Optimisation of Operating Conditions and Field Assessment of Copper Nitrate Impregnated Ceramic Water Filters as Point-Of-Use Water Treatment Device

Abstract

Consumption of contaminated water is increasingly becoming a leading problem in developing nations and posing greater threat to human health. Consequently, treating water at the household level is highly recommended for the protection of public health. This research investigates microbial water quality challenges in Tswinga village, focusing on the impact on residents' health, daily life, and socio-economic activities. The primary research question explores the effectiveness of ceramic water filters, particularly those impregnated with copper nitrate, in mitigating waterborne diseases and improving water quality in the region. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining fieldwork, photovoice methodology, socio-demographic surveys, and laboratory analyses. Fieldwork involves participant interviews, digital photography, and thematic analysis to understand the community's water-related challenges. Socio-demographic surveys gather information on household characteristics, water sources, and daily experiences. Water samples from various sources, in the field, undergo physicochemical and microbial analyses. Ceramic water filters with varying concentrations of copper nitrate were optimised in the laboratory to assess their efficacy in reducing Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliform. The results from the field and laboratory were compared to evaluate the filters' real-world performance. Key findings revealed significant water quality challenges, such as safety concerns, sanitation issues, and diseases attributable to contaminated water. Photovoice methodology highlighted the community's priorities, emphasising the need for sustainable access to clean water. Physicochemical analysis demonstrated that raw water from Tswinga falls within acceptable standards, but microbial analysis revealed the presence of E. coli and total coliform. After optimisation, ceramic filters impregnated with 1 g concentration of ionic copper demonstrated promise in reducing E. coli and total coliform bacteria. The weekly results indicated an average reduction of 0.64 log for E. coli and 0.16 log for total coliform, showcasing the effectiveness of the filters, attributed to the antibacterial properties of ionic copper. However, challenges arise in translating laboratory success to real-world usage, raising questions about user compliance and proper maintenance. The study sheds light on the complex water quality challenges faced by Tswinga village. While the physicochemical parameters meet standards, microbial contamination poses a severe health risk. Ceramic water filters, particularly those with 1 g of copper nitrate, showed potential in laboratory studies, but their effectiveness in real-world situations depends on addressing user behaviour and maintenance issues.