Theses and Dissertations

Permanent URI for this collection

https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/handle/11602/2179

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 43

Embargo
Determinants of digital marketing adoption among SME's in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality: a structural equation modeling approach
(2025-09-05) Chiliya, William; Munyoka, W.; Nkondo, L. G.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are continuously gaining recognition as a vital tool for the socio-economic development of South Africa and most countries, throughout the world. SMEs play a pivotal role in job creation and wealth distribution in previously disadvantaged communities, however, several studies conducted in South Africa have shown that SMEs experience high failure rates. It is estimated that South Africa has the highest failure rate of SMEs, however, they can significantly moderate their high failure rate by leveraging digital marketing strategies. Digital marketing is promoting products and services through digital channels, such as social media, share of experience (SOE), email, and mobile apps using the internet. Digital marketing adoption is an essential tool to curb the high failure rate of SMEs, however, several studies that have been conducted in South Africa show that there is a low level of adoption of digital marketing. This study sought to identify the key determinants for digital marketing adoption among SMEs in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa and to develop a conceptual framework to guide its adoption by SMEs in South Africa and other developing nations with similar socio-economic conditions. A positivistic paradigm was adopted to conduct the empirical component of the study and following the requirements of the positivistic paradigm, a quantitative research design was employed to conduct the study. SME owners or managers operating in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality were selected using the multi-stage stratified random sampling technique. The research employed a survey method through a self-administered questionnaire to gather data from research participants; the questionnaire was developed using literature from previous studies. The descriptive statistics data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 30. From the results, the researcher developed and tested a conceptual model using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, using the AMOS software package (version 26). Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed to test the hypotheses variables under study, to confirm a causal relationship and make inferences between observed and latent variables. The results obtained in this study reveal a concerningly low level of digital marketing adoption among the SME owners and managers who participated in this study. In addition - perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, firm size, behavioral control, top management support, perceived cost, and perceived availability of financial resources - were identified as the most significant factors influencing behavioral intention to use digital marketing. Compatibility and competitive pressure, however, were found to be insignificant factors influencing the behavioral intention to use digital marketing and the actual adoption of digital marketing. The findings of this study, it is anticipated, will contribute immensely towards the effective adoption of digital marketing by SMEs, using current digital marketing tools and providing guidelines to potential digital-marketing adopters as they develop their growth and sustainability strategies.
Embargo
The role of entrepreneurship education on student entrepreneurship development at the University of Venda
(2025-09-05) Mashimbye, Zanele; Nkondo, L. G.; Mampheu, V.
Entrepreneurship is recognised as a tool to reduce unemployment, poverty, and other socio-economic challenges facing South Africa. To respond to these challenges, higher education institutions in South Africa have implemented entrepreneurship courses, training programmes and competitions to promote student entrepreneurship development. Entrepreneurship education encourages individuals to start their businesses upon graduation, rather than seeking and relying on employment. However, research on the role of entrepreneurship education is limited. Hence, this study aims to investigate the role of entrepreneurship education on student entrepreneurial development, at the University of Venda. This study utilised qualitative research design to achieve the following objectives: to identify the factors of entrepreneurship education that contribute to student entrepreneurship development; to identify the challenges of entrepreneurship education that hinders student entrepreneurship development and to develop strategies to enhance entrepreneurship development to better support student entrepreneurship development. The targeted population comprised University of Venda student-entrepreneurs who participate in entrepreneurship education programmes, and those who are registered for entrepreneurship courses. A convenience sampling technique was used to select 10 students and data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face and telephone interviews according to the research objectives. The collected data was analysed thematically using Atlas.ti version 8.4. The analysed data answered the research questions in-line with - the factors of entrepreneurship education that contribute to student start-ups; the challenges of EE that hinder student entrepreneurship development, as well as strategies to improve entrepreneurship education. The results revealed that some of the benefits of entrepreneurship education are - students gained entrepreneurial skills, mindset, and access to resources through entrepreneurship programs, however, challenges arose due to the course focusing more on theory than practical learning. The recommendations made include the suggestion that the University of Venda should collaborate with private companies and government to create internship opportunities for entrepreneurship students to gain hands-on experience. This study is among the first to have managed to identify the beneficial factors of entrepreneurship education; the challenges, and the strategies to enhance entrepreneurship education. This study was conducted at the University of Venda which means the results may not be generalised in other universities. The researcher, however, further recommends that similar studies can be conducted in other universities to find out any similarities or differences in the conclusions, thereby enlarging the literature on the topic.
Embargo
An exploration of the factors that contribute to hybrid entrepreneurship sustainability: A case of City of Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng in South Africa
(2025-09-05) Makhuba, Appriciate Thikhedzo; Nkondo, L. G.; Zindiye, S.
The concept of hybrid entrepreneurship was previously classified as either professional labour or self-employment to an extent that it was regarded as an act of “double-dipping”. On contrary it now stands at a forefront as a mechanism that generate supplementary income. However, the phenomenon of hybrid entrepreneurship has not been fully studied, as the most common studied aspects relates to the benefits of hybrid entrepreneurship, and its transitory decision notion. Thus, it has left a knowledge gaps pertaining to challenges of hybrid entrepreneurship and sustainability strategies. Therefore, in this context, the present study has investigated the factors contributing to the establishment of hybrid entrepreneurship, challenges of hybrid entrepreneurship and sustenance strategies thereof. To conduct the study in appropriate to meaningful conclusion the researcher has adopted the methodological assumption, guided by interpretivism paradigm, which led to the adoption of a qualitative research approach. This has enabled the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of human behavior, and experience shared by hybrid entrepreneurs. As a result, this study was piloted with two participants before commencing with the main data collection process which entail 16 more participants. The pilot study was done to expose the researcher to the data collection process and to improve the questioning and probing skills of the researcher. Furthermore, thematic analysis process was adopted to deduce the meaning behind the participants’ words and experiences, with the use of ATLAS.ti. software to analyse data, code and develop themes. The findings showed that individuals are compelled to venture into hybrid entrepreneurship out of financial necessity, passion, gaps in employment and career enhancement opportunities (promotions). Also, it was found that the professional industries play a vital role in empowering hybrid entrepreneurs through equipping them with the knowledge and skills; also, family support and motivation, and community and social issues are also influential towards the establishment of hybrid entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the results have also shown, that hybrid entrepreneurs face difficulties with the management of time, overwork and fatigue, financial constraints, client mistrust and reliability issues - which hampers market and business operations. Therefore, in order for hybrid entrepreneurs to overcome these at some point they had to use their salaries to finance side- businesses; they normalise executing business tasks after working hours or in their free time. Also, they transfer the knowledge and skills across both spheres. They further eliminate untrusted clients and maintain a robust clientele that is profitable to the business, which helps to maintain the clientele, and sustain their businesses. This study is amongst the first to provide sustainable strategies towards guiding hybrid entrepreneurs to ensure survival. The study has further contributed to a reliable and comprehensive knowledge of this phenomenon through investigating challenges of hybrid entrepreneurship and the factors contributing to its establishment. Thus, it has enabled the identification of new factors, in addition to the established ones like financial supplement and passion. The recommended strategies for survival have opened a knowledge gap for future researchers, on the impact of hybrid entrepreneurship on economic growth, because when a business is sustained and generates income, it is likely to have an impact on economic growth. The study suffered from time constraints as it was supposed to be completed within a specific period but was delayed.
Embargo
An exploration of Small, Medium Enterprises (SMEs) owners’ preparedness towards the risk of natural disasters within the Limpopo Province: a case of Vhembe District Municipality
(2025-09-05) Masenya, Mapitsi Paulinah; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are considered as the engine of growth for every country’s economy. These enterprises are estimated to be the major employer within the South African economy and contributes approximately 40 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. SMEs are perceived as the main drivers of poverty reduction, employment, economic growth, and wealth generation, hence are vital for a marketplace to be profitable and competitive. Regardless of the significance of SMEs on the country’s economic growth, literature has mainly ignored investigating the preparedness of SMEs owners towards the risk of natural disasters. Several available studies concentrated mainly on the challenges that SMEs come across in their businesses because of natural disasters thus threatening these enterprises’ business continuity and performance. Hence, it is an opportunity for this study to address the gap based on the above literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the SMEs owners’ preparedness towards the risks of natural disasters within Thulamela and Makhado Local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Furthermore, a qualitative research approach was employed with a sample of 10 participants; purposive sampling was used to select the sample who share similar characteristics, experiences, and sentiments. Semi-structured interview guides were used to conduct face-to-face interviews to gather data. After collecting data, the transcription of data was done using Microsoft word, then the transcribed data was analysed using thematic analysis through ATLAS.ti version 8 software. The findings of this study have shown that there is plethora strategies implemented to prepare to overcome risks of natural disasters in Thulamela and Makhado Local Municipality, therefore strategies revealed were investment in insurance, emergency financial funds, employee training and use of digital tools. The current study was limited solely to SMEs operating within two Local Municipality, namely Thulamela and Makhado Local Municipality and dependent only on the views and experiences of participants. The researcher recommended that SMEs should establish disaster awareness workshops and training to instil knowledge to other SMEs and large enterprises from other Municipalities or districts. It is advisable that a similar study be conducted in other districts using quantitative or mixed research approaches to gain a holistic understanding about the differences or similarities that may exist.
Open Access
Determining entrepreneurial challenges among women entrepreneurs selling fruits in the Vhembe District
(2024-09-06) Nenzhelele, Mulweli; Chiliya, N.
While women entrepreneurs in South Africa are making progress in overcoming gender biases and establishing their enterprises, they still encounter several structural and social challenges, many of which have been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. While past and current research has identified numerous challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, very few studies have focused exclusively on the specific challenges faced by rural women entrepreneurs or attempted to identify how these challenges affect women entrepreneurs. It is within this context that this study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs selling fruits in Vhembe District. This study was guided by the phenomenological research design and within the qualitative approach dictates. The convenience sampling technique was utilised to select the participants. The study interviewed 15 women entrepreneurs using face-to-face interviews guided by the structured interview guide. The collected data was transcribed using Microsoft Word and analysed using thematic analysis aided by ATLAS. ti. The findings will enrich the body of knowledge of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs.
Open Access
Perceptions of cannabis entrepreneurs on South Africa’s cannabis masterplan: a case study of Limpopo Province
(2024-09-06) Maumela, Mulalo Rejoyce; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
This study delves into the emerging discourse surrounding the decriminalisation and commercialisation of cannabis, particularly within the context of South Africa's Cannabis Master Plan. With global shifts toward legalisation for both medicinal and recreational purposes, understanding the perceptions and challenges faced by cannabis entrepreneurs becomes paramount. In the Limpopo Province, like many other regions of South Africa, one of its strategic plans is to promote entrepreneurship and small-scale businesses, thus there is a need to interrogate the cannabis masterplan of the country. The main objective of the study was, therefore, to explore the perceptions of cannabis entrepreneurs on South Africa’s cannabis Master Plan. In this study a qualitative research method was used, and participants were selected using non-probability snowball sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview guide through face-to-face interviews. An audio recorder and a notebook were used to capture the responses of the participants and data was collected from 16 cannabis entrepreneurs in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The adequate number of the sample size was guided by the point of saturation. The collected data was transcribed using Microsoft Word version 26 and analysed using ATLAS.ti.23 and the results found were used to make conclusions and recommendations of the study. The research findings highlight challenges faced by cannabis entrepreneurs, particularly, compliance with the country’s laws and regulatory bodies. For instance, to obtain a cannabis operating license, one is expected to pay a minimum of R25 000 and build a cannabis facility with high security and a sensory detector which is estimated could be over a million rand. The participants emphasised the need for unrestricted cannabis commercialisation, citing its benefits, such as income generation, economic growth and employment creation amongst others; also, entrepreneurs face issues with society not being informed about cannabis’ potential benefits. One of the recommendations made from this study is that policymakers and industry stakeholders should foster a sustainable, inclusive cannabis industry through full implementation of the Cannabis Master plan.
Open Access
The sustainability of Home-Based Businesses (HBBs) operating in Vhembe District Municipality
(2024-09-06) Madzivhandila, Vhonani; Chiliya, N.; Ramavhona, N. G.
Despite all the advantages of Home-Based Businesses (HBBs) and the acknowledgement that small businesses have the potential to address some of South Africa's socioeconomic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and inequality, the country's small businesses, particularly those in rural areas, continue to face several challenges that frequently result in their premature failures. Due to their small size, HBBs have not gotten much to no interest from scholars studying sustainability, despite representing an increasingly significant form of entrepreneurial activity. Most empirical studies have concentrated on the HBBs operating in urban than rural areas and most studies about HBBs have been done in Europe, America, India, and Australia with little reference in African context. Therefore, the study attempts to fill a gap on the literature of sustainability of HBBs in rural areas especially within South African context particularly in Vhembe District Municipality. The study's specific objectives were firstly to study the characteristics of HBBs, secondly to assess the sustainability of HBBs, thirdly to develop a model of sustainability of HBBs operating in rural area, and lastly to recommend strategies that could be applied to enhance sustainability of HBBs. This study used a mixed approach to address these objectives. A sample of 398 respondents consisting of HBBs’ owners who have been operating HBBs for 2 years and above and 10 participants consisting of local community leaders and local municipal officials was chosen using a non-probability sampling method. An explanatory method with a combination of closed and open questions was employed to gather primary data. Interviews and questionnaires were utilized as data collection techniques. Collected qualitative data was analysed utilizing a thematic analysis aided by ATLAS.ti. Furthermore, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used to assist in the analysis of quantitative data using descriptive statistics. The research findings added to the frame of knowledge pertaining sustainability of HBBs operating in rural setting. The findings for the study are as follows: • This study found that the characteristics are convenience service or product provision, formal existence, family members labour dependent and informal operations. This study revealed that HBBs provide convenience in accessing products and services to the communities in which they are situated. This convenience access saves the community members or customers time and money which they could have exhausted travelling to centres where there are larger retailers. Additionally, HBBs are also characterized by formal existence with illegal operation of business in their owners’ residential place. • This study found that the assessment of HBBs is based on plethora indicators that are employment creation, social responsibility involvement, community support and local economic development contributors. This study found that HBBs play a pivotal part in employment creation for HBBs owners and the community at large. This employment generation capacity of these business models provides the basis for indicating that they are sustainable. In addition, HBBs are also involved in social responsibility through donations and assisting in community projects. This means that the capacity of these entities to donate and assist with community projects shows that they are indeed sustainable business ventures. • To recommend strategies that could be applied to improve sustainability of HBBs, this study found that the strategies that can be adopted are workshops, information sharing, innovative approach orientation and business forum establishment. Thus, study found that workshops that are focused on providing business management skills to the HBBs are crucial towards ensuring that those running these enterprises have the requisite skills to ensure that they are sustainable. Another strategy of enhancing the sustainability of HBBs is information sharing which implies that the sharing of opportunities to HBBs and government departments is crucial towards the sustainability of HBBs. • The study was also able to construct a model of sustainability of HBBs operating in Makhado and Thulamela Municipality under Vhembe District. The study found that the sustainability of HBBs is dependent on the four factors namely: value creation, value proposition, legal compliance, and management experience. In addition, the model has also provided specific elements that influence each of the sustainability factors; value creation in sustainability of HBBs is influenced by the affordability of products or services offered by HBBs, customers that buy from HBBs, service delivery provided by HBBs and reliable suppliers that HBBs entrepreneurs source their products from. Consequently, value proposition in sustainability of HBBs is influenced by transparency between the customers and HBBs, creation of competitive advantage to gain more customers, product research to ensure that customers’ needs are satisfied and knowing target market of the business. Legal compliance also plays a crucial role in the sustainability of HBBs as businesses must comply with bylaws that govern certain activities of businesses especially HBBs in this case. Legal compliance is influenced by the registration of HBBs with relevant stakeholders, complying with environmental laws since they operate at owner’s residential instead of commercial place which poses many challenges to the residential and surrounding areas, health, and safety regulations to ensure safety of the family members and community members at large, financial regulations, and compliance with latest laws that apply to the type of business. Lastly, the sustainability of HBBs is dependent on management experience of the owners which is influenced by previous relevant management experience, management skills, and continuous training that HBBs’ owners receive to enhance their managerial skills. This model can act as a guide towards the sustainability of the HBBs.
Open Access
The role of entrepreneurial leadership on the business performance in small medium and micro enterprises in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
(2024-09-06) Muenda, Mutshidza Kingsley; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
In recent years, Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa's Vhembe District have been pivotal in driving economic growth, fostering job creation, and sparking innovation within the region. Despite their significant contributions to the local economy, these enterprises face formidable challenges that impede their performance and sustainability, including limited access to financial and human resources, fierce competition from more giant corporations, and the unpredictability of market conditions. The study's main objective was to explore how various entrepreneurial leadership styles affect small, medium, and micro enterprises in the Vhembe district regarding overall business performance. To address this knowledge gap, the study utilised the interpretive paradigm and employed a qualitative research method with an exploratory design. In addition, the study employed in-depth interviews to examine the role of entrepreneurial leadership within the socio-economic and cultural context of the Vhembe District. Theoretical frameworks, such as transformational, authentic, and servant leadership, are examined for their relevance to the South African business landscape. The study scrutinised various dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership, including strategic decision-making, innovation orientation, employee motivation, and risk management. The study selected 16 participants through purposive sampling to ensure diverse perspectives and experiences were represented. Data collection was conducted through interviews, and data presentation and analysis were done using Atlas.ti 23. The study limited the evaluation of SMMEs' performance to specific metrics and non-financial indicators, including innovation and employee satisfaction. This approach allowed for a focused examination of how different leadership styles influenced aspects of performance. The study focused on a specific geographical area and was centred around that area, which may have impacted the relationship between leadership styles and SMMEs' performance since the qualitative study used ATLAS.ti to identify patterns and themes emerging from participants' responses. The study’s findings highlighted the positive influence of leadership styles such as transformational and collaborative leadership on financial outcomes, innovation, creativity, and customer satisfaction. However, SMMEs faced significant challenges in implementing these leadership styles, including internal resistance, external constraints, and resource limitations. Entrepreneurs emphasised the importance of leadership development programs, employee empowerment, flexibility, and strategic decision-making to foster an adaptive organisational culture. These findings provide actionable insights for enhancing entrepreneurial leadership within SMMEs in the region. Some findings aligned with the literature, while others diverged, thus enhancing detailed perspectives on the role of entrepreneurial leadership in SMMEs. The discussion revealed how these leadership traits influence diverse aspects of SMMEs' performance in Vhembe, highlighting the intricate interplay between entrepreneurial leadership and SMME outcomes. The alignment of findings with existing literature strengthens and validates the theoretical foundations established in previous research. Specifically, the study provides empirical evidence that substantiates the claims and assertions made by scholars in the field. By corroborating and extending upon established theories, the findings comprehensively understand how entrepreneurial leadership styles impact various facets of Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in the Vhembe district. This validation contributes to the credibility of existing theories and expands the knowledge base by introducing context-specific insights and highlighting the intricate dynamics at play in the unique socio-economic environment of the Vhembe district. Therefore, the study fortifies and adds depth to the existing theoretical framework, contributing to advancing knowledge in this critical domain. The study illuminated distinctive aspects of entrepreneurial leadership within the Vhembe district, unravelling context-specific nuances that distinguished it from broader contexts. These unique aspects provided actionable insights tailored for SMME owners, managers, policymakers, and other regional stakeholders. By pinpointing the specific characteristics and intricacies of entrepreneurial leadership relevant to the local socio-economic environment, the study offered targeted guidance for decision-makers to formulate strategies and policies aligned with the distinctive features of the Vhembe district. This approach ensured that recommendations and interventions were finely tuned to address the challenges and opportunities inherent to the local business landscape, fostering more effective and contextually relevant outcomes. These insights can inform targeted strategies and policies to support and nurture entrepreneurship within the SMME sector. Areas for further studies include exploring broader geographical contexts, assessing financial metrics, and investigating the scalability of entrepreneurial leadership in varied business landscapes. This study contributes to economic development and job creation by informing best practices for fostering entrepreneurial leadership in SMMEs. Recommendations include tailored leadership development programs, promotion of employee empowerment, flexibility in leadership approaches, and enhancing leadership awareness. This study calls for future research to explore broader contexts and assess financial metrics while contributing to the global discourse on fostering entrepreneurial leadership in SMMEs.
Open Access
Influence of digital marketing on the growth of Small and Medium enterprises: A Case of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa.
(2024-09-06) Muleya, Charlyn Vorster Stubbs; Ochara, Nixon Muganda; Zindiye, Stanislous
Digital marketing refers to marketing conducted on digital channels such as email, social media, websites, and mobile applications. It has become an important strategy for businesses to connect with consumers and expand their markets. The goal of this study was to explore the influence of digital marketing on the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. The study employed a qualitative research design utilizing interviews and the theory of consumer engagement to explore relationships between SMEs and customers online. Digital marketing channels including email, social media, search engine optimization and online advertising were examined in relation to SME growth measured by sales and market share. Fourteen participants from seven SMEs were interviewed, including CEOs, marketing managers and mid-level employees. Data was analysed using qualitative content analysis software. Initial familiarization identified key themes which were coded and analyzed to produce the findings. Trustworthiness was ensured through measures like triangulation, member checks and an audit trail. Ethical protocols of informed consent, anonymity and approvals were followed. The study's findings provide insight for SMEs, policymakers, and scholars. Digital marketing was found to improve brand awareness, customer engagement and sales leads. Tools like social media, blogs, and influencer marketing enhanced connectivity while search engine optimization boosted organic traffic. However, fast-changing digital trends, limited skills and resources posed challenges for some SMEs. Therefore, digital marketing positively influences SME growth in Tshwane by boosting exposure and interactions at lower costs than traditional methods. However, ongoing skills development and flexible strategies are required to capitalize on opportunities while navigating an environment of rapid technological change and scarce resources.
Open Access
The extent of entrepreneurship education in fostering entrepreneurial intentions: the case of selected Technocal and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) College, Limpopo Provonce
(2024-09-06) Tshisevhe, Livhuwani; Chiliya, Norman; Zindiye, S.
Most political leaders place a great premium on encouraging young people to adopt an entrepreneurial mindset because they believe that doing so will help to lower the high rates of youth unemployment. To increase the number of Tertiary students who are interested in starting their own businesses or to lessen the number of young people looking for work, the government has been implementing entrepreneurship education programs to Tertiary Institutions in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to better understand how entrepreneurship education at selected TVET colleges can affect learner’s entrepreneurship intentions. A qualitative research methodology was used for this investigation. Structured interviews were conducted with 8 participants from selected TVET College, . The interviews were coded for easy analysis and analysed using ATLAS, ti. Results of this study indicated that entrepreneurship education can favourably influence TVET students’ aspiration to become entrepreneurs. This study showed that to develop students’ entrepreneurial zeal and form entrepreneurial Competency the entrepreneurship curriculum in selected TVET College needs to be improved
Open Access
A support framework of enhancing business performance of ruaral SMME's in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2024-09-06) Razwiedani, Khathutshelo Collins; Chiliya, Norman; Nkondo, Livhuwani G.
South Africa's aspiration for inclusive growth and development acknowledges the pivotal role of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) given the country's pervasive unemployment and poverty rates, particularly in rural regions. Since the inception of democracy in 1994 with the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to the present National Development Plan: Vision 2030, the focal point of South Africa's developmental endeavours has been the alleviation of poverty and inequality. This study aimed to devise a support framework to enhance the performance of SMMEs in the rural expanse of Limpopo Province, South Africa, while also fostering entrepreneurship expansion. Its primary objectives encompassed identifying the determinants affecting rural SMME performance, crafting a conceptual framework to bolster it, utilizing empirical research outcomes to formulate recommendations, and drawing conclusions to augment SMMEs' performance in Limpopo. Additionally, the study proffered actionable insights for stakeholders, including policymakers and entrepreneurs, to ensure the sustained viability of SMMEs in rural South Africa. Employing a quantitative research design aligned with the educational positivist paradigm, the study collected data from 377 entrepreneurs through questionnaires. A Convenience Sampling method was employed. Validity and reliability were ensured through exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha coefficients determination. Pearson's correlation coefficient tests were employed to discern relationships among independent variables. The resultant path model addressed prevalent challenges confronting rural small businesses, proposing a roadmap for enhancing their operational performance.
Open Access
Agricultural technology's effect on entrepreneurship: a case study of the Mopani District Municipality in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2023-10-05) Mangena, Mokgadi Lucy; Nkondo, L. G.; Nemushungwa, A.
Traditionally, agriculture was considered a low-tech industry with limited technical dynamics. As modernisation engulfed human kind, changes to the agricultural sector occurred, spearheaded by economic liberalisation. Economic liberalisation helped to reduce the sector’s protection. These changes brought new entrepreneurial players into the sector, in addition to innovation and portfolio entrepreneurship. Despite these positive changes, the agricultural sector faces entrepreneurship challenges. A lot of these situational challenges are widely publicised in literature but not much has been written about agricultural entrepreneurship. This study, therefore, brings a new dimension to the entrepreneurship field of research. That is, the need for a study about the agricultural technology’s effects on entrepreneurship is long overdue. Against this backdrop, this study investigated the agricultural technology’s effects on entrepreneurship in the Mopani District Municipality. The study adopted a qualitative approach with a sample of ten participants using purposive sampling. Interpretive paradigm was used to underpin the study. Data was collected through interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that agricultural technology provides unparalleled benefits to farmers despite negative consequences associated with its use. The study recommends that farmers should familiarise themselves with the new agricultural technology’s effects on their trade before embracing it. Policy makers are encouraged to formulate appropriate policies that would help to develop the farmers’ knowledge and skills about agricultural technology.
Open Access
The of banks on SMME's development in Vhembe District Municipality
(2023-10-05) Ramudingane, Khamusi; Netshilinganedza, T. R.; Nkondo, L. G.
In the aftermath of the worldwide financial crisis that happened in 2008, there has been an increased interest in the role of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in economic growth and fighting unemployment. In a country with a high unemployment rate, such as South Africa, the role played by SMMEs cannot be undermined in creating jobs opportunity. However, the lack of financing from banks have somewhat hindered SMMEs in playing that role in the communities. This study was therefore undertaken to explore the role that banks play in the development of SMMEs in Vhembe District Municipality. The aim of this study was to determine the role that banks play in the development of SMMEs in the Vhembe District Municipality area. The study adopted a qualitative research method and drew in participants, which included officials from managers, or owners of small businesses derived from stratified sampling which was used to determine various characteristics of the study population. The study was based on the data collected from SMMEs around Vhembe District Municipality in Limpopo province. The research adopted an interview guide using semi-structured interviews to allow discretion on the number and order of predefined questions posed to the participants. By using semi-structured interviews, it allowed the possibility of exploring topics in a depth and breadth that may be harder to achieve with fully structured interviews. The collected data were analysed using ATLAS.ti software which offers a variety of tools for accomplishing the tasks associated with any systematic approach to unstructured data. The challenges identified in this study were collateral security, lack of financial assistance education, credit access regulations, qualifying criteria, stringent credit system as well as stringent documentation requirements. The study also found that for SMMEs to develop and maintain sustainability, there should be a well-established partnership, relation building and business development programmes between banks and SMMEs. Based on the findings of this study, small business owners should make every effort to gather information on credit or funding they require from banks and they must also be involved in credit policy formulation, which will lead to informed policy. It was concluded that the development of SMMEs can be realized if the banks can do away with their stringent credit application system.
Open Access
A structural analysis of Black Tax impact on business performance among small medium micro enterprises in Limpopo Province
(2023-10-05) Mikioni, Anyway; Nkondo, L. G.; Nkuna, N.
Black tax has been widely debated across different media and societal platforms and this has led to it being viewed as a burden that is crippling the aspirations of the 21st century generation. Africans are collectivist people who are grounded on the premise of caring for and assisting other members who are in need either at a family or societal perspective. However, in the 21st century that moral obligation is slowly losing its essence due to the increased level of literacy where individuals prefer to live in a vacuum and give a blind eye to the reality of the needs of others. This resulted in the emergence of a term black tax which addresses the support that individuals extend either to their immediate or extended families. Some studies have focused on its effect on employed individuals and in-inclusive of entrepreneurship. Hence there is a need to test the relationship if any that exists between black tax and entrepreneurship. It is against this background that this study seeks to investigate the effect of black tax on entrepreneurship within the South African context. The study was grounded on the Society Piety theory and Kinscripts framework that posit that individuals are morally obligated to their parents and should be aligned with the societal ideologies, values and norms. This study was conducted using mixed methods and guided by the pragmatism paradigm and ethnography research design. On the qualitative side, the data was collected from 15 entrepreneurs using face to face and online interviews guided by a structured interview guide. The entrepreneurs were purposively sampled. The collected data was transcribed utilizing Microsoft Word and analysed using thematic framework analysis aided by ATLAS. ti. On the quantitative side the descriptive research design guided the study with data collected from 150 entrepreneurs who were purposively sampled. The Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data was coded using Microsoft Excel and analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics aided by SPSS. The findings showed that black tax can be defined using the components that are uncodified law, perpetual obligation, background dependent, culture and values embedded, monetary assistance, non-monetary assistance, giving back, pay back and family entitlement. The perceptions of black were found to be act of altruism, family/siblings’ upliftment source, piety towards parents/guardians, futuristic support investment, positivity instilling source, entrepreneurship development stimulus, proper connotation, negative connotation, incessant exploitation, and family entitlement for support. The black tax impact on business performance manifest as boost business image, strong network development, financial constraints, profit reduction, inventory depletion, stifled business growth, stimulate borrowing and business closure/failure. The findings also showed that black tax experiences are cuts across all ethnic groups, heterogeneous experience across races, more effect amongst blacks, homogeneous experiences across genders and more effect amongst men. The black tax model was also developed that is imperative towards business sustainability. This study recommends that there must be a black tax target set by entrepreneurs towards evaluating and monitoring constantly the black tax payment to establish a shift from constructive to destructive black tax or vice versa. The study also recommends a paradigm shift on how entrepreneurs are viewed thus as community problem solvers and risk takers rather than as ATMs. The study also recommends that black tax be considered for tax incentives purposes. The study also recommends that an all inclusive term such as family tax or responsibility tax be considered in place of black tax.
Open Access
The impact of corporate entrepreneurship and human resources management practices on organisational performances: the mediating role of employee engagement
(2023-10-05) Vinyu, Charles; Chiliya, N.; Ngirande, H.
Corporate entrepreneurship positively impacts organisational growth and profitability by offering a competitive edge over innovation-driven technology advancements and a tumultuous global marketplace. As developing countries become more involved in international competition, the significance of human resources as a source of high organisational performance has become apparent. Combining corporate entrepreneurship activities and human resource management practices is vital for enhancing organisational performance. There has been increasing research on corporate entrepreneurship, however, research is scarceonthe influence of corporate entrepreneurship, human resources management, and employee engagement on the organisational performance of telecommunication organisations, particularly, in Zimbabwe. This study's purpose was to investigate the impact of corporate entrepreneurship and human resources management practices on organisational performance through the mediating role of employee engagement. This research followed a positivist research paradigm. Four hundred (400) employees in the telecommunication industry were selected using a stratified sampling method and an online questionnaire was utilised to gather data. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed to analyse data using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 27.0. The hypotheses were tested using multi-regression analysis. The results indicated asignificant relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and human resources management practices on organisational performance. In addition, the results showed that corporate entrepreneurship and human resources management practices, positively impacted employee engagement. Employee engagement emerged to have a positive impact on organisational performance. Employee engagement mediates the relationships between corporate entrepreneurship and organisational performance. Additionally, employee engagement mediates the relationships between human resources management practices and organisational performance. Theresearch broadens the knowledge base in corporate entrepreneurship, human resources management practices, employee engagement, and telecommunication's organisational performance. Policymakers and human resources practitioners, thus, may use this study as a reference point for adopting corporate entrepreneurship policies and human resources management practices strategies aimed at enhancing organisational performance in this unpredictable business environment. Lastly, a conceptual model was developed to link corporate entrepreneurship, human resources management practices, employee engagement, and organisational performance in the telecommunication sector of Zimbabwe.
Open Access
The influence of supply chain management systems on agricultural businesses in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province
(2023-10-05) Lavhelani, Phathutshedzo David; Nkondo, L. G.; Thakhathi, D. R.
Documented studies show that supply chain management systems (SCMS) that are in place in the province of Limpopo, focused more on agricultural business. Against this background, this study seeks to explore the influence of SCMS on agricultural businesses in the Vhembe District of Limpopo. The aim of this study is to identify existing SCMS used by agricultural businesses in Vhembe District, identify factors affecting agricultural businesses in Vhembe District, and establish policies supporting agricultural businesses, as well as examine frameworks used to monitor and evaluate agricultural profit. Supply chain management systems optimise the flow of goods, services, and information across the entire supply chain. By automating processes, streamlining operations, and reducing manual errors, these systems enhance overall efficiency. However, supply chain systems have a direct impact on customer satisfaction. Timely and accurate delivery, product availability, and responsive customer service are all influenced by the effectiveness of the supply chain. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the impact and potential benefits of supply chain management systems specifically tailored for agricultural businesses in Vhembe District. The study takes a qualitative research approach, coupled with an ex-ploratory research design. The research study makes use of face-to-face, in-depth interviews. An interview guide with open-ended questions was used during the interviews. The study used the interpretivist research paradigm to achieve the study objectives. Primary data was utilised to gather information regarding agricultural business practices in the Vhembe District. The collected data was analysed using ATLAS.ti. The findings of this study showed that proper packaging is also being adopted as a marketing strategy by these businesses, which effectively positions their products in the market and improves their competitive edge. A Vhembe District agri-supply chain systems model and direction for future research was made, while conclusions of the study were drawn. The study contributes towards developing effective SCMS in the agricultural sector, that has accommodated all farmers in the Vhembe District. The researcher used a small but adequate sample to pursue the objectives of the study. The implications of this study are far greater, as they extend to farmers, investors, the municipality, researchers and the public as a whole.
Open Access
An analysis of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and entrepreneurship in South Africa: opportunities and challenges
(2023-05-19) Ngomana, Tshembo; Nkondo, L. G.; Nemushungwa, A. I.
Africa and the rest of the world have witnessed plethora of changes in the way we do things, by the introduction of the fourth industrial revolution. This is not just true for the way people live, for the fourth industrial revolution has also impacted the manner in which businesses operate and perform. Its introduction presented changes, challenges and opportunities on the operations of small businesses; these have not been sufficiently tested in the body of knowledge. It is against this background that this study investigates the changes, challenges and opportunities brought by the 4IR on entrepreneurship with special focus on small businesses. The study was guided by the radical humanists‘ paradigm, the phenomenological design and the qualitative research method. Data was collected from 10 small business owners purposively sampled from Gauteng at the Ekurhuleni Local Municipality and Mpumalanga at Bushbuckridge Local Municipality. A structured interview guide was used to collect data through face-to-face interviews while an audio recorder and a notebook were used to capture the responses of the participants. The collected data was transcribed using Microsoft Word version 26 and analysed thematically. Results indicate the fourth industrial revolution applicable technologies, potential changes, challenges and opportunities facing small businesses and entrepreneurship. The value of this dissertation is that it is among the first studies contributing towards understanding of the changes, challenges and opportunities presented by the 4IR to small businesses and entrepreneurship in South Africa. The scope of the study was restricted to Bushbuckridge Local Municipality and Ekurhuleni Local Municipality; therefore, findings might not be generalisable to other areas in South Africa, to the rest of Africa or other developing countries/emerging economies. There is an opportunity to conduct similar study with other municipalities in other provinces in South Africa to gain different views. The researcher recommended that entrepreneurs should search for more information from relevant and reputable sources in order to avoid misinformation and misunderstandings as well as enrolling on 4IR education and skills programme and policymakers should implement necessary tech-related policies that will work towards providing adequate tech-support to small businesses.
Open Access
Information management capability and operational excellence of selected institutions of higher education in South Africa
(2022-07-15) Maphangwa, Mboniseni Joyce; Ochara, Nixon Muganda; Ngqondi, Thembisa
The advancement of the industrial revolution has had an impact on the way things are done globally. For instance, the unfolding of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) within the current society has resulted in urgent or rapid demands for more effective information management. Both private and public sectors were impacted by the advancement in technology. It is pertinent to note that the need for enhancing information management efforts is particularly urgent for public sector institutions that continue to struggle with operational deficiencies. This is owing to these institutions being still anchored on old bureaucratic models of management. It is within this context that this study focused on assessing information management capability and operational excellence of selected higher education institutions in South Africa from the resource-based view perspective. Concepts that measure the value of managing information and how it influences the operational excellence in higher education institutions were developed. This research was grounded on the Resource Based View. This theory provided the guidance towards comprehensively assessing the nature of relationship between operational excellence and the management of information capability. Adequate insights towards understanding the influence of information management capability and the extent to which it influences operational excellence were analyzed. Information technological capabilities, processes and systems used for managing information capability, benefits and challenges were also explored. The researcher used both primary and secondary data to depict how information capability management contributes to operational excellence of selected higher education institutions. Secondary data assisted the researcher to make primary data more specific and assisted in identifying the gaps, deficiencies and additional aspects required for the success of the study. This study was conducted within the qualitative dictates. The data was collected from 60 heads of departments and academics from four higher education institutions. The participants were selected purposively. The collected data was analyzed through thematic framework analysis using ATLAS. The study found that information management capability can be perceived as availability or access, data integrity, mechanism to identify the business needs and directions to follow, ensuring hardware and software reliability and user-friendly mechanisms adopted to ensure that hardware and software are meeting current business needs and directions. The findings showed that information management capability is critical towards enhancing operational excellence in higher education institutions. The study concludes that information management capability and operational excellence are being realized in institutions of higher learning though there are accompanying challenges. The study recommends that for higher education institutions, the recommendation is that they should ensure that digital information management capabilities are enhanced through the adoption of advanced digital technologies which will ultimately push the boundaries of education and enhance information management capabilities and ultimately operational excellence. Several theoretical and practical recommendations were provided.
Open Access
The effects of civil unrest on tourism businesses in Vhembe Region, South Africa
(2021-02) Hlungwani, Rirhandzu Eunice; Tshipala, N. N.; Nyikana, S.
The study investigated the effects of civil unrest on tourism business in Vuwani area in the Vhembe region. A quantitative research approach was used in the study. The descriptive research design was adopted in conducting this research. The study population comprised of tourism stakeholders such as tourists, local residents, tour guides, tour operators and hotel managers. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents for the study. Questionnaires were administered to collect quantitative data. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The study established that civil unrest negatively affects the local area by causing environmental degradation, political instability and negative economic activities that have a knock-on effect on the tourism business. The study recommends that the local municipality support effective service delivery, active participation of local residents in the tourism business and organise workshops to facilitate collaboration among various stakeholders to create a conducive climate for tourism development.
Open Access
An assessment of the factors driving consumer's propensity to purchase online
(2021-03) Mujera, Tinashe; Kadyamatimba, A.; Zindiye, S.
Despite the tremendous global development within the electronic-commerce (e-commerce) industry, marketers in emerging economies are still lagging in understanding the dynamic consumers’ online purchasing behaviour. Furthermore, the literature reporting on consumers’ online purchasing practices in an African set up remains largely inconsistent and fragmented as most previous studies are based on consumers in first world countries. To address this problem, by specifically targeting the South African market, the main aim of the study was to establish key factors driving consumers’ propensity to purchase online in order to device a model that guides online marketing strategy and future research. Guided by the quantitative research approach and a descriptive single cross-sectional design, data was collected from a sample of 350 participants drawn from Sandon City, located in the Gauteng Province using a self-administered questionnaire. With the aid of SPSS Version 26, the collected data were analysed through descriptive and multivariate statistical tests. Consumer innovativeness, perceived benefits, online shopping experience and perceived risk were found to be the major factors driving consumers’ propensity to purchase online. These factors were however found to vary according to demographic characteristics, particularly pertaining to consumers’ education and income level. Ultimately, the study findings led to the formulation of a model that can be recommended to marketers in guiding online shopping within the South African retail sector and regionally.