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Item Embargo The role of the Cold War in the sustenance of apartheid in South Africa; 1948-1991: an investigative study of cause and consequences in history(2025-09-05) Sekhaolelo, Sylvia Dineo; Kgari-Masondo, Maserole ChristinaThis study uses qualitative documentary research, a case study design, and thematic and content analysis to examine the Cold War's role in sustaining apartheid in South Africa from 1948 to 1991. A gap in the literature exists regarding the Cold War's influence on apartheid through a Cause and Consequence theoretical framework. The research finds that Cold War dynamics, driven by the global rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union, prolonged apartheid. The USA and the UK supported apartheid South Africa, viewing it as a strategic ally against communism, despite global condemnation. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union supported liberation movements like the African National Congress (ANC), fuelling the resistance to apartheid. This international division delayed coordinated global action and deepened the apartheid regime's persistence. The study highlights that human agency, as emphasized in Neo-Hegelian causation theory, played a key role in shaping history. The superpowers, the apartheid regime, and anti-apartheid movements all contributed to the duration of apartheid. Research like this is essential for promoting global peace and decolonisation by uncovering past wrongs, fostering forgiveness, and avoiding future conflicts. For future research, the study recommended that it would be valuable to explore other international factors that influenced the Apartheid regime, beyond just the involvement of Cold War superpowers.Item Embargo Africentric Historical Study of Farming Cooperatives in Strengthening the Livelihoods of Rural Communities: The Case Study of Matangari Village, Limpopo: C. 1990-2020(2025-09-05) Ndanganeni, Ngudo; Kgari-Masondo, Maserole ChristinaThe study sought to examine the role of African-centered historical research in understanding the impact of Farming Cooperatives on the livelihoods of the rural communities in Matangari village. A review of the historical context for the establishment of Farming Cooperatives and the extent to which indigenous knowledge was incorporated was done. As such, the literature surveyed for this study reveals a gap in academia regarding studies on the Africentric approach to rural Farming Cooperatives in strengthening the livelihoods of communities. Thus, this study was undertaken to investigate the African strategies the Farming Cooperatives of Matangari used to strengthen the livelihood of communities from 1990-2020. The study was qualitative, and a case study was conducted, using semi-structured interviews involving 21 participants, amongst them important stakeholders such as local leaders and Farming Cooperative members. The data were analysed thematically because the strategy helps in coding and reducing information to the required and relevant data aligned to the phenomenon. Preliminary study findings demonstrated how crucial Farming Cooperatives are to maintaining the livelihoods of rural communities and how Africentric historical research can help us comprehend the effects more comprehensively and contribute to fighting epistemic violence against rural and African indigenous knowledge, using the case study of Matangari Village Farming Cooperatives in Limpopo. As such, the findings of the study indicated that the Farming Cooperatives, during the period under study, employed both Africentric and Western farming techniques to strengthen the livelihood of the rural community of the Matangari Village. The results of this study will contribute to the existing literature on decolonisation of history in general. Specifically, this transcends to cultural history, economic history, and other disciplines like anthropology, Indigenous knowledge, politics, sociology, and community development. Such transformation is attained through ensuring rural community development, and the capacitation of sustainable Farming Cooperatives, indigenously. I was highly recommended by the study that Cooperatives need to continue integrating traditional practices such as the davha system of collective farming, using Indigenous fertilisers, and water management techniques into their farming methodsItem Embargo The Impact of Career Guidance on Career Choices of Grade 12 Learners: A Case Study of Vhuronga 1 Circuit,(2025-09-05) Murovhi, Masala; Tshisikhawe, M. P.; Sikhwari, M.This lack of structured career guidance also contributes to academic challenges for first-generation students in higher education. Poor performance in their first year may result in them switching courses or, in some cases, dropping out entirely. The study explored how career guidance affects the career choices of Grade 12 learners in Vhuronga 1 Circuit. It focused on seven secondary schools in Vhuronga 1 Circuit in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study draws from the Theory of Career choice which suggests that individuals’ abilities can be measured and matched with suitable careers. The study followed the positivist paradigm, which assumes that reality is objective and can be identified and measured. A descriptive research design was used, with a quantitative approach. Data was collected through questionnaires from teachers, Grade 12 learners, and school principals in Vhuronga 1 Circuit. The study used non-probability sampling, specifically purposive sampling, to select 151 respondents based on the researchers’ judgment and their availability. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The study found that while most schools offer career guidance, 60.3% of learners receive it only once per term, limiting its impact. Teachers' confidence and training levels varied, with 34.78% rating their confidence as average. Only 40.43% of teachers viewed the programmes as effective, highlighting the need for improved structure and support. The results provide insights into the current state of career guidance and its impact on learners’ career decisions. While career guidance programmes exist, they are often inconsistent and lack sufficient resources, making them less effective. The study emphasises the need for comprehensive and consistent career guidance programmes that are accessible to all learners, regardless of their socio-economic background. The study recommends enhancing career guidance in secondary schools by improving teacher training, establishing regular programme assessments, allocating sufficient resources, involving the community, and strengthening policy implementation to ensure consistent and effective support for learners’ career development.Item Embargo The effects of teachers workload on learners academic performance in secondary schools Hlanganeni Circuit, Vhembe District(2025-09-05) Muthevhuli, Phathutshedzo; Tshisikhawe, M. P.The effectiveness of teaching and learning in the classroom is correlated with teachers' workload. The kind of burden teachers have affects the academic performance of their learners. Due to a lack of staff, access to resources, and multi-grade teaching, teachers in secondary schools with low learner enrolment face the significant challenge of a workload that is above the teacher-pupil ratio. In contrast, teachers in schools with high learner enrolment deal with overcrowded classes that are challenging to manage. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine how a teacher's workload affects secondary school learners' academic performance. A phenomenological research design will be used in this research. Data will be gathered using focus groups and face-to-face interviews. All ten secondary schools in the Hlanganani North circuit will make up the study population. There are 5246 learners and 165 teachers. The criteria for selecting secondary schools will be based on school enrolment. One secondary school with high enrolment and the other with lower enrolment in the Hlanganani North circuit will be chosen for this study. The study's participants will be chosen using a purposeful sampling method. Interviews will be conducted with 14 teachers (seven from each school), two department heads, and two school principals. The acquired data will be analysed via thematic data analysis. The study will concentrate on enacting change and finding solutions for the identified issue. Hopefully, the study will be advantageous to the Department of education and the schools' principals, teachers, and learners.Item Embargo Popular Music, Student Activism and Contestations of Power in Post- Apartheid South Africa: The Case at a Rural University(2025-09-05) Lukhwareni, Azwihangwisi Kedibone; Chari, T. J.; Chauke, H. F.This qualitative study examines the dynamic interplay and intersection between popular music, student activism and power contestations in post-apartheid South Africa using the University of Venda as a lens of analysis. It examines how students use music to contest institutional power, forge solidarity and articulate their collective identity. Deploying Habermas’s Communicative Action Theory and Gregory Bateson’s Cultural Framing Theory the study addresses three core questions: what type of music is used by students at the University of Venda during their political activism, why do students at the University of Venda sing during student activism, and how does popular music used during student activism shape the identity of student activists at the University of Venda? Empirical data for the study were gathered through in-depth interviews, with nine (9) purposively selected student activists from the University of Venda, a Focus Group Discussion with five (5) different student activists and a discursive analysis of 37 songs that are sung by students during activism at the University of Venda. Findings from the study revealed that students draw on a wide variety of musical forms, such as Struggle Songs, such as Gwijo, Afropop, Gospel and Amapiano, which are used during political activism to articulate their grievances and to sustain morale in the face of institutional repression. Traditional struggle songs, which are frequently modified and contemporised, remain particularly central and fundamental. Findings indicated that what might appear violent in lyrics is, in fact, a symbolic assault on oppressive systems rather than the individuals or officials themselves. Most fundamentally, the study demonstrates that music does more than accompany activism; it is activism. It was also demonstrated that music fosters collective identity, shaping personal narratives into a shared soundtrack of resistance. Contrary to narratives of youth political apathy, students are profoundly engaged, compelled into musical activism by academic and financial exclusion, poverty and administrative shortcomings. The study contributes to an understanding of postcolonial student activism by highlighting how popular music becomes an interactive setting where power is contested.Item Embargo Effects of Conflicts of Interest on the Appointment of Principals: Perceptions on the Quality of Leadership in the Vhuronga I Circuit, Vhembe East District, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mashila, Khwathisani; Mashau, T. S.This study aimed to determine the effects of conflicts of interest on the appointment of school principals. Specifically, it sought to find out teachers’ views regarding the extent to which conflicts of interest affect the appointment of quality school principals; to determine teachers’ perceptions regarding the impact of the appointment of poor-quality school principals on the delivery of effective teaching and learning at schools; and to recommend strategies that would help educational authorities eliminate conflicts of interest from appointment processes for school principals. The explanatory mixed-method research design was employed. The population comprised teachers, principals, School Governing Body (SGB) members, and union leaders from secondary schools in the Vhuronga 1 Circuit. Simple random sampling was used for the quantitative phase of the study, and the purposive sampling method was used for the qualitative phase of the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data for the quantitative phase of the study, and an interview schedule was used to collect data for the qualitative phase of the study. The data from the questionnaires was analysed using a computer programme called Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Data reduction and data display were used to analyse the qualitative data. Data from the qualitative phase was used to explain, refine or extend the results from the quantitative phase. Thereafter, both quantitative and qualitative data were integrated into a coherent whole. The study found that conflicts of interest exist in the appointment processes for principals and that the appointment of poor-quality principals compromised the achievement of school outcomes, thereby negating the delivery of quality education to learners. Recommendations were made to all important stakeholders in the appointment process to help eliminate the conflicts of interest.Item Embargo Assessing challenges faced by teachers in promoting inclusive educatiin to learners living with autism spectrum disorder, a case study of Vhembe East District(2025-09-05) Mutshinyalo, Azwianewi Arnold; Tshisikhawe, M. P.; Thenga, N. E.Inclusive education aims to provide equal educational opportunities for all learners, including those living with Autism Spectrum Disorder. However, teachers often encounter significant challenges in implementing inclusive strategies that cater to the diverse needs of learners with ASD. This qualitative study explores teachers' barriers and challenges in promoting inclusive education for learners with ASD, focusing on their experiences, perceptions, and support systems. Promoting inclusive education for learners with ASD poses significant challenges, such as inadequate training, limited resources, lack of institutional support, and difficulties in classroom management. This study aims to assess challenges faced by teachers in promoting inclusive education to learners living with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The Social Learning Theory underpins the study, which emphasizes the role of observation, imitation, and modelling in learning. This theoretical framework informed the use of the Interpretivism paradigm, where qualitative methods such as interviews and observations were used to understand social phenomena as they prioritise the subjective experiences and meanings attributed by individuals. A nonprobability purposive sampling method was used to purposefully choose participants. Face-to-face interviews and focus group interviews were used as data collection techniques, and interview schedules were used as instruments. Data was analysed thematically. The findings revealed the need for targeted professional development, enhanced collaboration among teachers and specialists, and policy reforms to create a more supportive learning environment. The study recommended that there should be collaboration among stakeholders tailored to support teachers implementing inclusive education where such effective interventions can improve inclusive practices for learners living with ASD.Item Embargo The Intersections of Religion and Gender-Based Violence: Perspectives from a Christian-Organised Empowerment Initiative in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Nleanya, Goodness Chizurum; Thobejane, T. D.; Amaechi, K. E.; Mprwe, K.Recent research has shown religion as a particularly essential element that helps women deal with Gender-Based Violence (GBV). While providing the institutional space within which violence against women can be exacerbated, religion can also provide deeply intertwined ideological norms and socio-cultural attitudes, which help victims deal with GBV. Yet, Gender-Based Violence literature in South Africa has provided limited analysis of the role of religion as a catalyst for dealing with GBV. This study addresses this research gap, by exploring the role of religion in combatting gender-based violence, particularly within the context of a Christian-organised empowerment centre in Thohoyandou, in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study is encored on the empowerment theory which unravels the situation of the marginalized and victimized in our societies. The research is based on a qualitative approach and one-on-one semi-structured interviews was used for the collection of data; a non-probability purposive and snowball sampling technique was used to select 17 participants for the study (14 women identified as victims of gender-based violence and 3 church pastor/leaders as organizers of the Christian based empowerment program) and the data analysed using thematic analysis. Drawing on data, collected from administrators and the participants of a Christian GBV-empowerment programme, the study identifies religious elements used by the GBV victims to address GBV. Such identified elements include Bible study, prayer, women’s services, conferences, seminars, economic empowerment, medical outreaches, and leadership positions. By analysing these elements, the study reveals that they bring healing, resilience, economic empowerment and power to the survivors of GBV. The data provides not only opportunity to highlight religion’s role as a resource for combating GBV, but also opportunity to amplify GBV victims’ voices. The findings also provide the state opportunity, to draw from non-traditional sources to reformulate policies that assist GBV victims in South Africa. The study concludes that women empowerment encourages participation of women in the economy bringing about faster growth of the economy and an integrated society and recommends inclusivity by involving non-faith women in the empowerment programs and organising an awareness programs for the perpetrators of GBV.Item Embargo A Reformed Theological Perspective on God’s Providence Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Thulamela Local Municipality, South Africa(2025-09-16) Nthakheni, Rendani Collet; Mudimeli, L. M.During challenging circumstances, people often find themselves contemplating inquiries such as, "What is the underlying cause for these events occurring in my life?" The question of the location of God has been a topic of philosophical and theological inquiry for centuries. And what is the rationale for his decision to permit this occurrence? Throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of individuals experienced a loss of religious conviction as they saw a sense of divine abandonment. The comprehension of the Providence of God proves advantageous in times of adversity. The primary objective of this study was to present a theodicy of God's providence in relation to the epidemic and to disseminate information regarding the concept of the Providence of God. Additionally, it aims to educate individuals about the potential for finding solace in the Providence of God during times of adversity and to provide an academic understanding of God's Providence from a Reformed perspective. The study employed a qualitative methodology. Qualitative research is characterised by its aim to comprehend and interpret phenomena through the lens of the participant's perspective. The main population to be considered in this study are the Reformed Church Members in the Vhembe District Municipality. The target group of this study will were both male and female youth and adults of the Reformed Churches at Thulamela Local Municipality under Vhembe District Municipality in South Africa. The goal of this research was to shed new light on how important it is for people who identify themselves as Christians to have faith in God's providence to comfort them during difficult times.Item Embargo Thodisiso yau tsikeledzwa ha luambo lwa Tshivenda kha matabya a thelevishini fhano Afrika Tshipembe(2025-09-05) Tshivhase, Vhahangwele Theonah; Netshisaulu, N. C.; Raphalalani, M. R.Luambo ndi tshipiḓa tsha ndeme kha vhutshilo ha ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe. Fhano Afrika Tshipembe hu na nyambo dza fumimbili dza tshiofisi ho katelwa na luambo lwa tswayo. Naho zwo ralo, hu na nyambo dza tshiofisi dza fumimbili, hu ḓi vha na nyambo dziṅwe dzine dza takulelwa nṱha ngeno dziṅwe dzi tshi khou ṱukufhadzwa kana hone u dzhielwa fhasi. Luambo lwa Tshivenḓa ndi luṅwe lwa nyambo dzine dza dzhielwa fhasi fhano kha shango ḽa Afrika Tshipembe, kha zwithu zwoṱhe ro katela u shumiswa phaḽamenndeni, kha vhubindudzi, matambya a theḽevishini, kha vhurereli na huṅwe fhethu hunzhihunzhi. Thaidzo ya ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi ya u tsikeledzwa ha luambo lwa Tshivenḓa kha matambya a theḽevishini, hune naho ḽitambya ḽi ḽa Tshivenḓa hu vho pfhalesa dziṅwe nyambo u fhira Tshivenḓa tshone tshiṋe. U tsikeledzwa ha luambo ndi kale zwi hone fhedzi vhathu a vha zwi dzhieli nṱha ngauri ri khou tshila kha tshifhinga tsha zwino tshine hu ambya nyambo dzo fhambanaho. Nḓivho ya ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi ya u sengulusa u tsikeledzwa ha luambo lwa Tshivenḓa kha matambya a theḽevishini fhano Afrika Tshipembe, khathihi na u bvisela khagala zwiitisi zwine zwa ita uri luambo lwa Tshivenḓa lu tsikeledzwe kha matambya a theḽevishini. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo dovha ya sumbedzisa u pfhesesa nyambo dzine dza takalelwa nga vhaṱaleli na u sumbedzisa nḓila ya kushumiselwe kwa luambo kha matambya uri hu engedzwe tshivhalo tsha vhathu vhane vha ṱalela matambya. U vusuludza nga ha vhundeme ha nyambo dza Afrika Tshipembe kha khasho (media) na u themendela milayo ine ya tikedza u imelwa hu linganaho ha nyambo kha matambya a theḽevishini fhano Afrika Tshipembe. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo ḓi tika nga thyiori ya “The social expectation theory”. Kha ṱhoḓisiso iyi hu ḓo shuma ngona ya khwaḽithethivi ine ya ḓo shumisa inthaviyu u kuvhanganya mafhungo u bva kha vhathu vhane vho dzhenela ṱhoḓisiso iyi vho tumbulwaho ho shumiswa lushaka lwa sambula ya non-probability.Item Embargo Exploring the impact of COVID-19 curriculum recovery plan on English First-Additional language academic outcomes(2025-09-05) Vele, Rofhiwa Justice; Tshikota, S. L.; Badugela, T. M.The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted teaching and learning, particularly in remote areas where lockdowns halted educational activities entirely. In response, the Department of Basic Education (DBE) developed the COVID-19 Curriculum Recovery Plan (CRP) to address untaught curriculum segments when schools reopened. This study assesses the impact of the CRP on English First Additional Language (EFAL) academic outcomes in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Guided by Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory and an interpretivist paradigm, the research employed a phenomenological qualitative design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions involving 20 participants (educators, learners, and departmental heads) from four secondary schools in the Nzhelele Central Circuit. Thematic analysis revealed key challenges, including limited technology access, pedagogical adaptation difficulties, and gaps in curriculum delivery and support systems. Despite these barriers, the study identified positive outcomes in EFAL learners’ academic performance. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to enhance resilience in educational systems during crises. Recommendations include equipping schools with digital devices and internet access, alongside implementing continuous professional development programs for educators in remote teaching strategies, digital literacy, and innovative assessment methods. This study contributes actionable insights for stakeholders to mitigate the impact of future disruptions on EFAL outcomes.Item Embargo Lucwaningo ngekuvetwa kwebalingisi emagcogcweni lamabili lakhetsiwe: umhlaba uyahlaba naletsi emahemuhemu(2025-09-05) Khoza, Sikhumbuzo Sibusiso; Nkuna, K. J.Lolucwaningo lutsintsa kusetjentiswa kwebalingisi etindzabeni letimfishane letingemashumi lamabili letikhetfwe emagcogcweni lamabili: Umhlaba Uyahlaba nalelitsi, Emahemuhemu. Tinhlobo tebalingisi letibalwako nguleti letilandzelako: umlingisisicaba, umlingisindilinga, umlingisi lomcoka, ummeleli, imbangi nemelekeleli. Emasu ekuvetwa kwebalingisi kubukwe lawa lalandzelako: kucanjwa kwemagama, balingisi batikhulumela bona, sifanisongco netimphawu. Balingisi babukwe kusukela ekucaleni kwendzaba lemfishane kuye kufinyelelwe esiphetfweni. Ligalelo labo libukwe etigamekweni letilandzelanako, ludvweshu, luvutfondzaba, nelupholavutfondzaba. Lucwaningo luholwa luhlelolwati lwetembhalo nendlela yemisebenti. This is an analytic study of character portrayal in twenty selected Siswati short stories, selected from two books entitled: Umhlaba Uyahlaba (The world has thorns) and Emahemuhemu (Rumors). The types of characters such as flat, round, main, protagonist, antagonist, and tritagonist are categorised and analysed. The techniques of character delineation through naming, character on characters, metaphoric and symbolic representations. The characters are looked at from the beginning of each selected short story to denuoment. Their role is highlighted throughout a series of events, conflicts, climax, and anti-climax. The study is guided by textual, experimental theory and functional analysis.Item Embargo Lucwaningo Ngetakhiwo Letimbili Sangekhatsi Nesangaphandle Etinkondlweni Letikhetsiwe TeSiswati(2025-09-05) Mayisela, Jabulani Joshua; Nkuna, K. J.Lapha kulolucwaningo lutsintsa sakhiwo sangekhatsi nesakhiwo sangaphandle etinkondlweni teSiswati. Inkinga leyente kutsi ngibhale lulocwaningo kuvala sikhala lesikhona etinkondlweni teSiswati lapho bosonkondlo bangaveti kahle indlela lekumele ilandzelwe uma kuhlutwa nome kuhlatiywa tinkondlo ngalokuphelele. Tinongo tenkhulumo letikhetselwe lolucwaningo nguleti letilandzelako: sifaniso, sifanisongco, sihabiso, simuntfutiso, siphukuto, isathaya,sihlaneketelo nembiti noma khulumangco. Sakhiwo sangaphandle sigcamisa imvumelwano, luchumano, titandza, nemphindvwa. Emakhono lasekele lolucwaningo kube ngulawa latsintsa umbhali, umbhalo nemfundzi. Lolucwaningo lusisekelo nesilinganiso sekutfutfuka kwelizinga letinkondlo teSiswati nemakhono lasetjentiswako ekuveteni tingcikitsi nenhlelembiso. Ngisebentise indlela lecoca idatha ngekufundza emabhuku etinkondlo letehlukene naleminye imibhalo yeSiswati leyetsitsa kakhulu tinkondlo kanye netakhiwo tenkondlo. Lolucwaningo lutawuba Lusito kakhulu kubothishela, bafundzi nebabhali beSiswati lebanesifiso sekubhala tinkondlo letitfutfukisa lulwimi lweSiswati.Item Embargo Investigating the Involvement of Teachers in the Curriculum Development of Life Sciences Education in Secondary Schools(2025-09-05) Tshilongamulenzhe, Zwivhuya; Tshisikhawe, M. P.; Tshiovhe, T. E.This study aims to examine the involvement of Life Sciences teachers in curriculum development and how their participation influences the effectiveness of Life Sciences education in secondary schools in the Vhembe District. Life Sciences is a key subject in secondary education, yet teachers’ voices in curriculum development remain limited, which may affect teaching practices and learner performance. This study seeks to provide insight into the extent of teacher participation and its impact on curriculum implementation. This study will be underpinned by Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory, which emphasises the role of social interaction and collaboration in learning and knowledge construction, and the Teacher Professionalism Theory, which highlights the importance of teacher agency and participation in curriculum decision-making. A mixed-methods research approach will be employed, using a concurrent triangulation design to collect and interpret both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously. For the quantitative component, the study will adopt a positivist paradigm, focusing on objective measurement of teachers’ participation through structured surveys. For the qualitative component, an interpretivist paradigm will be used to explore teachers’ experiences, perceptions, and insights through semi-structured interviews. A combination of quantitative surveys and qualitative semi-structured interviews will be used to gather data directly from Life Sciences teachers. Purposive sampling will be employed to select teachers who are directly involved in teaching Life Sciences. The sample will consist of 30 Life Sciences teachers drawn from selected secondary schools in the Vhembe District, which is considered adequate to provide meaningful and context-specific insights. Data analysis will involve descriptive statistics for quantitative data to summarise trends and patterns, while qualitative data will be analysed using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes, perceptions, and experiences relating to teacher involvement in curriculum development. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to improving curriculum development processes, enhancing teacher participation, and strengthening the overall quality of Life Sciences education in the Vhembe District.Item Open Access An investigation into the roles of the community structures in the enhancement of community participation in service delivery: a case of Ngulumbi Village in the Limpopo Province(2012-05-14) Ratshitanga, Tshilidzi Cynthia; Khwashaba, M. P.This study is an investigation into the roles of the community structures m the enhancement of community participation in service delivery. In this study I used the quantitative approach wherein purposive sampling was used because those who were selected to participate in the research had knowledge about what the structure do in the community. The selected participants had more knowledge about the phenomena that was studied. The instrument that I used in order to collect data from community structures was questionnaires, wherein they were distributed only to the selected members of the structure. Questionnaires were completed without fear because the respondents were assured of their anonymity and that confidentiality was to be maintained. An analysis of findings indicated that there was no good relationship between the community structures and the municipality, communication was very poor that is why there was a delay in the delivery of service. It was again indicated that the community should get full participation when it comes to the selection of the structure members through democratic elections. Community is the most important client of service delivery; therefore all the involvement and participation by the community should be done fully. The recommendations made through this study are that there should be democratic elections of the community structures by the community. There should be communication between the local municipality and the structure so that it becomes possible for the structure to play their roles in enhancing community participation in service delivery. There should be trainings so that development can be carried by people with full knowledge and skills. There should be an increase, in terms of the years, in the number of years of service within the structure members.Item Open Access Evaluation of the success of the centre for positive cares orphan and vulnerable children programme in Vhembe District of South Africa(2012-05-16) Ramarumo, Ndavheleseni Elias; Francis, J.; Zuwarimwe, J.Since the Centre for Positive Care (CPC)-run orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) programme was established in 2005, it has never been systematically evaluated. Its impact in the community is still unknown. This study was conducted to determine the success of the OVC programme in terms of its relevance, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The study was carried out in Makhado, Musina and Thulamela Municipalities of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Five hundred and one (501) respondents, who included OVC, Child Care Forum coordinators, caregivers, CPC programme staff and representatives of community-based institutions, participated in this study. Multiple data collection tools such as questionnaires that required responses on a Likert-type scale, personal reflection stories, a well-being assessment guide, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0 for Windows. Cross-tabulations and frequencies were computed to compare the level of satisfaction amongst caregivers and CCF coordinators with respect to the CPC-run OVC programme. Inferential statistics were conducted to test whether there were any differences between the perceptions of OVC coordinators and those of caregivers. The Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted to determine if the data were normally distributed. Two sample t-tests were then carried out for each perception. In general, the means for the perceptions of the OVC coordinators were higher than those for caregivers. With respect to programme relevance, the means for the perceptions, "there was a need to implement the OVC programme in their communities" and "ordinary community members have always been involved in the programme from the time it was introduced" were significantly lower for OVC coordinators than for caregivers (P < 0.05). Lower means for the perceptions of OVC coordinators compared to caregivers were observed for "the CPC-run OVC programme was well introduced in their communities" and "relevant stakeholders were involved in decision making from the beginning of the OVC programme" (P < 0.01). The mean for the perception that "all villages with OVC were covered" was much higher (P < 0.001) for the caregivers compared to OVC coordinators. Regarding the effectiveness of the CPC-run OVC programme, the means for the perceptions that "adequate support was provided by CPC staff members" and "debriefing sessions were held at least once a year for emotional support" were significantly lower for OVC coordinators than for caregivers (P < 0.05). It was found that OVC coordinators agreed more than carers with the perception that "training was provided on an on-going basis and also when needed" (P < 0.01). To a larger extent, OVC coordinators agreed much more than caregivers with the view that "data verifications were done frequently" (P < 0.001). Regarding the impact of the CPC-run OVC programme, there were no significant differences in observations (P > 0.05) in all the perceptions of OVC coordinators and caregivers. Both OVC coordinators and caregivers agreed that the programme had made impact. This study provided evidence indicating that the CPC-run OVC programme made a positive impact in the community. The changes in the lives of OVC were in the form of provision of essential services such as psychosocial care, health and educational support, child protection and household economic strengthening. Community-based institutions and all the children who participated in this study reported that they had benefited from the CPC-run OVC programme in various ways. Although there was a notable improvement in the lives of children, households and the community at large, various challenges impeded the smooth operation of the CPC-run OVC programme. Lack of standardised salaries, inadequate structures to use as children resource centres and changes in the political landscape were cited as the challenges to successful implementation. With regard to the sustainability of the OVC programme, most CCFs indicated that they did not have their own funding to supplement that from the donor. However, in spite of the inadequate stipend received, members of CCFs demonstrated great passion for serving the OVC. One volunteer summed this up quite eloquently, viz. "Nne a thina ndavha nauri ri a wana kana a ri wani masheleni a ndivhuwo, ndi to u funa u shuma na vhana" (I do not care if we get a stipend or not, 1 just love to work with children). It was evident from this study that in order to provide quality care services to OVC, there was a need for strengthening coordination among various players at national, provincial, district and local Municipality levels.Item Open Access Challenges causing delay in the implementation of water project in Mutale Municipality and its impact on social life of the community: a case study of Tshipise/Dambale Water Project(2013-05-20) Kwinda, Tshifhiwa Solomon; Khwashaba, M. P.The aim of the study was to investigate the challenges facing the delay in the implementation of a water project and its impact on social life of the community using Tshipise / Dambale water project as a case study. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. The study was placed in both the quantitative and qualitative research paradigm. The researcher used a non-probability method and its subtype purposive sampling for the purpose of collecting from the respondents with accurate and relevant information. The populations involved in this study were local traditional leaders; civic members from Tshipise and Dambale villages; and water committee from Tshipise and Dambale villages who completed the questionnaire and the community development worker (CDW), Ward councillor, community liaison officer (CLO) who were interviewed. The study revealed that the municipality is obliged, by the law, to provide the community with water and also that the municipality is aware that the law binds them to provide the community with water. The studies also revealed that lack of capacity of contractors in the implementation of water project have delayed the implementation of water project. It was recommended that competent contractors with relevant skills need to be appointed to render a relevant service. It was also recommended that the municipality must undertake proper monitoring to ensure the contractor is doing what he or she is supposed to do.Item Open Access The role of the principals in managing conflict in primary schools in Dzindi Circuit in Vhembe Region in the Limpopo Province(2008-05-10) Rathanya, Tuwani Agnes; Ravhudzulo, M. A.This study is centred on the role of the principals in managing conflict in primary schools in the Dzindi circuit. Qualitative methods which involved the use of in-depth individual and focus group interviews were used in this study. The study revealed that the main causes of conflict in primary schools arc overcrowding in classroom, management style, misunderstanding. and fear of unknown, monitoring system, lack of school policy and lack of proper channels of communication. The study also revealed that principals have crucial role in managing conflict. They become the mediators and the negotiator in managing conflict and reconcile the parties in the conflict. The principals also emphasised that they prevent conflict by forming syndicates in their schools, encouraging teamwork, avoiding gossip and by being a good Iistener.Item Open Access The challenges facing local government in the delivery of housing: a case of Thulamela Local Municipality(2009-05-14) Ramulongo, Mbulaheni Julian; Khwashaba, M. P.Aims of the study - The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges confronting local government in the provision of social housing for its citizens with specific focus to a local municipality. Findings of the study - The following are the findings for this study: lack of capacity building workshops, lack of inclusive structures covering an array of stakeholders, lack of decentralized funding system for housing, lack of capacity building programmes and financial support for contractors, prevalent corruption between officials of the department of local government and housing, and contractors; and lack of proper formal institutional arrangement to involve community members in the allocation of housing. Research Methodology and procedures - This research used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The two approaches had significant influence on the selection of sampling, data collection tool, and data analysis method. Recommendations - This study identified some challenges existent in the entire social housing process, and had made the following recommendations: ✓ A need for broad and inclusive workshop to enhance capacity of participants in the housing process to play a meaningful role in the housing process as well as broadening participatory structures to be as inclusive as possible, ✓ Ensuring that structures in place are realigned to involve members of the community in the process of allocating houses to the needy are representative and inclusive ✓ Establishing a decentralized housing funding process to capacitate local municipalities to implement housing, in order to avoid this centralized process from derailing progress in the housing fraternity, develop and implement capacity building programmes to curb incapacity on contractors ✓ Putting in place the necessary financial support system for contractors, to supplement contractors efforts to raise capital for project implementation ✓ Putting mechanisms in place to curb corruption between officials of the department of Local Government and Housing, and contractors ✓ Putting mechanisms in place to provide for formal inclusion of community members to participate in the housing allocation process Conclusion - This study is not conclusive in nature, and thus marks a contribution in knowledge management and preservation. While this study makes recommendations drawn from the findings, it is required that further in-depth studies be done on areas identified in the findings to help in giving impetus to a holistic approach aimed at improving and capacitating government's capability to deliver social housing.Item Open Access The perception of Grade One teachers towards the use of educational technology in implementation Curriculum 2005: a case in the Northern Province (Region 3)(2000-05-16) Rambani, Tanganani Esther; Bayona, E. L. M.The research study was initiated to investigate the challenges faced by secondary school educators with regard to the management of teenage mothers who receive child support-grant in Sibasa Circuit of the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study focused at critical issues that are experienced by educators in managing these teenage mothers in schools. The assumption was that educators' and learners performance is affected the lack of effective and efficient management of learners. In addition, it is assumed that effective and efficient management of these learners may improve their performance as well as that of educators with respect to obtaining satisfactory pass rate. These critical issues include amongst others; capacity of educators in managing teenage mothers who receive child support grant; understanding of roles and responsibilities of educators in the management these learners; causes and effect of absenteeism by teenage mothers; poor performance by teenage mothers; dropouts and performance of learners. Triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection was employed to collect both qualitative and quantitative. Ten (10) Schools within the target area namely, Sibasa Circuit in the Vhembe District were sampled and data was collected using a structured questionnaire comprised of both open-ended and closed-ended questions. Key findings of the research study were that educators did not receive proper training regarding the management of teenage mothers at their schools; educators are not familiar with the policies guiding the management of teenage mothers and those lacks of management of learners have impact to the performance of learners that leads to their drop out of school. Some recommendations are that: • Educators should be trained about the management of teenage mothers, receive ongoing training, outline and communicate roles and responsibilities with respect to management of these learners, as well as the ensuring that the accountability of success and failure of the management is made clear to both educators and learners.