Theses and Dissertations

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Open Access
3D Cranial Morphometry, Sensory Ecology and Climate Change in African Rodents
(2019-05-15) Nengovhela, Aluwani; Taylor,, Peter; Braga, Jose
The order Rodentia is the most speciose group of mammals with muroids being the most diverse superfamily. Since they are represented in arboreal, semiaquatic, subterranean and terrestrial niches, rodents may exhibit morphological traits reflecting their adaptations to such diverse environments. This thesis focuses on the morphology of the endocranium, auditory bulla and cochlea in three tribes (Otomyini, Taterillini and Gerbillini) representing 10 species of African rodents, concentrating on their variability, function and adaptability, using micro-CT imaging and 3D shape comparative methods. Additionally, variations in cranial size were also studied in respective of global warming and climatic variables. Morphological changes/variations are a result of environmental change, therefore each chapter in this study details the effect of environmental change (in space and time) on different morphological traits i.e. general cranial size (chapter 2), cochlea and auditory bulla (chapter 3) and endocranial size and shape (chapter 4). With chapter 2 dealing specifically with climate change in its strict sense and the remaining two chapters looking at different environmental gradients. Chapter 2 tests the applicability of the “third universal response to warming” (i.e. declining body size) and the Resource Rule in two murid subfamilies, Murinae and Gerbillinae. The study shows that the third response is not as universal as only one species conformed to this response. Further, food availability (Resource Rule) was shown to be the more important factor correlated with body size variations in rodent species than Bergmann’s Rule. Chapter 3 looks at the auditory bulla and cochlea, the morphological traits that play a role in hearing capabilities of rodents. I found, with some exceptions, that bulla and cochlea modifications between species could be explained by environment, phylogeny and/or allometry. In addition, I concluded that true desert adapted laminate-toothed rats and gerbils use both bulla and associated cochlea hypertrophy. Chapter 4 shows larger brain size in Taterillini and two species of Otomyini, with life histories and environment being the most probably factors responsible for xiv this. Using a novel method of diffeomorphism (deformation models), there was more variation in endocranial morphology between the gerbils and laminate-toothed rats than within them with olfactory bulb, paraflocculi, and posterior ventral cortex showing the most variability. Overall, this thesis shows that variations in the morphological traits studied are strongly influenced by the environment and function.
Open Access
A communal holistic therapeutic approach for psychosocial health management among Southern African indigenous communities
(2024-09-06) Mahlatsi, Khauhelo Success; Pienaar, A. J.; Mulaudzi, M. T.; Malwela, T.
Background: Mental health remains on the backseat of the global healthcare system. With more than a third of people suffering from mental health having no access to mental health services. Consequently, this research realizes that communality and Ubuntu are considered the epitomes of living systems in African indigenous communities. Therefore, the aim was to develop, confirm, and validate a Middle-range Theory of psychosocial health management among indigenous Southern African communities. Methods: An explorative sequential mixed methods design was conducted. For the qualitative strand (Phase One), a qualitative approach was used where classical Grounded Theory was employed as a design. Makgotla were used as data collection method, and theoretical sampling was used for participant selection. In Phase Two, a qualitative approach followed where a critical, integrative literature review was conducted. Purposive sampling was employed for the literature collection. Finally, for the quantitative strand, a quantitative approach was used where content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Kappa statistic were used to confirm and validate the emerging theory. Purposive sampling was used, where experts were selected for the confirmation and validation of the emerging theory. Findings: This research presents an emerging Middle-range theory referred to as the ‘Inclusive Holistic Communal Psychosocial Health Management Approach.’ This approach is informed by the shared cultural belief system, co-living system, and communal therapeutic techniques. Fundamental to the emerging Middle-range theory are the five cultural axioms found in this research to be of evidential value to culturally congruent and needs-aligned psychosocial health management. Embedded in the belief that life is a holistic-circlic continuous process independent of living, wherein the point of equilibrium (good health) is the sense of balance between life and living. Furthermore, it has been found that the emerging Middle-range theory expressed through the 40-item instrument is content valid and comprehensive as all the items were found to be relevant and acceptable with I-CVI values greater than 0.79 and Kappa values above 0.74.
Embargo
A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Modified Clay Soil for the Decolouration of Acidic and Basic Textile Dyes: A Case Study
(2025-09-05) Chauke, Livingstone; Gumbo, J. R.; Ngulube, T.
Dyes play a crucial role in the production of various products, including paper, plastics, and leather. However, their release into the environment leads to pollution and poses health risks to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to treat dye-containing effluents before they are discharged into the environment. This study employed a cost-effective method to remove dyes from wastewater by utilizing natural clay as an adsorbent. The efficacy of Mn²⁺/Al³⁺ oxide-modified Mukondeni black clay soil (smectite) in removing acidic (Methyl Orange, MO) and basic (Crystal Violet, CV) textile dyes was evaluated. A 1:3 modified smectite ratio was identified as the most effective adsorbent. Characterization using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Point of Zero Charge (PZC) revealed that Modified-SMT contained 18.42% Al₂O₃ and 61.08% SiO₂, had a surface area of 35.30 m²/g, and featured functional groups such as C–O, C–O–C, and O–H, with a PZC at pH 4.30. Maximum dye removal efficiencies were recorded at 91.95% for MO after 90 min under the conditions (initial dye concentration = 20 mg/L, temperature = 30 °C, contact time = 90 minutes, shaking speed = 250 rpm, solution volume = 30 mL, and an adsorbent mass = 2 g). For CV, an efficiency of 96.35% was achieved after 30 minutes under conditions (initial dye concentration = 20 mg/L, temperature = 30 °C, contact time = 30 minutes, shaking speed = 250 rpm, solution volume = 30 mL, and an adsorbent mass = 0.1 g). Adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that MO followed a multilayer mechanism on heterogeneous surfaces (Freundlich model), while CV exhibited monolayer adsorption on homogeneous surfaces (Langmuir model). Kinetic studies confirmed pseudo-second-order behaviour. Thermodynamic parameters Δ𝐻 = - 47.72 KJ/mol and Δ𝑆 = -0.17 J/mol/K showed that MO adsorption was non-spontaneous and exothermic (ΔG = 12. 64 KJ/mol for 80 °C), whereas Δ𝐻 = 22.64 KJ/mol and Δ𝑆 = 0.09 J/mol/K for CV adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic (ΔG = -9.55 KJ/mol for 80 °C). The adsorbent retained its efficiency over four regeneration cycles, demonstrating its suitability as a sustainable and effective solution for dye removal in wastewater treatment. It can be concluded that Mn²⁺/Al³⁺ oxide-modified Mukondeni black clay soil (smectite) can remove both MO and CV dye from aqueous solution.
Open Access
A Criminological Inquiry into Bad Policing and Student Violent Protest: Insight from the University of Venda
(2024-09-06) Nemurangoni, Gundo Chadley; Olofinbiyi, Sogo Angel
Understanding student violent protests poses a significant challenge. Central to this concern is the perplexing question: "Why do students persist in resorting to violence during protests, risking arrest, injury, or even death?" Despite advancements in comprehending the evolutionary and proximate mechanisms underlying protests, there remains a notable scarcity of insight into the factors precipitating violence during such actions. One often-overlooked factor is ‘bad policing’ during protest events, which can serve as a catalyst for violence. The right to protest is a dynamic avenue for individuals to voice their concerns on pressing issues and ensure that decision-makers heed their grievances. Section 17 of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) enshrines the legal right of all individuals to engage in peaceful and unarmed protests, encompassing non-violent demonstrations that may not be regarded as highly disruptive. The research examined the relationship between poor policing practices and student violent protests at the University of Venda. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, data collection involved administering 200 questionnaires to UNIVEN students through a simple random sampling. Complementarily, SAPS POP officers from the Thohoyandou precinct were purposively selected for participation. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted across four police stations, each comprising five members, including Thohoyandou, Mutale, Levubu, and Vuwani police stations, totaling 20 police officers for the qualitative aspect of the study. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 24 (SPSS), while qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis. The study fosters a balanced and just environment between police officers and protesters, thereby promoting a more stable, peaceful, and orderly university community. Key findings indicate significant relationships between police response attitudes and student violent protests, as well as between bad policing practices and such protests. Moreover, student attitudes toward police intervention during protests, the impact of student violent protests on the university's operational plans, and students' academic progress were also explored with more effective recommendations for improvement.
Open Access
A Critical Analysis of the Enforcement of Human Rights in Addressing Workplace Discrimination Against the LGBTQIA+ Community in South Africa
(2024-09-06) Mashamba, Takalani; Mokoena, U. C. A.; Ndou, M.
Section 9(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa indicates that everyone is equal before the law and no one should be discriminated against on the grounds of gender, sex, race, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, disability, age, religion, conscience, belief, culture, or language. Members of the LGBTQIA+ community are discriminated against in their homes, within their communities, and in their workplaces. This happens despite South Africa having progressive laws that support the LGBTQIA+ community compared to other countries around the world. In order to answer the research questions, this study adopted the doctrinal research methodology for its effectiveness in critiquing, assessing, and developing law. The aim of the study was to examine the extent to which the LGBTQIA+ community is protected against discrimination based on their sexual orientation at their workplaces. The objectives of the study were to explore discrimination within the work environment, workplace policies, and all other legislation protecting the LGBTQIA+ community; to explore the nature and determine forms of discrimination and other human rights violations against the LGBTQIA+ community in the workplace; and to analyse LGBTQIA+ anti-discrimination provisions and court judgements from other jurisdictions. The South African constitution and labour-related acts are there to ensure that the LBGTQIA+ community is protected from workplace discrimination. The Employment Equity Act, Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, Labour Relations Act, and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act are available to prevent discrimination. However, LGBTQIA+ people still experience discrimination in the workplace. When employees encounter discrimination because of their sexual orientation, they must first talk to their supervisor, and when no assistance has been provided, the employee must make use of the courts. The outreach awareness campaign for LGBTQIA+ rights in the workplace is also recommended. Equal pay for equal work done should apply to the LGBTQIA+ community in the workplace. Name-calling and harassment should be treated with severe punishment among co-workers who inflict discrimination against the LGBTQIA+ community.
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A critical reflection on the state of social contract in the 21st century South Africa
(2025-05-16) Hakamela, Tsundzuka Methews; Dzimiri, P.; Tshifhumulo, R.
This study examined the state of social contract in South Africa. It explored the state of the social contract during the apartheid era to map out the changes and continuities in the social contract. The study employed desk-top research methodology, which involved the exploration of existing sources of information. The study found that the apartheid regime was fueled by a racial contract, which caused the division of members of society and the allocation of resources amongst them. The racial contract during the apartheid era favored the minority white people while suppressing the majority black people. The study revealed that there exists a concerning social contract, to an extent that no political party represents the majority. In 2024 a coalition government comprising of six political parties was formed to govern the country with no single political party dominating the government. This is a significant change in the social contract since 1994.
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A framework addressing barriers to utilization of Elimination of Mother- to -Child Transmission of HIV services among pregnant women and lactating mothers in Gauteng Province
(2025-09-05) Nyamande, Ndivhuho; Tshitangano, T. G.; Tshivhase, S. E.
Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (EMTCT) is a global health priority, ensuring that no child is born with HIV. Poor utilization of EMTCT services leads to burdensome consequences such as vertical transmission of HIV and an increase in maternal and neonatal mortality rates. Despite the progress made to reduce new HIV infections in children, barriers to the utilization of the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission service remain the bottleneck that affects the program’s effectiveness. Pregnant and lactating women face many challenges that can contribute to loss of follow-up during their prenatal and postnatal care. This study developed a framework to enhance the utilization of the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV services among pregnant women and lactating mothers in Gauteng province. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was used, where exploratory-descriptive qualitative approaches were concurrently run with the quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional descriptive design. A convenience sampling method was used to select these women based on accessibility and availability, ensuring the study's comprehensive coverage. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess 681 pregnant and breastfeeding women. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics using STATA 15.0. Validity and reliability issues were considered in the study to ensure the consistency of the work. For the qualitative approach, a convenience and purposive sampling method was used to select eligible pregnant and lactating women. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data until data saturation occurred after interviewing 25 participants. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Trustworthiness was ensured through Credibility, Confirmability, Transferability, and Dependability for the quantitative approach. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. The findings were conceptualized using the health belief model. The results were interpreted and integrated. The combined qualitative and quantitative data gave a deeper understanding of the barriers to EMTCT utilization and perceived strategies to enhance its utilization. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis were employed to guide the development of the framework using the BOEM model. Validation of the developed framework was done through stakeholder consultations and the Delphi technique. Experts and stakeholders participated in the process of validating and confirming the effectiveness of the developed framework to enhance the utilization of EMTCT services in Gauteng province. The framework can improve the utilization of EMTCT services among pregnant and lactating women with continued efforts to enhance the accessibility and utilization of EMTCT services, promoting the health and well-being of both mothers and their children. It is believed that the implementation of the developed framework will benefit all women of childbearing age throughout Gauteng province.
Open Access
A framework fo the application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in improving the service quality of tertiary institutions in South Africa
(2024-09-06) Patala, Najiyabanu Noormohmed; Kadyamatimba, A.; Munyoka, W.
With the capability of re-shaping the global economy, 4IR necessitates countries to keep up with technological innovations that require most sectors within a country to be restructured drastically. Tertiary institutions are therefore required to transform the delivery of higher education services to the next generation with a seamless combination of skills and knowledge set. Thus, quality measures must be redefined in the context of 4IR. However, very few studies have attempted to define and measure quality from a 4IR perspective and lack frameworks addressing 4IR-based quality improvement solutions. This study investigated how 4IR can be applied within the context of tertiary institutions for improving service quality following a positivist paradigm. A quantitative research design was adopted to obtain an understanding of the 4IR stances and quantitative data was collected through questionnaires to gain an idea of the student and staff members' perceptions of 4IR service quality. The participants were sampled from the University of Venda’s population of students and staff. A quantitative method for data analysis was employed through statistical analysis using SPSS software. The findings of the study identified challenges that inhibits and benefits that could promote a 4IR-based quality of service environment. The study found that 4IR-based quality planning plays a significant role in quality of teaching and learning management. 4IR technologies were perceived to be useful as respondents had some form of awareness. Factors such as 4IR-based institutional responsiveness, empathy and assurance were significantly shown to measure service improvement. Based on the findings, a framework for implementing a 4IR service quality improvement in the teaching, learning, and research context was developed and validated. This study contributed to addressing how best tertiary institutions can implement 4IR by assessing their readiness levels. The Framework will assist tertiary institutions in gathering knowledge of the policies, strategies, and governance mechanisms required for supporting 4IR initiatives while providing guidance to understand quality 4.0 issues. It is recommended that tertiary institutions redesign their technological pedagogies to keep up with the demands of current educations needs and quality standards.
Open Access
A framework for integrating adaptive assistive technologies in inclusive education: A case study of the Disability Unit of the University of Venda
(2024-09-06) Macheque, Vhutshilo; Kadyamatimba, A.; Ochara, N. M.
Integrating Assistive Technologies in inclusive education can enable the academic engagement of students living with disabilities and be transformative from a psychological perspective. However, the success of this endeavour in disadvantaged rural South African universities remains a surmountable challenge due to factors militating against this noble idea. The aim of the study was to conceptualise a framework for integrating assistive technologies in inclusive education at a South African rural university where many students are living with disabilities. The study employed Technology-Task Fit, a variance theory, and DeLone Maclean Information Systems Theory, a process theory as a theoretical underpinning. This study adopts a pragmatism perspective and used an explanatory sequential mixed method design in which quantitative data was collected using an online questionnaire from a convenience sample of seventy-one participants, and the qualitative data was collected from a purposive sample of five participants using face-to-face interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) Version 29, and results were presented as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and chi-square test. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using Atlas ti23. The study found that several factors influenced the integration of assistive devices, but the lack of a proper framework, policies, or guidelines was the most influential. Five requirements for developing the framework were moderating factors, procurement strategies, training strategies, funding strategies, and ATs integration strategies. There was a strong and significant positive association between the requirements at p < 0.010 and other demographic characteristics and factors mitigating the integration of assistive devices in inclusive education. From the study, a Framework for Integrating Assistive Technology in Inclusive Education (IAATIE) was developed based on the requirements and best practices documented in journal literature. IAATIE was validated as relevance and acceptance using content (requirements), relevance, and acceptance by most of the reviewers and validators. The academic contribution of the study was the framework for Integrating Assistive Technologies in inclusive education at the university, which encouraged coordinated efforts from various key players, including students who have been previously ignored. The study recommends the implementation of a IAATIE framework for inclusive education.
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A learning domain-based training approach for smallholder irrigated maize farming in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe
(2025-05-16) Binala, Livinia; Francis, J.; Mupetesi, T.
The study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of training approaches for smallholder irrigated maize farmers in Zimbabwe, particularly their crucial role in national food security and rural livelihoods. Despite irrigation's potential to boost productivity of maize, many farmers encountered challenges in adopting improved practices partly due to inadequate training methods. Thus, the study sought to evaluate current training frameworks and propose a comprehensive model integrating Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains to enhance knowledge acquisition and practical skills among farmers. The objectives of the study were 1) to identify the key learning domains for effective use of irrigation technologies in smallholder maize farming in Mashonaland Central Province 2) to propose a training approach that is tailored to the identified learning domains and the specific needs and constraints of smallholder farmers in Mashonaland Central; 3) to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed training approach on the productivity and income of smallholder maize farmers in Mashonaland Central Province; and 4) to assess the effectiveness of the developed training approach in improving the knowledge and skills of smallholder farmers in the use of irrigation technologies for maize farming. Three irrigation schemes that focused on maize production and located in two natural regions, that is, II and IV within Mashonaland Central Province were purposively selected. Proximity to the Harare, the capital city or extent of the scheme’s rurality was considered. The census method of data collection was applied. All the 472 farmers involved in irrigation in the three schemes were earmarked for the questionnaire-based survey. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combined quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with farmers and agricultural extension officers across the three irrigation schemes. Key findings indicated that Farmer Field Schools (FFS) significantly outperformed traditional Master Farmer Training (MFT) in promoting effective learning and adoption of sustainable practices (P < 0.05). The study underscored the importance of participatory training methods, which resonate more effectively with farmers' needs and educational backgrounds. Using the results of the study, a framework that includes the following as the key components was proposed: a) Incorporation of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning domains b) Prioritization of hands-on training with visual aids c) Promotion of sustainable farming practices d) Strengthening of farmer-extension linkages e) Investment in teaching materials and monitoring mechanisms This study advocated for a paradigm shift in agricultural training methodologies. Adopting the recommended framework would enable policymakers and practitioners to significantly enhance the productivity and livelihoods of smallholder maize farmers, thereby contributing to improved food security. Furthermore, the study highlighted the need for deploying participatory and practical training, addressing key skills gaps, in addition to developing robust farmer-extension relationships to achieve these goals. Integration of Bloom's learning domains into farmer training curricula is a strategic roadmap for designing more effective and impactful training of smallholder irrigated maize farmers.
Open Access
A metagenomic snapshot of selected wastewater treatment plants in Vhembe Region, Limpopo, South Africa: Investigating the resistome
(2024-09-06) Jacobs, Damien; Potgieter, N.; Traore, A. N.
Background: Water is crucial for human life. Rural communities often rely on natural water sources which may become polluted by wastewater due to various activities such as domestic use and agriculture. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be transferred from wastewater to the environment and pose a global challenge they affect both human and animal-related sectors. Studying antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants within Vhembe offers a representation of antibiotic resistance genes from entire communities. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance circulating in Vhembe has been sparsely studied. Metagenomics approaches allow for a broad overview of the resistome and the bacterial communities within environmental samples. Aim: To perform wastewater surveillance of antibiotic resistance genes and associated bacteria within Vhembe, Limpopo, South Africa, using a metagenomics approach. Method: A total of 32 sample duplicates were collected from the influents (n=18) and the effluents (n = 14) from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) around the Vhembe region, Limpopo, South Africa. One hundred milliliter was filtered using sterile cotton gauze and Wattman filter paper to remove debris and membrane filtered through 0.22um membrane filters to capture the bacteria within each sample. DNA was extracted directly from the 0.22 μm filters using a DNA miniprep kit. DNA was quantified using a spectrophotometer. Shotgun 18 metagenomic sequencing was performed on DNA extracts. Open-source bioinformatics pipelines were used to process and analyze raw sequence data, uncovering information of the bacterial community composition and associated ARGs in wastewater. Results: Site observations reveal animal and human activities within and near the sites. ARG analysis revealed an overall number 0f 220 ARGs detected across the WWTPs. Thirty-six genes were common to influent samples and 16 in within effluent samples, encoding predominantly against macrolides, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, beta-lactamases, and aminoglycosides. Some unique ARGS were detected at sites near South African borders. Bacterial Diversity showed the predominance of some genera, such as Arcobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Pathogens were predominantly enteric and pulmonary, with some being linked to animals in past studies. A notable increase in some members of Mycobactericeae, among other bacteria, was noted in effluents.
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A Multi-level Model for a Vector-Borne Organ to Tissue life Cycle Dynamics
(2025-09-05) Mahada, Awelani Sydney; Netshikweta, R.; Garira, W.
Introduction: Malaria is among the World’s most lethal infectious disease. It is caused by a parasitic pathogen transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, which inoculates sporozoites into the human host during a blood meal. The population dynamics of malaria are well-known for their complexity, stemming not only from the parasite’s lifecycle, which involves two hosts (humans and mosquitoes)but also from the intricate replication and transmission cycles across different levels of the infectious disease system organization. Like other infectious disease systems, malaria infections inherit multilevel and multiscale systems, which pose significant challenges to efforts aimed at eliminating and ultimately eradicating the infection in a malaria-endemic population. Methodology Mathematical modeling in the study of complex system has proven to be an invaluable tool for understanding and predicting the behaviour and dynamics of a complex system within the domain of complexity science. Thus, in this study, we propose a multiscale modelling framework that captures the dynamics of malaria across three organizational levels within infectious disease systems implicated in the spread of malaria in a community. We begin by formulating a mathematical model to describe the development and progression of malaria parasites within the liver and tissue(blood) stages of an infected human host. This is followed by the formulation of a multiscale model that integrates both the inside(i.e.,the organ-tissue level)host and the outside (i.e., the host level) host malaria dynamics. Results Mathematical analysis for both the malaria models presented in this study was carried out and proved that all the models are mathematically and epidemiologically well-posed. We also compute the basic reproduction number R0 for both models and use the R0 to determine the local and global stability of the disease-free equilibriumas well as the local stability of endemic equilibrium of both models, respectively. We demonstrate that if R0 < 1, then the diseasefree equilibrium pointy of both models is locally and globally asymptotically stable, respevctively. However, if R0 > 1 the endemic equilibrium point of both models is locally asymptotically stable. The numerical results for both the models have demonstrated that the goal of intervention during malaria infection should be to reduce the rates at which merozoites and gametocytes invade healthy liver tissue as well as the blood cells. Hence it is recommended that interventions during malaria infection be directed on reducing the pace at which merozoites infect healthy blood cells and the density of merozoites in circulation. Conclusion The study presents a method that incoporates the complexity of malaria pathogens which is significant not only for malaria treatment but also for other vector-borne disease system control treatment strategies.
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A private sector-inclusive governance framework for local economic development in rural areas of Limpopo Province in South Africa
(2025-09-05) Jeleni, Albert; Francis, J.; Kilonzo. B.; Chakwizira, J.
Local Economic Development (LED) remains globally recognized as a critical instrument for building inclusive and globally competitive local economies by stimulating job creation, diversifying local economies, and broadening municipal revenue bases. The concept of LED was born out of the realisation that while economic development intent and principles (that of constructing and realising a sustainable future) are universal, the outcomes are bounded by national policies and priorities and are determined by specific local societal, environmental, and business characteristics and interactions, which, if not balanced properly, can distort/contradict economic development intent and principles, leading to inefficient economic development. LED therefore seeks to address these distortions by aligning universal principles with localised realities, while maintaining adherence to free-market economic principles and ensuring that local development interventions do not unduly disrupt market dynamics. Its effectiveness hinges on capturing grassroots knowledge—honouring local expertise and traditions—and innovating on these insights to realign local economic outcomes and maximise wellbeing in line with national imperatives and global agendas. However, in South Africa, particularly in the rural context of the Limpopo Province, LED implementation continues to face significant challenges. These are primarily rooted in systemic governance shortcomings, the exclusion of private sector participation, and the enduring legacy of state-centric approaches that have perpetuated poverty, high unemployment, and spatial inequalities stemming from apartheid-era development patterns. Rural Limpopo reflects these conditions acutely, with unemployment exceeding 45%, inequality exceeding Gini coefficient of 0.59, poverty levels surpassing 67%, less than 8% of municipalities received clean audits, and municipalities being heavily reliant on subsidies & bailouts, further exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure and weak institutional capacity. To counter these challenges, South Africa has consistently looked to Local Economic Development (LED) as a solution and has recently developed an innovation-driven National Framework for LED 2018–2028. The 2018–2028 LED Framework is robust in principle, anchored on forward-looking pillars designed to spur innovation, inclusivity, and institutional resilience at the municipal level. Yet, in practice, few municipalities have successfully implemented it, particularly the enabling pillars. This disconnect stems from weak institutional capacity, poor integration into municipal planning, and the low prioritisation of LED by local governments. Crucially, there has also been significant under-inclusion of the private sector, despite its vital role in driving innovation, investment, and job creation. Without active collaboration with private businesses—especially SMMEs—municipalities struggle to leverage innovation-driven strategies effectively, leaving the framework’s transformative potential largely untapped. Moreover, failure to implement the LED framework hinders the localisation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), weakening multi-stakeholder partnerships—including government, civil society, and the private sector—that are essential for achieving the SDGs. To investigate these challenges, this study employed a mixed-methods research approach, integrating quantitative surveys and qualitative focus group discussions conducted across all five districts of Limpopo Province to develop a private sector-inclusive governance framework. The research identified three critical governance failures that inhibit LED outcomes: (i) persistent ambiguity regarding the roles and responsibilities of key ecosystem actors—government, private sector, and civil society; (ii) misalignment between national strategic frameworks and local operational realities; and (iii) epistemic disparities that result in the underutilisation of private sector expertise, capital, and entrepreneurial capacity. These governance failures are further compounded by a fundamental conceptual ambiguity surrounding LED itself. Within the South African context, LED is frequently conflated with adjacent paradigms such as socio-economic development, socio-political development, social entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship development. This lack of definitional clarity contributes to fragmented interventions, duplication of efforts, and missed opportunities for integrated and inclusive local development. As a result, LED implementation remains inconsistent, often disconnected from territorial needs, and inadequately aligned with the potential contributions of the private sector. To redress these deficiencies, the study developed a Private Sector-Inclusive Governance Framework for LED, structured around three interrelated platforms. The first platform—the Multi-Stakeholder Platform ("WHO")—formalizes the roles of stakeholders, institutionalizes collaboration within economic principles, and establishes shared decision-making structures. The second platform—allows setting of objectives and the respective Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adaptive Capacity Platform ("WHY")—anchors LED processes in objective-based continuous learning, performance tracking, and adaptive management, aligning with the six pillars of the South Africa’s National LED Framework (2018–2028) and the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The third platform—the Standardization and Implementation Platform ("HOW")— allows for the selection of appropriate LED elements, it applies a project management-oriented approach to guide LED operationalization, including value chain optimization across all sectors and industries. Crucially, the framework asserts that the actors (government, private sector and civil society) must operate within the principles of a free-market economy, wherein the state plays an enabling rather than interventionist role. Accordingly, local governments are encouraged to institutionalise mechanisms that promote inclusive Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), leverage Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, and invest in Public Goods Services (PGS) to stimulate sustainable economic growth. The framework reconceptualises LED governance not as a substitute for market processes but as a catalyst. Free-market principles—fair competition, limited distortion, and entrepreneurial innovation—are foundational to the proposed model. The framework mandates the use of market diagnostics and cost-benefit analysis to determine the most efficient delivery mechanism—prioritising private sector-driven hybrid approach where viable, and public provision only where market failure exists. Wherefore, municipalities are repositioned as enablers of competitive innovative ecosystems, investing in public goods and unlocking market participation through regulatory clarity, digital access, and transparent procurement. This approach discourages the state from running parallel or competing programmes that undermine private sector participation, and instead calls for a governance model that incentivises market-based solutions and fosters long-term enterprise development. The proposed framework allows stakeholders to systematically select development objectives (the WHY) from multiple typologies (including innovation-driven, infrastructure-led, social cohesion, and sustainability objectives), choose the leadership style (the WHO) from among state-led, private sector-led, private sector-driven hybrid, state-driven hybrid, and civil society-driven hybrid models, and implement LED through specific elements (the HOW) such as anchors, intermediaries, infrastructure, governance networks, and citizen engagement Empirical findings demonstrate that only 35% of rural municipalities currently engage private sector actors meaningfully in LED governance, despite the private sector’s essential role in mobilizing financial resources, driving innovation, and facilitating scalable development. This study proposes an innovation-driven, private sector-driven hybrid approach, and knowledge-based governance framework for Local Economic Development (LED) in rural Limpopo, South Africa. Engaging 366 respondents—including 47.5% from the private sector and over 70% with post-school qualifications—it revealed that despite 92.4% awareness of municipal institutions, only 37.9% participated in LED processes, underscoring the limited leadership role of local businesses. A review of 27 global LED frameworks showed universal emphasis on sustainability and equity, but fewer than 50% integrate innovation and adaptive governance elements. The study further illuminates recurring local impediments included corruption (14.8%), funding shortages (11%), and skills gaps (12.3%). Sectors like mining and agriculture exhibited strong value-chain comprehension, whereas digital integration and advanced manufacturing capabilities remain weak. Despite 60.8% of respondents recognizing corporate support for SMMEs, only 24.1% reported tangible engagement, indicating missed opportunities for public–private synergy. These findings carry significant implications for Limpopo and broader South African LED strategies. An innovation-driven LED model would leverage private sector dynamism and foster knowledge-based value chains, aligning with Limpopo’s development objectives to become more industrialised, labour-absorbing, and globally integrated. To unlock this potential, LED policy must embed mechanisms for strengthened collaborative governance, streamlined funding, targeted capacity-building, and proactive private sector participation. Such a transformation could drive inclusive growth, reduce rural inequalities, and align with national priorities articulated in South Africa’s LED Framework and Limpopo Development Plan. The proposed framework conceptualises LED as a multi-objective optimisation problem, where local maxima are identified, filtered through Pareto dominance, and integrated into a global Pareto front—thus transforming local successes into globally relevant solutions. Accordingly, it incorporates a mathematical modelling component designed to operationalise this optimisation process and guide decision-making. Essentially, the framework proposes that LED strategy design should be systematic and iterative—a process optimization exercise that begins by selecting desired outcomes (e.g., innovation, jobs, sustainability) in the “WHY” Platform. From there, leadership style (state-led, private-led, community-led, or hybrid) is chosen in the “WHO” platform, and lastly the enabling elements (anchors, intermediaries, infrastructure, networks) are chosen in the “HOW” platform, considering local capacity and realities. Importantly, the approach remains adaptive, acknowledging that desired elements may not always be present, necessitating either phased development or immediate pragmatic choices. The framework offers a cohesive blueprint for South African municipalities to effectively implement the national innovation-driven LED Framework 2018-2028. South Africa having chosen innovation to drive LED, this proposed governance framework allows a logical selection of the innovation-driven, private sector-driven hybrid, and knowledge-based approach, positing that a sustainable Local Economic Development (LED) governance process must recognise the interdependent triad of innovation, private sector leadership, and knowledge intensity to be succesful. Innovation, as a driver of LED, requires an enabling environment that fosters private sector leadership, which, in turn, presupposes a knowledge-based economic governance architecture. This ensures LED is not aspirational but practically executable, grounded in clear mechanisms, data-informed strategies, and cross-sector collaboration. Moreover, the proposed governance framework offers a replicable pathway for translating policy into practice, unlocking LED’s full transformative potential, which is locally grounded, but globally relevant. Wherefore, from the policy perspective this study provides a comprehensive blueprint to transform South Africa’s rural LED by addressing critical shortcomings in the National Framework for Local Economic Development (LED) 2018–2028. First, it identifies the need to reposition the private sector as lead co‑creators—rather than peripheral participants—by formally embedding business chambers and forums into Integrated Development Plan (IDP) processes and making private sector consultation and leadership mandatory. Second, it introduces a practical governance framework aligned with the DST’s Innovation‑for‑LED (ILED) initiative and which must be piloted through the District Development Model (DDM). This model incorporates multi‑stakeholder platforms, standardized project tools, and performance monitoring systems, offering municipalities a scalable structure to boost coherence and accountability. Implementation hinges on building institutional capacity in rural municipalities. The study recommends targeted training programs for LED officials covering stakeholder engagement, value‑chain facilitation, project management, and digital monitoring tools. It further proposes institutionalizing public‑private dialogue (PPD) platforms co‑chaired by private sector actors and universities, guided by clear protocols on frequency, scope, and follow‑up. These platforms would serve as engines for knowledge management and innovation. On the fiscal front, the study advocates for performance‑linked grants and competitive LED innovation funds to incentivize municipalities to achieve measurable private sector participation, such as procurement localization rates, co‑infrastructure investments, and job creation via PPPs and CSIs. It also underscores the role of development partners and civil society in supporting framework adoption, recommending targeted piloting in Limpopo districts with international donor and institutional technical assistance. Institutional realignment is another key finding: responsibility for LED must shift from CoGTA and CoGHSTA to an economic development ministry—either via reinstating the Department of Economic Development or a reassignment to DTIC. At provincial level, LED oversight should align with Economic Development, Tourism, and Environment departments, with formal coordination mechanisms to link provincial, municipal, and national policy. Further, the Department of Small Business Development (DSBD) and its agency Small Enterprise and development Agnecy (SEDFA) currently perform welfare-style interventions—providing equipment and starter goods to micro/informal enterprises—which aligns more with social protection than market-based enterprise development. These micro-targeted supports overlook medium and large firms, which are vital for CSI, PPPs, and value chain integration critical to local economic development. Consequently, DSBD and SEDFA’s current mandate is misaligned with the NFLED’s private-sector growth objectives. Their national coordination role would be better housed under a re‑established Economic Development department or within DTIC, which has stronger linkages to industrial strategy and larger enterprises essential for transformative LED. Finally, the study links LED reform to the SDGs—particularly Goals 8, 9, and 17—by embedding SDG‑aligned indicators into municipal LED metrics and enhancing transparency, innovation, and data‑driven decision‑making. This positioned framework supports inclusive, private‑sector-driven hybrid growth, transforming LED from a bureaucratic process into a dynamic engine of rural transformation.
Open Access
A Sense-making Perspective of Algorithmic Accountability during Infodemics
(2024-09-06) Ramaru, Rifhiwa Rodney; Munyoka, Willard; Ochara, Nixon Muganda
During the pandemic era, enormous amounts of data were available to decision-makers. Much of the data was generated using algorithms in which people did not want to be held accountable for any wrong/false information (misinformation) that was being provided to the public, either on internet websites, social media or television and radios. Algorithmic Accountability examines the process of assigning responsibility for harm when algorithmic decision-making results in discriminatory and inequitable outcomes. Mis-and disinformation about science, technology, and health is neither new nor unique to the COVID-19 era. Amid an unprecedented global health crisis, many journalists, policy makers, and academics have echoed what World Health Organisation has stressed that misinformation about the pandemic presents a serious risk to public health and public action. The biggest challenge is that this misinformation or fake news is drowning official public health advice on COVID-19, making it extremely problematic for the voices of healthcare professionals to be heard; the implications of this may be enormous as it may cause the virus and other pandemics to spread more rapidly within diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to establish the extent of Misinformation during Infodemics, to address the lack of Algorithmic Accountability. A mixed-methods approach was used as the topic required a purposeful mixing of methods in data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the evidence. The key word is ‘mixed’; this explains that an essential step in this approach is data linkage or integration at appropriate stages in the research process. The researcher used Spyder Python for extracting data from the Twitter API and then used Feedly which is a news aggregator application for various web browsers and mobile devices running iOS and Android; this procedure is also available as a cloud-based service. Python was used to compile news feeds from a variety of online sources for the researcher to customize and share with others; after filtering for the Covid-19 Tweets there were 21 of 508 records. The analysis suggests that misinformation about COVID-19 comes in many different forms, from many different sources, and makes many different claims. The process of misinformation often rearranges existing or accurate content relatively than formulated on a large scale, and where it is manipulated, it is edited with simple tools. Given the breadth of the pandemic, independent media and actions by platforms and others played a vital role in addressing virus-related misinformation. Government websites and the World Health Organization (WHO) can help sort false from true material, and accurate from misleading assertations. With running topic modelling for the data consisting of 21 of 508 tweets, topic modelling provided a way to compress the big data qualitative phase of the research.
Open Access
A support framework of enhancing business performance of ruaral SMME's in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2024-09-06) Razwiedani, Khathutshelo Collins; Chiliya, Norman; Nkondo, Livhuwani G.
South Africa's aspiration for inclusive growth and development acknowledges the pivotal role of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) given the country's pervasive unemployment and poverty rates, particularly in rural regions. Since the inception of democracy in 1994 with the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to the present National Development Plan: Vision 2030, the focal point of South Africa's developmental endeavours has been the alleviation of poverty and inequality. This study aimed to devise a support framework to enhance the performance of SMMEs in the rural expanse of Limpopo Province, South Africa, while also fostering entrepreneurship expansion. Its primary objectives encompassed identifying the determinants affecting rural SMME performance, crafting a conceptual framework to bolster it, utilizing empirical research outcomes to formulate recommendations, and drawing conclusions to augment SMMEs' performance in Limpopo. Additionally, the study proffered actionable insights for stakeholders, including policymakers and entrepreneurs, to ensure the sustained viability of SMMEs in rural South Africa. Employing a quantitative research design aligned with the educational positivist paradigm, the study collected data from 377 entrepreneurs through questionnaires. A Convenience Sampling method was employed. Validity and reliability were ensured through exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha coefficients determination. Pearson's correlation coefficient tests were employed to discern relationships among independent variables. The resultant path model addressed prevalent challenges confronting rural small businesses, proposing a roadmap for enhancing their operational performance.
Open Access
AB INITIO and DFT computational study of Myristinin A and A structurally- related molecule
(2019-09-20) Tshilande, Neani; Mammino, Liliana; Ghio, Caterina
The computational study of biologically active molecules is particularly important for drug development because it provides crucial information about the properties of a molecule, which determine its biological activities. The current work considers the results of a computational study of myristinin A and a structurally-related molecule (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-(9tetradecenoyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzopyran-7-ol, here denoted as DBPO). The two compounds pertain to the class of acylphloroglucinols. They were firstly isolated from Horsfieldia amygdaline, and they exhibit a variety of biological activities, including potent anti-inflammatory activity, potent DNA-damaging activity and DNA-polymerase ß inhibition. Their molecular structures differ only by the acyl chain. Both molecules have a bulky substituent meta to the acyl group consisting of a ring system (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-7-ol). The DBPO molecule can exist as cis and trans isomers in relation to the double bond present in the R chain, and both isomers are here investigated individually. The OHs ortho to the acyl group can form an intramolecular hydrogen bond (referred to as the first IHB) with the sp2 O atom of the acyl group. The phenol OHs neighbouring the substituent ring system can form O–Hπ interaction with the aromatic rings of the substituent, if suitable oriented. This study focuses on the identification of the stable conformers of these molecules (considering all the possible geometries obtainable by rotations about relevant single bonds), and of the factors stabilising the conformers. Full-optimisation calculations were performed in vacuo and also in three conveniently selected solvents. The results show that the dominant stabilising factors are the first IHB and the O–Hπ interactions. Other factors which have significant influence on conformational preferences are the orientation of the ring systems of the substituent, the orientation of the OHs on substituent, the mutual orientation of the OHs of the phloroglucinol moiety and also the orientation of the acyl chain. The results in solution are consistent with the findings of other acylphloroglucinols, for instance, the narrowing of the energy gaps and the increase of the dipole moment with the increase of solvent polarity.
Open Access
Academic anxiety among students in the School of Health Sciences at the University of Venda, South Africa: associated factors and effect
(2016-05) Adediran, Olawumi Adedeji; Takalani, J. F.; Sikhwari, T. D.; Mashamba, T.
See the attached abstract below
Open Access
Access and constraints to commuting in Gauteng Province, South Africa
(2016-05) Chakwizira, James; Bikam, Peter; Adeboyejo, Aina Thompson
See the attached abstract below
Open Access
Access barriers to Campus Health Services among University of Venda students
(2017-05-18) Olumide, Oladimeji Sanyaolu; Kyei, K. A.; Mabunda, J. T.
South African youth, like many young people the world over, experience obstacles related to accessing age-specific health care services. School-based health centres, therefore, represent a mode of delivery of youth-friendly services tailored to meeting the healthcare needs of young people, such as university students. The aim of the study was to investigate the barriers faced by University of Venda (UNIVEN) students in accessing the institution’s health services.The objectives of the study were to assess the level of awareness of the respondents regarding the UNIVEN campus health services and to determine the availability and acceptability barriers experienced by students in accessing the campus health services.The study is quantitative using a self-administered questionnaire, informed by literature review, to collect data from the respondents. The study population consisted of all the students who were resident on campus. The sample size were five hundred and thirty four (534) respondents drawn from all the residences on the university campus and comprising of students from all the schools and levels. Questionnaires were administered face-to-face to respondents in the respondents’ rooms. The validity and reliability of the study were ensured. Ethical considerations, such as informed consent, right to privacy, and no-harm to participants, were observed and addressed in this study. Data was entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 23. For continuous variables such as age, descriptive variable was calculated. For categorical variables, frequencies and percentages are presented.The results indicated that the average age of the study population was 21.85 years with almost all of the respondents (95%) being aware of the existence of a health clinic on the Univen campus. However, only 63% had gone for consultation at the clinic. Awareness of the clinic’s services appears to be poor, with HIV Counselling & Testing being the most known service, while minor illnesses’ management was the most utilised service (48%). Barriers experienced by the respondents were related to waiting times and opening hours of the clinic, with only 33% and 39% respectively, describing them as ideal.The study provides evidence that although university health services may be provided at no cost students still experience barriers in accessing them. Effective measures are needed to increase students’ awareness of the clinic’s services and to shorten waiting times and improve clinic opening hours.
Embargo
Access to Healthcare Services for People with Albinism in South Africa: A Human Rights Perspective
(2025-05-16) Mudau, Benni Avhatakali; Simbo, C.; Phanyane, T. C.
The Albinism Society of South Africa found that the national healthcare system is failing to meet the needs of people with albinism. People with albinism face significant health challenges, including skin damage from ultraviolet (hereafter referred to as UV) rays and vision problems, primarily due to a lack of melanin. Research shows that many people with albinism die young, often from skin cancer in their 30s or 40s. Regular annual skin tests and eye check-ups are essential for early detection and treatment of these health issues. In South Africa, the right to access healthcare services for people with albinism is protected by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereafter referred to as the Constitution). The Constitution is read with various international laws and agreements, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (hereafter referred to as the UDHR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereafter referred to as the ICESCR), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (hereafter referred to as the ICERD), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (hereafter referred to as the CEDAW), the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereafter referred to as the UNCRC), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereafter referred to as the CRPD), the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (hereafter referred to as the ACHPR), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (hereafter referred to as the ACRWC), and the SADC Declaration on the Protection of Persons with Albinism (hereafter referred to as the DPPA), all of which provide for the right to health. However, despite these international and constitutional provisions, there is no specific case law or health legislation in South Africa that clearly defines the state’s obligations in providing access to healthcare services for people with albinism. This lack of case law and legislation that defines the state’s internationally and constitutionally compliant obligations creates significant challenges for people with albinism in enforcing their right to access healthcare services. Clarifying these legal obligations is crucial to establish the health demands of people with albinism as legally enforceable claims, facilitating effective advocacy grounded in rights-based language. Advocacy based on international and constitutional entitlements empowers people with albinism to assert their health needs as rights rather than mere service requests. This approach provides a stronger foundation for holding the state accountable and ensuring that people with albinism have access to healthcare services they are entitled to. Through a doctrinal method, this study aims to clarify South Africa’s specific international obligations which are also protected by the Constitution in section 27. It evaluates South Africa’s legislative framework and measures to ensure healthcare access for people with albinism, identifies gaps, and concludes with recommendations to persuade the government to adopt internationally and constitutionally compliant health laws that guarantee full access to necessary healthcare services for this population.