the following three specific objectives: to examine the selected IPS diversity before dam construction, to determine whether some selected IPS diversity were protected after dam construction, and to assess the community’s perceptions on the need to develop long-term management plans for the conservation of selected IPS diversity. The literature reviewed concentrated on the background of the study, problem statement, justification of the study, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and other studies. Under the methodology of data collection and research design, both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used. Primary data collection includes field surveys, interviews, and observations. Secondary data were collected from documentary reviews, library books, published articles, theses, etc. Permission was requested and granted by the traditional leaders of Tshiulungoma, Budeli, Dididi, and Mulenzhe villages, which were affected by the construction of Nandoni Dam. For systematic data analysis, the researcher used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25, narrative, and ethnography. Government officials were visited and communicated face-to-face and telephonically. Ethical consideration was granted by UHDEC. Results: Documentation of selected IPS diversity before 1998; photos of submerged and protected selected IPS diversity after dam construction in 2005. Recommendation: Community environment alliance, public community education on EIA reports, and conservation of selected IPS diversity.Item Embargo Assessing climatic and non-climatic impacts on smallholder maize production in Tshimapha Irrigation Scheme, Limpopo Province.(2024-09-06) Mudzanani, Ntsemeni Rainah; Murungweni, F. M.; Chikoore, H.Globally, climatic extremes and non-climatic factors are a major concern due to their emerging and expected impacts on maize production. Climatic extremes come through drought and floods, whilst non-climatic factors include lack of education, poor management, and lack of support. The study evaluated the impacts of climatic extremes and non-climatic factors on the production of maize yield and further examined measures for sustainable production of maize yield in Tshimapha Irrigation Scheme, Limpopo Province of South Africa. The irrigation scheme was established in the 1960s, and today has 115 smallholder farmers, each having 1.5 hectares. Climate data was obtained from the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), South African Weather Services (SAWS) and from literature. Questionnaires were administered among the 115 smallholder farmers. The key informant interviews were conducted among the farmer’s leaders, community leaders and extension officers. The extension officer and smallholder farmers assisted with generating maize yield data. For the first objective, rainfall data was analysed using Mann- Kendall test analysis in R-Studio. Furthermore, Sen’s slope was also done to determine the magnitude of the trend of the rainfall, monthly, seasonal, and yearly and questionnaires were analysed using Microsoft Excel Version 2310. For the second objective, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was analysed using rainfall data in Microsoft Excel, and the last objectives were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) by looking at the percentage distribution. The findings of this study indicated an increase in the intensity and amount of rainfall received during flood years, with floods peaking in January and February. The SPI indicated that the area is not prone to severe drought as it is mountainous. The highest production of maize yield was 3.4 tons, with the least being 1 ton per year (based on the available data). Water and land for farming in the scheme were sufficient before the establishment of the Mutshedzi dam, which restricts access to dam water, and the land taken for some of the farmers during the establishment of the dam. This study is in response to national, regional, and global demand for knowledge on how smallholder farmers can adapt to erratic climates and in support of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Number 2. This study can be useful the in working towards alleviating challenges experienced by smallholder farmers in South Africa to ensure sustainability in smallholder production.Item Embargo Implications of African Pianism on the arrangement and Orchestration of mmino(2024-09-06) Phoshoko, Magalane T.; Mapaya, M. G.; Wanyama, M. N.African songs generally find their origins in social, cultural, and political interactions, primarily stemming from community-centric activities. Communal and social engagements deeply influence the shaping and preservation of African knowledge, cultural traditions, artistic expressions, and songs. Additionally, systematic cultural codes play a significant role in shaping performance styles, song structures, and the usage of musical instruments. As a result, songs become a repository of cultural identity, reflecting an artistic sense of logic and embodying cultural lore, ethos, and ways of understanding. The dissemination of indigenous knowledge predominantly relies on oral tradition and systems, which align with African societies' natural modes of knowledge transmission. Traditional songs persist in an oral context, playing a crucial socio-cultural role. Despite the challenges of colonialism, imperialism, and urbanisation, these songs have resiliently resisted modern Eurocentric cultural influences. Reading and writing have become integral to knowledge storage, exchange, and development in the contemporary landscape. This study's main research question is: "How can African pianism influence the transcription, arrangement, and orchestration of mmino (indigenous African music) to incorporate non-indigenous instruments while preserving traditional performative techniques?" The study aims to achieve three primary goals: firstly, the development of a systematic method for transcribing, notating, arranging, and orchestrating indigenous music; secondly, the incorporation of non-indigenous African instruments; and thirdly, the arrangement of music for the piano as a principal instrument in the ensemble while maintaining an indigenised performative technique (Africanism). These approaches underscore the symbiotic relationship between orality and literacy. Utilising a practiceled methodology, defined as an approach rooted in or centred around where the practice itself is the focal point of the investigation, this study presents an African children's game song for adaptation, notation (creation of music scores), and a studiorecorded performance. The sections encompass rhythm, brass, woodwinds, strings, and percussion. Consequently, the study provides music scores and audio files for further analysis and theorisation, serving as a blueprint for the future adaptation, transcription, and notation of Indigenous African songs for modern instruments.Item Embargo Development of mineral beneficiation and value addition framework for sustainable socio-economic development of Zimbabwe(2024-09-06) Laisani, John; Amponsah - Dacosta, F.; Mulaba, A. F.Less than a decade is remaining for African Vision 2030 which began in 2009 to lapse, yet some of its targeted developmental milestones such as mineral beneficiation and value addition are yet to be achieved. Most of the African countries richly endowed with mineral resources that are committed to incorporating beneficiation and value addition in various value chains are still lagging significantly. Zimbabwe is one country through its Zimbabwe Accelerated Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZIMASSET) economic blueprint which elaborated the multiple benefits of the beneficiation strategy to unlock value from its vast mineral resources but never developed a framework for its implementation. This study aimed to fill that gap by developing a mineral beneficiation and value-addition framework to achieve sustainable socio-economic development in Zimbabwe. The objectives of this study were to examine the existing policies on mineral beneficiation and their effects on sustainable socio-economic development; evaluate the cross-cutting constraints and associated interventions to encourage mineral beneficiation in Zimbabwe; examine the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the need for mineral beneficiation and value addition in Zimbabwe and ultimately developing a framework for mineral beneficiation and value addition for the sustainable socio-economic development of Zimbabwe. A mixed methods approach was used to achieve the objectives and the study design was convergent parallel design. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select 291 participants for the quantitative survey. Data was collected using a survey questionnaire and descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS version 25. An unstructured interview guide was used to collect qualitative data and themes were used to analyse the data through thematic approach. Results of the study indicate that the existing policies on beneficiation are hindering the realisation of the beneficiation and value addition of minerals. Zimbabwe’s policy volatility, policy inconsistency, bureaucracy, and corruption heavily affected the implementation of the beneficiation policy. The cross-cutting constraints include energy constraints, lack of skills, lack of institutional capacity, lack of coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of policies, lack of appropriate legislative instruments, and the neglect of the socio-economic aspect of beneficiation. Stakeholders indicated a strong affiliation to the beneficiation strategy but there is scepticism around the current economic and political situation which is blurring the realisation of this policy. Using the above results, the framework for mineral beneficiation and value addition was developed. This framework is a critical pillar for enhancing economic value chains through beneficiation and value addition because it outlines important aspects, role players and the resulting benefits for achieving sustainable socio-economic development in Zimbabwe. The development of the framework for mineral beneficiation and value addition in Zimbabwe implies a strategic roadmap that can guide policymakers, promote collaboration, address challenges, and pave the way for sustainable socioeconomic development through the efficient utilization of the country's mineral resources.Item Embargo Innovative Extraction and Identification of Rutin Flavonoid from Moringa oleifera Leaves Using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and Computational Metabolomics Tools(2024-09-06) Ndou, Dakalo Lorraine; Madala, N. E.; Tavengwa, N. T.; Ndlala, A. R.Moringa oleifera is a tree that has been studied extensively and it has been found to host a variety of medicinal and nutritional properties. Owing to these properties, it has often been referred to as a ‘miracle tree’. M. oleifera contains a variety of metabolites such as flavonoids, glucosinolates, phenolic acids, tannins, and carotenoids that are responsible for the pharmacological properties of this plant. In this study, the metabolite of interest in M. oleifera was the rutin flavonoid. Rutin has various pharmacological properties and its presence in M. oleifera makes the plant more bioavailable. In this study, the presence of rutin was evaluated in M. oleifera plants in households from different villages within the Vhembe District. The Molecular Networking (MN) approach was utilized to revisit the chemical space of flavonoids in M. oleifera. The aim was to establish the biochemical modifications responsible for the chemical diversity of these compounds, which have been reported to be associated with the purported pharmacological properties of this plant. Modern extraction methods such as ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UA-ATPE) and pipette tip micro-solid phase extraction (PT-μSPE) were explored in the extraction of the most bio-available and most sought-after flavonoid, rutin, in M. oleifera leaf extracts. This work has been divided into four experimental chapters. In Experimental Chapter 4, the presence of rutin was evaluated in the leaves of 135 M. oleifera plants from households in different villages within the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The metabolite extraction was carried out using the conventional liquid extraction method using 80% MeOH and the resulting extracts were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS. The results from the UHPLC-qTOF-MS showed that only 15 plants produced rutin. This was confirmed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) and an authentic standard, which further validated the detected ion as a true representation of rutin. It was concluded that different cultivars of this plant are being grown in various households within the Vhembe District. These differences are expected to result in a negative perception towards Moringa plants, and as such, knowledge of the cultivar-chemical relationship should be made public with the intention to encourage the cultivation of proper plant species. The extraction of rutin from M. oleifera leaves using UA-ATPE was reviewed in Experimental Chapter 5. An ethanol/salt ATPE was formed for the extraction of rutin. Ultrasonication was used to assist in the extraction of rutin from the leaves. Central composite design (CCD) was used to design experiments and two factors which were optimized are ultrasonic time and ultrasonic temperature. The ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), and magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) salts were used to form the ethanol/salt ATPE two phase system. The resulting Response Surface Model (RSM) was observed to be a linear fit for the ethanol/(NH4)2SO4 and the ethanol/MgSO4 ATPE systems, with R2 values of 0.7339 and 0.5782, respectively, as obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ethanol/NaCl ATPE system yielded a quadratic fit with R2 = 0.7865 and was observed to be the best performing in the extraction of rutin from the M. oleifera leaves with optimum extraction at a temperature of 25 ºC and time of 22.5 minutes. Based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) through the UHPLC-qTOF-MS technique, the concentration of rutin extracted by the ethanol/NaCl ATPE system was 240 μg L-1. According to ANOVA, temperature (the B-term) was found to be the significant term with a p < 0.0500 that the extraction of rutin through UA-ATPE is temperature-dependent. Therefore, it was concluded that the extraction of rutin from M. oleifera leaves favors low temperatures. The results of the current study further demonstrate the usefulness of simple extraction techniques, such as heated water with additives like salts, as a feasible method to enrich pharmacologically relevant metabolites from plants. This reaffirms traditional protocols that are currently used by communities which include boiling plants in water to extract useful chemical compounds for the treatment of common ailments such as colds and headaches. In Experimental Chapter 6, PT-μSPE was applied in the extraction of rutin from M. oleifera leaves using activated hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNSs) as the sorbent. The activated HCNSs were characterized using FTIR, which confirmed the presence of the functional groups of interest such as OH stretch, -COO- vibration, and C=O stretch. TGA thermogram showed a difference in the thermal stability of the raw and activated HCNSs, proving that the raw HCNSs are more stable than the activated HCNSs, and SEM displayed the difference in the morphology of the raw and activated HCNSs by observing the difference in the coalescence of the material. Parameters such as loading cycles, elution solvent, concentration of rutin, pH, loading volume, and mass of sorbent were optimized. The analysis of the extracts was conducted with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to ascertain the recovery of rutin. The optimal conditions for rutin recovery using PT-μSPE were determined to be 15 loading cycles, i-PrOH as the elution solvent, a 2 ppm as standard concentration of rutin, a pH of 2, 500 μL as loading volume, and 1.5 mg of sorbent. The LOD, LOQ, and RSD values were found to be 0.604 mg L-1, 1.830 mg L-1, and 3.26%; respectively. It was thus confirmed that the PT-μSPE method is effective in the extraction of rutin even at trace levels based on the low LOD value obtained and the RSD value obtained proved that this method is a reliable pre-concentration technique and is thus repeatable for the analysis of complex samples. Therefore, in cases where some plants produce these compounds in minute concentrations, methods such as this one presented herein can be used to estimate and concentrate the pharmacologically relevant compounds. Molecular networking (MN) was used to study the global metabolic profile of M. oleifera and is outlined in Experimental Chapter 7. Herein, Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) platform was used to generate the MN from the LC-MS data obtained from the methanolic leaf extracts of M. oleifera. The MN was viewed and analyzed using Cytoscape. Through MN, it was observed that M. oleifera contains a variety of metabolites. Other GNPS tools such as network annotation propagation (NAP), DEREPLICATOR, MS2LDA, and MolNetEhancer were further used to compliment the classical MN model. To this end, MS2LDA was used to annotate the flavonoids found within M. oleifera. Kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin flavonoids were successfully annotated by MS2LDA. Additionally, Chrysin-6,8-C-diglucoside was also annotated and reported for the first time in M. oleifera leaves. The results of this study further suggest MN models as useful tools for chemical exploration, enabling the discovery of new metabolites by leveraging existing knowledge as "chemical charms" to unearth hidden metabolites.Item Embargo Prevalence of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis MDR-TB and associated risk factors among patients in Vhembe Region of Limpopo. South Africa(2024-09-06) Mahamud, H.; Traore, A. N.; Potgieter, N.; Rikhotso, M. C.BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a critical and significant obstacle in the management of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. This driven by the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains and co-infection of TB with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have become major challenge in eradicating TB especially in low- and middle-income countries. Approximately half a million cases of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis were reported in 2020, with 78% of these cases developing into MDR-TB. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MDR-TB and its associated risk factors in Vhembe region (Limpopo, South Africa). METHODOLOGY: A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on plausible risk factors. A total of 50 participants from the overall study were enrolled and sputum samples were obtained from patients receiving treatment from 20 healthcare facilities. Each patient blood sample was first tested for HIV using rapid test. For this study DNA was extracted from the sputum samples using reagents from multiplex real-time PCR kit (Allplex). Multiplex realtime PCR (Anyplex/ Allplex) was used to confirm the presence of TB and to detect MDR-TB respectively. MassArray was used to detect any mutation on the SNPs for rpoB and katG and inhA promoter region of the MTB. RESULTS: Out of the 50 TB patients, 18% (9/50) were found to be MTB, 18% (9/50) to be MTB+NTM and (27/50) were NTM and 10% (5/50) could not be amplified. In this study, it was found that 2 samples were DR-TB from the patients that were MTB and MTB+NTM positive. Overall, the percentage of DR-TB was 4% (2/50). HIV prevalence in the population was 64% (32/50). The risk factors that showed high significance level of association are educational level (52%), occupation (60%), religion (80%), dusty area (72%), wearing protective mask (72%) and family support (90%). Sequence analysis showed no mutation in one patient and for the other patient the DNA not successfully genotyped. Conclusion: There are several risk factors that are associated with TB, this includes education level, occupation, and religion. High prevalence of TB (32%) was found. However, there was low prevalence (4%) of DR-TB found (Rifampicin resistant, isoniazid resistant). Furthermore, after genotyping the resistant SNPs using MassArray, the results obtained showed that there was no mutation identified. It was observed that adolescents and young adults are more susceptible to acquiring TB and DR-TB. Timely detection of medication resistance is imperative for the efficient management of the disease and dissemination of information related to TB and MDR-TB is vital especially in low- and middle-income countries.