Theses and Dissertations

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Open Access
3D Cranial Morphometry, Sensory Ecology and Climate Change in African Rodents
(2019-05-15) Nengovhela, Aluwani; Taylor,, Peter; Braga, Jose
The order Rodentia is the most speciose group of mammals with muroids being the most diverse superfamily. Since they are represented in arboreal, semiaquatic, subterranean and terrestrial niches, rodents may exhibit morphological traits reflecting their adaptations to such diverse environments. This thesis focuses on the morphology of the endocranium, auditory bulla and cochlea in three tribes (Otomyini, Taterillini and Gerbillini) representing 10 species of African rodents, concentrating on their variability, function and adaptability, using micro-CT imaging and 3D shape comparative methods. Additionally, variations in cranial size were also studied in respective of global warming and climatic variables. Morphological changes/variations are a result of environmental change, therefore each chapter in this study details the effect of environmental change (in space and time) on different morphological traits i.e. general cranial size (chapter 2), cochlea and auditory bulla (chapter 3) and endocranial size and shape (chapter 4). With chapter 2 dealing specifically with climate change in its strict sense and the remaining two chapters looking at different environmental gradients. Chapter 2 tests the applicability of the “third universal response to warming” (i.e. declining body size) and the Resource Rule in two murid subfamilies, Murinae and Gerbillinae. The study shows that the third response is not as universal as only one species conformed to this response. Further, food availability (Resource Rule) was shown to be the more important factor correlated with body size variations in rodent species than Bergmann’s Rule. Chapter 3 looks at the auditory bulla and cochlea, the morphological traits that play a role in hearing capabilities of rodents. I found, with some exceptions, that bulla and cochlea modifications between species could be explained by environment, phylogeny and/or allometry. In addition, I concluded that true desert adapted laminate-toothed rats and gerbils use both bulla and associated cochlea hypertrophy. Chapter 4 shows larger brain size in Taterillini and two species of Otomyini, with life histories and environment being the most probably factors responsible for xiv this. Using a novel method of diffeomorphism (deformation models), there was more variation in endocranial morphology between the gerbils and laminate-toothed rats than within them with olfactory bulb, paraflocculi, and posterior ventral cortex showing the most variability. Overall, this thesis shows that variations in the morphological traits studied are strongly influenced by the environment and function.
Open Access
A communal holistic therapeutic approach for psychosocial health management among Southern African indigenous communities
(2024-09-06) Mahlatsi, Khauhelo Success; Pienaar, A. J.; Mulaudzi, M. T.; Malwela, T.
Background: Mental health remains on the backseat of the global healthcare system. With more than a third of people suffering from mental health having no access to mental health services. Consequently, this research realizes that communality and Ubuntu are considered the epitomes of living systems in African indigenous communities. Therefore, the aim was to develop, confirm, and validate a Middle-range Theory of psychosocial health management among indigenous Southern African communities. Methods: An explorative sequential mixed methods design was conducted. For the qualitative strand (Phase One), a qualitative approach was used where classical Grounded Theory was employed as a design. Makgotla were used as data collection method, and theoretical sampling was used for participant selection. In Phase Two, a qualitative approach followed where a critical, integrative literature review was conducted. Purposive sampling was employed for the literature collection. Finally, for the quantitative strand, a quantitative approach was used where content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Kappa statistic were used to confirm and validate the emerging theory. Purposive sampling was used, where experts were selected for the confirmation and validation of the emerging theory. Findings: This research presents an emerging Middle-range theory referred to as the ‘Inclusive Holistic Communal Psychosocial Health Management Approach.’ This approach is informed by the shared cultural belief system, co-living system, and communal therapeutic techniques. Fundamental to the emerging Middle-range theory are the five cultural axioms found in this research to be of evidential value to culturally congruent and needs-aligned psychosocial health management. Embedded in the belief that life is a holistic-circlic continuous process independent of living, wherein the point of equilibrium (good health) is the sense of balance between life and living. Furthermore, it has been found that the emerging Middle-range theory expressed through the 40-item instrument is content valid and comprehensive as all the items were found to be relevant and acceptable with I-CVI values greater than 0.79 and Kappa values above 0.74.
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A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models and Traditional Statistical Models for Continuous-Time Survival Analysis
(2026-05-19) Tshisikule, Ompha; Mulaudzi, T. B.; Bere, A.
Survival analysis is a statistical technique used to model time-to-event data, commonly applied in fields such as healthcare, engineering, and finance. Traditional approaches, including the Cox Proportional Hazards (CoxPH) model, have long been dominant due to their interpretability and theoretical foundation. However, recent advances in machine learning have shown promise in handling complex, high-dimensional datasets with nonlinear relationships. Despite this, there remains a gap in systematic comparative studies between traditional survival models and modern approaches such as regularized regression, ensemble methods, and deep learning architectures, particularly across diverse datasets with varying characteristics. This study conducts a comparative analysis of traditional, machine learning, and deep learning-based survival models, evaluating their predictive performance and computational efficiency for continuous-time survival data. The models considered include LASSO-regularized Cox regression, CoxPH, Random Survival Forest (RSF), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithms. Model performance was assessed using the concordance index (C-index), integrated Brier score (IBS), and Time-dependent Area Under the Curve (AUC) across three secondary datasets with different characteristics: a breast cancer dataset obtained from the SEER Program of the National Cancer Institute (2017 November update), the North Carolina Recidivism dataset (ICPSR 8987) obtained from ICPSR, and a heart failure clinical records dataset obtained from Kaggle. A rigorous statistical framework was employed, utilizing 100 iterations of stratified train-test splits to generate robust performance distributions. Distributional assumptions were systematically tested using Shapiro-Wilk and Levene’s tests to determine appropriate statistical tests, followed by omnibus tests (ANOVA, Welch’s ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis) and post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction to control family-wise error rates. The analysis revealed that traditional survival models consistently outperformed deep learning-based approaches across all datasets. Random Survival Forest achieved the highest predictive accuracy, followed closely by CoxPH, with C-index values ranging from 0.66 to 0.73 and lower IBS scores indicating better calibration. In contrast, LSTM models performed poorly, often near random prediction levels (C-index 0.3–0.42), despite extensive optimization efforts including hyperparameter tuning, class balancing, and architectural modifications. Statistical testing confirmed that performance differences were highly significant across models and datasets (all p < 0.001), and post-hoc analyses demonstrated that RSF and CoxPH consistently outperformed LSTM for both discrimination and calibration metrics. These results suggest that traditional survival models remain the most reliable choice for moderate-sized datasets with censored observations and weak predictive signals, while LSTM networks are limited by dataset size, high censoring, and architectural mismatch with static survival data.
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A comparative analysis of perceptions on land expropration by commercial and emerging farmers in Limpopo Province of South Africa
(2026-05-19) Ngoepe, Hunadi Annah; Chauke, P. K.
The land reform programme has been very slow in achieving its goal. The slow process of the land reform program has led to the initiation of the Land expropriation in line with Section 25 of the South African Constitution. The purpose of the Land Expropriation Act is to expedite the process of giving back the land to the rightful owners, taking note that most of the current landowners have secured loans with the financial institutions. This study seeks to find out how commercial farmers and emerging farmers perceive land expropriation. The study was conducted in five districts of the Limpopo province of South Africa. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 150 participants from a population of 230 farmers. The study made use of structured interviews where questionnaires were used as a primary tool to collect data. Descriptive statistic was used to determine socio-economic characteristics. The study revealed that males dominated the farming industry, with males outnumbering females, particularly among emerging farmers. Likert scale and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyse the data. Emerging farmers expressed the view that land should be expropriated. However, commercial farmers indicated that land should not be expropriated as this would lead to increased poverty and unemployment. Inferential statistical results revealed that race is a key socio-economic factor driving differences in perception about land expropriation. Bank officials agreed that land expropriation would have negative implications on interest rates, leading to a decline in the country’s GDP. Policy implementors should consider the concerns of commercial farmers and banking officials regarding the Land Expropriation Act, which may have significant economic implications. Additionally, they should account the socio-economic characteristics that strongly influence farmers' perceptions of land expropriation.
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A comparative analysis of the regulatory framework of Just Energy transition in Nigeria and South Africa
(2026-05-19) Oladipo-Ologundudu, Oluwatobi Dorcas; Jegede, A. O.
The global exigency to address climate change has prompted many countries to develop laws to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, in favour of renewable energy sources. In Africa, this transition is occurring amid concerns about job losses in the fossil fuel sector, the demand for adaptation to the renewable energy sector through reskilling and upskilling and facilitating a just transition that protects workers and communities from energy poverty. To achieve a just energy transition, the International Labour Organisation Guidelines for a Just Transition Towards Environmentally Sustainable Economies and Societies for All (2015) emphasise the importance of fair earnings, job security, social and family protection, opportunities for personal growth, realistic societal engagement, and freedom of expression. At COP26 in Glasgow, Nigeria announced its commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060, reflecting its dedication to a just energy transition at the highest level. Nigeria’s legislative framework on renewable energy includes the 1999 Constitution, the 2021 Climate Change Act (CCA), the Nigeria Energy Transition Plan (ETP), the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), the Long-Term Vision (LTV), the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP). South Africa's energy sector is transitioning from coal to renewable energy. For this energy transition to be just, the lives and communities dependent on high-emission energy industries mustn't be left behind as the country moves towards a low-emission economy. South Africa’s climate change legislative framework also includes the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, the Climate Change Act, the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), the Just Energy Transition Investment Plan, the Just Energy Framework, the National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP), the Water and Sanitation Sector Policy on Climate Change, the Low-emissions Development Strategy, the National Development Plan and the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs). It is, however, unclear how these frameworks may shape and be shaped legally in the application of the ILO Guidelines on Just Transition. The research assesses the legal frameworks and their compatibility with the application of ILO Guidelines on Just Transition, adopting a mix of doctrinal research and comparative analysis of the frameworks in both states. It draws lessons that can be mutually learned from each other by these two states. From the findings, South Africa displayed a more robust embodiment of the ILO’s imperatives, both in its understanding of unique climate change vulnerabilities and energy transition challenges and possessed a more receptive legislative/judicial atmosphere for the application of these. Nigeria has much to learn from South Africa in developing a just transition legislative framework that benefits workers in the relevant sector.
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A comparative evaluation of machine learning models for stock price prediction and uncertainity estimation
(2026-05-19) Nengovhela, Vhukhudo; Ravele, T.; Sigauke, C.; Ndogmo, J. C.
This study compares machine learning models for stock price prediction and uncertainty estimation using high-frequency one-minute stock data. The research looks at how different models perform across developed and emerging markets, which helps with model selection for practical financial forecasting. Four models were tested for point forecasting: Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and a hybrid stacking ensemble composed of multiple base learners. For uncertainty quantification, three interval prediction methods were used: Bootstrap Residuals, Quantile Regression Forests (QRF), and Conformalised Quantile Regression (CQR). The analysis used one-minute stock price data from Microsoft Corporation (MSFT) as a developed market example and Standard Bank Group (SBK.JO) as an emerging market example, covering the period from 3rd to 26th September 2025. The results show that GB performed best for point forecasts in both markets. For MSFT, GB had RMSE of 0.2875 and MAE of 0.1869, while for SBK.JO it achieved RMSE of 25.9248 and MAE of 14.3638. Statistical tests using the Diebold-Mariano and Giacomini-White frameworks confirmed that GB significantly outperformed the other models. For interval prediction, QRF gave sharper intervals in the relatively stable developed market, while CQR achieved better coverage in the more volatile emerging market. The Hybrid Stacking model showed some advantages in volatile conditions but didn’t consistently beat well-tuned individual models. These findings suggest that ensemble methods like GB are still very effective for financial forecasting, and that uncertainty quantification methods should be chosen based on market volatility. The study provides practical guidance for selecting forecasting methods depending on market conditions and data characteristics, which should help both researchers and practitioners working in financial risk management.
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A comparative investigation of the success factors affecting local- and foreign-owned SMMEs in the Thulamela Local Municipality
(2026-05-19) Magodi, Fariso; Chiliya, N.; Ndou, A.
Globally, small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) are considered vital drivers of economic expansion and development, contributing significantly to the economic prosperity of a nation and its inhabitants. In South Africa, they account for approximately ninety five percent of all operating enterprises, roughly sixty percent of the formal labour force and thirty percent of the country's GDP; despite these significant contributions, a greater percentage of small businesses fail in their early stages. SMMEs are thought to have a failure rate that ranges from 70% to 80%, with about 50% of SMMEs failing within the first five years. Both foreign and locally-owned SMMEs face similar challenges, although, foreign-owned businesses encounter unique obstacles, such as xenophobia, racism, and language barriers. Foreign-owned SMMEs, nevertheless, continue to thrive and grow, often outperforming their locally-owned counterparts. The existing literature on the development of SMMEs, primarily focuses on locally-held SMMEs and makes little to no mention of SMMEs owned by foreigners. This study aims to comparatively investigate the success factors affecting locally- and foreign-owned SMMEs in Thulamela Local Municipality.This study adopted an interpretive method and an exploratory research design was employed. Qualitative research method was exploited to select 16 SMMEs within the municipality - 8 foreign-owned and 8 locally-owned. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews guided by a structured interview schedule, while the sample size was determined by data saturation after using a purposive sampling technique to select participants. The data was then analyzed by thematic analysis using Atlas software. This study's results show that the success of local- and foreign-owned SMMEs, in the Thulamela Local Municipality its mainly dependent on human capital factors, such as education and training, business skills and experience; social capital factors, such as kinship network, social network, group network and information sharing; as well as cultural factors, such as owners’ propensity for long working hours and hard work. Both groups demonstrated these characteristics, however, foreign SMMEs owners use these factors more effectively and strategically, hence making them more competitive than local SMMEs owners. Both local- and foreign-owned SMMEs experience challenges from - crime, financial constraints, market and competitive pressure, government rules, regulation and licensing, lack of government support and services. There were, however, distinct extra challenges for foreign SMMEs - xenophobia, stereotyping and discrimination. Winning strategies employed by foreign SMMEs include - bulk buying, competitive pricing strategy, technological adaptation and cross promotion. This study recommends that local SMMEs invest strongly in social networks and human capital, while also following some of the strategies proven successful by foreign SMMEs’ owners to remain competitive.
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A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Modified Clay Soil for the Decolouration of Acidic and Basic Textile Dyes: A Case Study
(2025-09-05) Chauke, Livingstone; Gumbo, J. R.; Ngulube, T.
Dyes play a crucial role in the production of various products, including paper, plastics, and leather. However, their release into the environment leads to pollution and poses health risks to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to treat dye-containing effluents before they are discharged into the environment. This study employed a cost-effective method to remove dyes from wastewater by utilizing natural clay as an adsorbent. The efficacy of Mn²⁺/Al³⁺ oxide-modified Mukondeni black clay soil (smectite) in removing acidic (Methyl Orange, MO) and basic (Crystal Violet, CV) textile dyes was evaluated. A 1:3 modified smectite ratio was identified as the most effective adsorbent. Characterization using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Point of Zero Charge (PZC) revealed that Modified-SMT contained 18.42% Al₂O₃ and 61.08% SiO₂, had a surface area of 35.30 m²/g, and featured functional groups such as C–O, C–O–C, and O–H, with a PZC at pH 4.30. Maximum dye removal efficiencies were recorded at 91.95% for MO after 90 min under the conditions (initial dye concentration = 20 mg/L, temperature = 30 °C, contact time = 90 minutes, shaking speed = 250 rpm, solution volume = 30 mL, and an adsorbent mass = 2 g). For CV, an efficiency of 96.35% was achieved after 30 minutes under conditions (initial dye concentration = 20 mg/L, temperature = 30 °C, contact time = 30 minutes, shaking speed = 250 rpm, solution volume = 30 mL, and an adsorbent mass = 0.1 g). Adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that MO followed a multilayer mechanism on heterogeneous surfaces (Freundlich model), while CV exhibited monolayer adsorption on homogeneous surfaces (Langmuir model). Kinetic studies confirmed pseudo-second-order behaviour. Thermodynamic parameters Δ𝐻 = - 47.72 KJ/mol and Δ𝑆 = -0.17 J/mol/K showed that MO adsorption was non-spontaneous and exothermic (ΔG = 12. 64 KJ/mol for 80 °C), whereas Δ𝐻 = 22.64 KJ/mol and Δ𝑆 = 0.09 J/mol/K for CV adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic (ΔG = -9.55 KJ/mol for 80 °C). The adsorbent retained its efficiency over four regeneration cycles, demonstrating its suitability as a sustainable and effective solution for dye removal in wastewater treatment. It can be concluded that Mn²⁺/Al³⁺ oxide-modified Mukondeni black clay soil (smectite) can remove both MO and CV dye from aqueous solution.
Open Access
A Criminological Inquiry into Bad Policing and Student Violent Protest: Insight from the University of Venda
(2024-09-06) Nemurangoni, Gundo Chadley; Olofinbiyi, Sogo Angel
Understanding student violent protests poses a significant challenge. Central to this concern is the perplexing question: "Why do students persist in resorting to violence during protests, risking arrest, injury, or even death?" Despite advancements in comprehending the evolutionary and proximate mechanisms underlying protests, there remains a notable scarcity of insight into the factors precipitating violence during such actions. One often-overlooked factor is ‘bad policing’ during protest events, which can serve as a catalyst for violence. The right to protest is a dynamic avenue for individuals to voice their concerns on pressing issues and ensure that decision-makers heed their grievances. Section 17 of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) enshrines the legal right of all individuals to engage in peaceful and unarmed protests, encompassing non-violent demonstrations that may not be regarded as highly disruptive. The research examined the relationship between poor policing practices and student violent protests at the University of Venda. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, data collection involved administering 200 questionnaires to UNIVEN students through a simple random sampling. Complementarily, SAPS POP officers from the Thohoyandou precinct were purposively selected for participation. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted across four police stations, each comprising five members, including Thohoyandou, Mutale, Levubu, and Vuwani police stations, totaling 20 police officers for the qualitative aspect of the study. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 24 (SPSS), while qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis. The study fosters a balanced and just environment between police officers and protesters, thereby promoting a more stable, peaceful, and orderly university community. Key findings indicate significant relationships between police response attitudes and student violent protests, as well as between bad policing practices and such protests. Moreover, student attitudes toward police intervention during protests, the impact of student violent protests on the university's operational plans, and students' academic progress were also explored with more effective recommendations for improvement.
Open Access
A Critical Analysis of the Enforcement of Human Rights in Addressing Workplace Discrimination Against the LGBTQIA+ Community in South Africa
(2024-09-06) Mashamba, Takalani; Mokoena, U. C. A.; Ndou, M.
Section 9(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa indicates that everyone is equal before the law and no one should be discriminated against on the grounds of gender, sex, race, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, disability, age, religion, conscience, belief, culture, or language. Members of the LGBTQIA+ community are discriminated against in their homes, within their communities, and in their workplaces. This happens despite South Africa having progressive laws that support the LGBTQIA+ community compared to other countries around the world. In order to answer the research questions, this study adopted the doctrinal research methodology for its effectiveness in critiquing, assessing, and developing law. The aim of the study was to examine the extent to which the LGBTQIA+ community is protected against discrimination based on their sexual orientation at their workplaces. The objectives of the study were to explore discrimination within the work environment, workplace policies, and all other legislation protecting the LGBTQIA+ community; to explore the nature and determine forms of discrimination and other human rights violations against the LGBTQIA+ community in the workplace; and to analyse LGBTQIA+ anti-discrimination provisions and court judgements from other jurisdictions. The South African constitution and labour-related acts are there to ensure that the LBGTQIA+ community is protected from workplace discrimination. The Employment Equity Act, Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, Labour Relations Act, and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act are available to prevent discrimination. However, LGBTQIA+ people still experience discrimination in the workplace. When employees encounter discrimination because of their sexual orientation, they must first talk to their supervisor, and when no assistance has been provided, the employee must make use of the courts. The outreach awareness campaign for LGBTQIA+ rights in the workplace is also recommended. Equal pay for equal work done should apply to the LGBTQIA+ community in the workplace. Name-calling and harassment should be treated with severe punishment among co-workers who inflict discrimination against the LGBTQIA+ community.
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A critical reflection on the state of social contract in the 21st century South Africa
(2025-05-16) Hakamela, Tsundzuka Methews; Dzimiri, P.; Tshifhumulo, R.
This study examined the state of social contract in South Africa. It explored the state of the social contract during the apartheid era to map out the changes and continuities in the social contract. The study employed desk-top research methodology, which involved the exploration of existing sources of information. The study found that the apartheid regime was fueled by a racial contract, which caused the division of members of society and the allocation of resources amongst them. The racial contract during the apartheid era favored the minority white people while suppressing the majority black people. The study revealed that there exists a concerning social contract, to an extent that no political party represents the majority. In 2024 a coalition government comprising of six political parties was formed to govern the country with no single political party dominating the government. This is a significant change in the social contract since 1994.
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A digital transformation framework for improved institutional efficacy in the Department of Home Affairs
(2026-05-19) Mudzusi, Takalani Nancy; Munzhedzi, P. H.; Mahole, E.
The study focuses on the effects of digital transformation on the institutional efficacy of the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) in South Africa, Vhembe District with a purpose of developing a digital transformation framework to improve institutional efficacy. Digital transformation is recognised globally as a key driver of public sector reform, reshaping government operations and service delivery. The Department of Home Affairs, responsible for critical services such as identity management and immigration, has increasingly adopted digital technologies to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and transparency. South Africa’s broader government strategy and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have further highlighted the need for integrated digital initiatives and institutional changes to support sustainable transformation. With the rapid advancement of technology, digital transformation has become integral to how institutions operate, affecting efficiency, productivity and public service delivery. Despite the benefits of automation and improved processes, challenges related to technological readiness, workforce skills and coordination remain significant. The study seeks to understand how these technological changes influence the Department’s ability to function effectively and deliver services efficiently. Utilising a pragmatism paradigm, the study adopts a descriptive research design and employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Quantitative data is gathered through questionnaires targeting administrators of the Department of Home Affairs in the Vhembe District as well as the community members as users of service. Qualitative data is obtained through interviews with Managers and Supervisors of the Department of Home Affairs in the Vhembe District. Adopting non-probability sampling, the study employs convenience and purposive sampling methods to select participants. Data is analysed using statistical and qualitative analysis. Quantitative data is analysed using statistical tools facilitated by International Business Machinery (IBM): Statistical Product and Services Solution (SPSS) version 29.0 to generate outputs such as frequencies and percentages, which were further presented using Microsoft Excel through tables, graphs and charts to enhance visual interpretation of the findings and qualitative data analysed using descriptive qualitative content analysis with a narrative presentation approach to systematically interpret participants’ response. The findings of the study reveal that the Department of Home Affairs has adopted digital transformation through the introduction of digital systems and platforms, marking a shift from traditional paper-based processes, although some services remain only partially digitalised. Digital transformation improves institutional efficacy by enhancing administrative efficiency, accuracy, coordination and decision-making within the Department, while also improving public access to services, reducing waiting times and improving the speed and quality of service delivery. Initiatives such as the “War on Queues” demonstrate the Department’s efforts to implement digital transformation for improved client service. However, system downtime, poor network connectivity, outdated infrastructure, limited digital skills, inadequate training and low levels of public awareness, particularly in rural areas, continue to hinder the effective utilisation of digital systems. The study further finds that insufficient technical support and resources affect the reliability and efficiency of digital systems, highlighting the need for continuous updates and maintenance, improved infrastructure and capacity development. The study concludes that while digital transformation has contributed to improvements in institutional efficacy, its full potential has not yet been realised. The study therefore recommends the Digital Transformation Institutional Efficacy Framework (DTIEF), which emphasises organisational readiness, effective leadership and governance and the integration of digital technologies into institutional processes. Furthermore, the study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure, enhancing training and capacity building, increasing public awareness, improving technical support and fostering partnerships with technology providers, universities and other stakeholders to support sustainable and inclusive digital transformation.
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A framework addressing barriers to utilization of Elimination of Mother- to -Child Transmission of HIV services among pregnant women and lactating mothers in Gauteng Province
(2025-09-05) Nyamande, Ndivhuho; Tshitangano, T. G.; Tshivhase, S. E.
Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (EMTCT) is a global health priority, ensuring that no child is born with HIV. Poor utilization of EMTCT services leads to burdensome consequences such as vertical transmission of HIV and an increase in maternal and neonatal mortality rates. Despite the progress made to reduce new HIV infections in children, barriers to the utilization of the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission service remain the bottleneck that affects the program’s effectiveness. Pregnant and lactating women face many challenges that can contribute to loss of follow-up during their prenatal and postnatal care. This study developed a framework to enhance the utilization of the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV services among pregnant women and lactating mothers in Gauteng province. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was used, where exploratory-descriptive qualitative approaches were concurrently run with the quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional descriptive design. A convenience sampling method was used to select these women based on accessibility and availability, ensuring the study's comprehensive coverage. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess 681 pregnant and breastfeeding women. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics using STATA 15.0. Validity and reliability issues were considered in the study to ensure the consistency of the work. For the qualitative approach, a convenience and purposive sampling method was used to select eligible pregnant and lactating women. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data until data saturation occurred after interviewing 25 participants. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Trustworthiness was ensured through Credibility, Confirmability, Transferability, and Dependability for the quantitative approach. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. The findings were conceptualized using the health belief model. The results were interpreted and integrated. The combined qualitative and quantitative data gave a deeper understanding of the barriers to EMTCT utilization and perceived strategies to enhance its utilization. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis were employed to guide the development of the framework using the BOEM model. Validation of the developed framework was done through stakeholder consultations and the Delphi technique. Experts and stakeholders participated in the process of validating and confirming the effectiveness of the developed framework to enhance the utilization of EMTCT services in Gauteng province. The framework can improve the utilization of EMTCT services among pregnant and lactating women with continued efforts to enhance the accessibility and utilization of EMTCT services, promoting the health and well-being of both mothers and their children. It is believed that the implementation of the developed framework will benefit all women of childbearing age throughout Gauteng province.
Open Access
A framework fo the application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in improving the service quality of tertiary institutions in South Africa
(2024-09-06) Patala, Najiyabanu Noormohmed; Kadyamatimba, A.; Munyoka, W.
With the capability of re-shaping the global economy, 4IR necessitates countries to keep up with technological innovations that require most sectors within a country to be restructured drastically. Tertiary institutions are therefore required to transform the delivery of higher education services to the next generation with a seamless combination of skills and knowledge set. Thus, quality measures must be redefined in the context of 4IR. However, very few studies have attempted to define and measure quality from a 4IR perspective and lack frameworks addressing 4IR-based quality improvement solutions. This study investigated how 4IR can be applied within the context of tertiary institutions for improving service quality following a positivist paradigm. A quantitative research design was adopted to obtain an understanding of the 4IR stances and quantitative data was collected through questionnaires to gain an idea of the student and staff members' perceptions of 4IR service quality. The participants were sampled from the University of Venda’s population of students and staff. A quantitative method for data analysis was employed through statistical analysis using SPSS software. The findings of the study identified challenges that inhibits and benefits that could promote a 4IR-based quality of service environment. The study found that 4IR-based quality planning plays a significant role in quality of teaching and learning management. 4IR technologies were perceived to be useful as respondents had some form of awareness. Factors such as 4IR-based institutional responsiveness, empathy and assurance were significantly shown to measure service improvement. Based on the findings, a framework for implementing a 4IR service quality improvement in the teaching, learning, and research context was developed and validated. This study contributed to addressing how best tertiary institutions can implement 4IR by assessing their readiness levels. The Framework will assist tertiary institutions in gathering knowledge of the policies, strategies, and governance mechanisms required for supporting 4IR initiatives while providing guidance to understand quality 4.0 issues. It is recommended that tertiary institutions redesign their technological pedagogies to keep up with the demands of current educations needs and quality standards.
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A framework for bridging the digital divide on e-government adoption in rural areas of the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province
(2026-05-19) Rapelo, Mokaba; Munyoka, W.; Netshirando, V.
This study developed a framework to bridge the digital divide and improve service delivery in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, where poor digital access creates barriers to essential public services and worsens existing inequalities in rural communities. Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and Digital Divide Framework as theoretical foundations, the study examined the main factors preventing digital inclusion and effective service delivery, including poor infrastructure, low digital skills, economic challenges, and cultural factors. A quantitative approach was used, collecting data through structured questionnaires from 384 participants, including residents, service users, and other stakeholders, and the data were analyzed using correlation analysis, regression modelling, and structural equation modelling. The findings showed that poor digital infrastructure, high internet costs, and limited digital skills were the main barriers preventing people from using digital services, with rural residents being the most affected. Statistical analysis confirmed that access to infrastructure (β = 0.44, p < 0.001) and digital skills (β = 0.38, p < 0.001) strongly predicted service delivery quality, together explaining 43% of the differences in service quality, while people's confidence in using digital devices (β = 0.707) and how easy services were to use (β = 0.662) were the strongest factors influencing whether people would adopt digital services, and both education level and geographic location were strongly linked to digital access and skills.
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A framework for faciltating implementation of biogas technology in rural areas of South Africa
(2026-05-19) Rasimphi, Thilivhali Eugene; Tinarwo, David; Nyamukondiwa, Pertina
Access to reliable and clean energy remains a challenge in rural South Africa, where many households continue to depend on firewood and other traditional fuels. Although biogas technology has been introduced in several communities, its uptake remains limited. This has direct implications for rural development because unsuccessful energy initiatives weaken community trust, limit sustainability, and discourage future investment in local technologies. This study examined the factors that influence biogas adoption in rural Limpopo and developed a framework to guide successful implementation in line with rural development priorities. It explored barriers and opportunities, assessed household and stakeholder perceptions, and identified strategies for integrating biogas into rural economic and social systems. A qualitative research design was used, guided by grounded theory and the Systems Thinking Framework. Data was purposively collected from households, schools, and key stakeholders through observations and semi-structured interviews. Thematic content analysis, supported by NVivo and Atlas.ti 12.0, helped identify recurring patterns, systemic constraints, and feedback loops that shape adoption. Findings showed that socio-cultural beliefs, such as taboos around waste handling, along with low awareness of biogas benefits, limited uptake. Technical challenges, including poor maintenance skills and limited access to trained personnel, further restricted adaptability. Financial barriers, such as high upfront costs and constrained access to credit, also affected household investment decisions. Enabling factors included community participation in decision-making, cost-sharing, and municipal involvement in planning and policy alignment. The study found that successful biogas implementation requires participatory approaches that align with core rural development principles. The proposed framework highlights capacity building, community-based financing, and stronger links with agricultural activities to support productive use. By integrating social, economic, and environmental dimensions, the framework contributes to improved livelihoods, clean energy access, and greater resilience in rural communities. The study advances knowledge by applying systems thinking to renewable energy adoption and offers practical guidance for policymakers, funders, and practitioners. It also supports the Integrated Rural Development Sector Strategy (DALRRD, 2023) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by promoting sustainable livelihoods, poverty reduction, and social inclusion in rural South Africa.
Open Access
A framework for integrating adaptive assistive technologies in inclusive education: A case study of the Disability Unit of the University of Venda
(2024-09-06) Macheque, Vhutshilo; Kadyamatimba, A.; Ochara, N. M.
Integrating Assistive Technologies in inclusive education can enable the academic engagement of students living with disabilities and be transformative from a psychological perspective. However, the success of this endeavour in disadvantaged rural South African universities remains a surmountable challenge due to factors militating against this noble idea. The aim of the study was to conceptualise a framework for integrating assistive technologies in inclusive education at a South African rural university where many students are living with disabilities. The study employed Technology-Task Fit, a variance theory, and DeLone Maclean Information Systems Theory, a process theory as a theoretical underpinning. This study adopts a pragmatism perspective and used an explanatory sequential mixed method design in which quantitative data was collected using an online questionnaire from a convenience sample of seventy-one participants, and the qualitative data was collected from a purposive sample of five participants using face-to-face interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) Version 29, and results were presented as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and chi-square test. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using Atlas ti23. The study found that several factors influenced the integration of assistive devices, but the lack of a proper framework, policies, or guidelines was the most influential. Five requirements for developing the framework were moderating factors, procurement strategies, training strategies, funding strategies, and ATs integration strategies. There was a strong and significant positive association between the requirements at p < 0.010 and other demographic characteristics and factors mitigating the integration of assistive devices in inclusive education. From the study, a Framework for Integrating Assistive Technology in Inclusive Education (IAATIE) was developed based on the requirements and best practices documented in journal literature. IAATIE was validated as relevance and acceptance using content (requirements), relevance, and acceptance by most of the reviewers and validators. The academic contribution of the study was the framework for Integrating Assistive Technologies in inclusive education at the university, which encouraged coordinated efforts from various key players, including students who have been previously ignored. The study recommends the implementation of a IAATIE framework for inclusive education.
Embargo
A Human Rights Framework Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Policies and Laws in South Africa and Nigeria
(2026-05-19) Ramabaga, Thuso
Climate change continues to exacerbate human rights vulnerabilities worldwide, including in Africa, with South Africa and Nigeria, despite having minimal historical emissions, experiencing intensifying floods, droughts, heatwaves, and environmental degradation that threaten rights to life, health, water, food, housing, and equality. Although both states have adopted climate adaptation policies and legislation, it remains unclear whether these instruments genuinely integrate the human rights principles and standards necessary to confront these escalating risks. This study engages with international human rights instruments to develop a human rights framework for climate adaptation, grounded in universality, equality, participation, accountability, and the substantive protection of rights affected by climate change. Using a doctrinal and comparative approach, the study demonstrates through its analysis that existing adaptation policies and legislation on adaptation provide only superficial and fragmented recognition of human rights, lacking the normative clarity and operational depth required to safeguard vulnerable populations. Consequently, rights protection is weakened, climate-induced threats are magnified, and the absence of explicit human rights anchoring generates heightened risks of state inaction and maladaptation. The study argues that climate adaptation, with a focus on human rights, must be pursued to achieve adaptation objectives. As shown, several constitutional values, including the Justiciability of socio-economic rights, may provide a coherent framework for implementing rights-based climate adaptation. In particular, while there are mutual lessons to be learnt, South Africa's well-grounded constitutional framework, anchored in justiciable socio-economic rights, environmental protection, and access to justice, offers an instructive model for Nigeria in strengthening its adaptation governance.
Open Access
A learning domain-based training approach for smallholder irrigated maize farming in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe
(2025-05-16) Binala, Livinia; Francis, J.; Mupetesi, T.
The study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of training approaches for smallholder irrigated maize farmers in Zimbabwe, particularly their crucial role in national food security and rural livelihoods. Despite irrigation's potential to boost productivity of maize, many farmers encountered challenges in adopting improved practices partly due to inadequate training methods. Thus, the study sought to evaluate current training frameworks and propose a comprehensive model integrating Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains to enhance knowledge acquisition and practical skills among farmers. The objectives of the study were 1) to identify the key learning domains for effective use of irrigation technologies in smallholder maize farming in Mashonaland Central Province 2) to propose a training approach that is tailored to the identified learning domains and the specific needs and constraints of smallholder farmers in Mashonaland Central; 3) to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed training approach on the productivity and income of smallholder maize farmers in Mashonaland Central Province; and 4) to assess the effectiveness of the developed training approach in improving the knowledge and skills of smallholder farmers in the use of irrigation technologies for maize farming. Three irrigation schemes that focused on maize production and located in two natural regions, that is, II and IV within Mashonaland Central Province were purposively selected. Proximity to the Harare, the capital city or extent of the scheme’s rurality was considered. The census method of data collection was applied. All the 472 farmers involved in irrigation in the three schemes were earmarked for the questionnaire-based survey. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combined quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with farmers and agricultural extension officers across the three irrigation schemes. Key findings indicated that Farmer Field Schools (FFS) significantly outperformed traditional Master Farmer Training (MFT) in promoting effective learning and adoption of sustainable practices (P < 0.05). The study underscored the importance of participatory training methods, which resonate more effectively with farmers' needs and educational backgrounds. Using the results of the study, a framework that includes the following as the key components was proposed: a) Incorporation of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning domains b) Prioritization of hands-on training with visual aids c) Promotion of sustainable farming practices d) Strengthening of farmer-extension linkages e) Investment in teaching materials and monitoring mechanisms This study advocated for a paradigm shift in agricultural training methodologies. Adopting the recommended framework would enable policymakers and practitioners to significantly enhance the productivity and livelihoods of smallholder maize farmers, thereby contributing to improved food security. Furthermore, the study highlighted the need for deploying participatory and practical training, addressing key skills gaps, in addition to developing robust farmer-extension relationships to achieve these goals. Integration of Bloom's learning domains into farmer training curricula is a strategic roadmap for designing more effective and impactful training of smallholder irrigated maize farmers.
Open Access
A metagenomic snapshot of selected wastewater treatment plants in Vhembe Region, Limpopo, South Africa: Investigating the resistome
(2024-09-06) Jacobs, Damien; Potgieter, N.; Traore, A. N.
Background: Water is crucial for human life. Rural communities often rely on natural water sources which may become polluted by wastewater due to various activities such as domestic use and agriculture. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be transferred from wastewater to the environment and pose a global challenge they affect both human and animal-related sectors. Studying antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants within Vhembe offers a representation of antibiotic resistance genes from entire communities. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance circulating in Vhembe has been sparsely studied. Metagenomics approaches allow for a broad overview of the resistome and the bacterial communities within environmental samples. Aim: To perform wastewater surveillance of antibiotic resistance genes and associated bacteria within Vhembe, Limpopo, South Africa, using a metagenomics approach. Method: A total of 32 sample duplicates were collected from the influents (n=18) and the effluents (n = 14) from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) around the Vhembe region, Limpopo, South Africa. One hundred milliliter was filtered using sterile cotton gauze and Wattman filter paper to remove debris and membrane filtered through 0.22um membrane filters to capture the bacteria within each sample. DNA was extracted directly from the 0.22 μm filters using a DNA miniprep kit. DNA was quantified using a spectrophotometer. Shotgun 18 metagenomic sequencing was performed on DNA extracts. Open-source bioinformatics pipelines were used to process and analyze raw sequence data, uncovering information of the bacterial community composition and associated ARGs in wastewater. Results: Site observations reveal animal and human activities within and near the sites. ARG analysis revealed an overall number 0f 220 ARGs detected across the WWTPs. Thirty-six genes were common to influent samples and 16 in within effluent samples, encoding predominantly against macrolides, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, beta-lactamases, and aminoglycosides. Some unique ARGS were detected at sites near South African borders. Bacterial Diversity showed the predominance of some genera, such as Arcobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Pathogens were predominantly enteric and pulmonary, with some being linked to animals in past studies. A notable increase in some members of Mycobactericeae, among other bacteria, was noted in effluents.