Theses and Dissertations

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Economic activation office as an entrepreneurship advancement in institution of learning: insights from the University of Venda
(2026-05-19) Ralivhesa, Rendani Justice; Mikioni, A.; Chiliya, N.
This research explored the role of the economic activation office in promoting entrepreneurship among the stakeholders at the University of Venda. This study addressed a crucial gap between theoretical education and the practical skills needed to launch a successful business. Although entrepreneurship education has grown significantly, most graduates continue to confront hurdles when establishing their businesses. These issues were typically caused by a lack of practical expertise and support, particularly among underrepresented groups. The study sought to identify the tactics used by economic activation offices (EAOs), evaluate the elements that influence their performance, and recommend frameworks to strengthen entrepreneurial activities at higher education institutions. To meet its objective, this research used a qualitative research approach guided by an exploratory design, which included 14 semi-structured interviews that were conducted with the students and entrepreneurship community of practice, and faculty members at the University of Venda. This technique provides a well-detailed investigation of participants’ experiences and impressions of the office's help. ATLAS.ti software was used to analyse the data collected for this qualitative study, which allows for the discovery of the major patterns and themes. The economic activation offices offer invaluable resources and mentorship. There is a growing demand for additional help to meet the needs of students. The study emphasises the necessity of combining practical entrepreneurial skills training with a scholarly approach, highlighting the potential of the economic activation office to drive local development and innovation. Policy and practice implementation help to strengthen entrepreneurship education at higher education institutions, fostering a complete and successful entrepreneurial environment.MS
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A Systematic Literature Review of the National Health Insurance (NHI) funding models: Insights fot the Financial Sustainability of the South African NHI
(2026-05-19) Nemathaga, Pfano Kundani
As South Africa moves towards implementing National Health Insurance (NHI), concerns remain about how to fund the system in a way that is both sustainable and equitable. This study aims to review existing literature on NHI funding models across different countries to identify insights that can support the financial sustainability of South Africa’s NHI. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on low- and middle-income countries with socioeconomic conditions similar to those of South Africa, and following the PRISMA protocol to ensure a structured and transparent selection of studies. Relevant literature was organised and analysed using the Atlas—ti software, enabling thematic coding and the synthesis of key findings. The findings highlighted a range of funding models adopted by low- and middle-income countries and the challenges of implementing NHI. The study provides evidence-based insights to guide policymakers in developing a sustainable and inclusive NHI funding model. Limitations include a focus on literature published between 2015 and 2025, and between 2021-2025 for results analysis, predominantly in English, which may exclude relevant studies from other periods or regions. The government should try to implement a progressive, primary healthcare–focused NHI funding model while strengthening public participation to ensure fairness, sustainability, and trust. Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Theory should guide implementation to reduce resistance through clear communication, training, and phased reform. Future research should employ a qualitative research method to explore stakeholders' perceptions and experiences regarding the feasibility and acceptability of a progressive financing and primary healthcare investment funding model for South Africa's National Health Insurance (NHI).
Open Access
A comparative investigation of the success factors affecting local- and foreign-owned SMMEs in the Thulamela Local Municipality
(2026-05-19) Magodi, Fariso; Chiliya, N.; Ndou, A.
Globally, small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) are considered vital drivers of economic expansion and development, contributing significantly to the economic prosperity of a nation and its inhabitants. In South Africa, they account for approximately ninety five percent of all operating enterprises, roughly sixty percent of the formal labour force and thirty percent of the country's GDP; despite these significant contributions, a greater percentage of small businesses fail in their early stages. SMMEs are thought to have a failure rate that ranges from 70% to 80%, with about 50% of SMMEs failing within the first five years. Both foreign and locally-owned SMMEs face similar challenges, although, foreign-owned businesses encounter unique obstacles, such as xenophobia, racism, and language barriers. Foreign-owned SMMEs, nevertheless, continue to thrive and grow, often outperforming their locally-owned counterparts. The existing literature on the development of SMMEs, primarily focuses on locally-held SMMEs and makes little to no mention of SMMEs owned by foreigners. This study aims to comparatively investigate the success factors affecting locally- and foreign-owned SMMEs in Thulamela Local Municipality.This study adopted an interpretive method and an exploratory research design was employed. Qualitative research method was exploited to select 16 SMMEs within the municipality - 8 foreign-owned and 8 locally-owned. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews guided by a structured interview schedule, while the sample size was determined by data saturation after using a purposive sampling technique to select participants. The data was then analyzed by thematic analysis using Atlas software. This study's results show that the success of local- and foreign-owned SMMEs, in the Thulamela Local Municipality its mainly dependent on human capital factors, such as education and training, business skills and experience; social capital factors, such as kinship network, social network, group network and information sharing; as well as cultural factors, such as owners’ propensity for long working hours and hard work. Both groups demonstrated these characteristics, however, foreign SMMEs owners use these factors more effectively and strategically, hence making them more competitive than local SMMEs owners. Both local- and foreign-owned SMMEs experience challenges from - crime, financial constraints, market and competitive pressure, government rules, regulation and licensing, lack of government support and services. There were, however, distinct extra challenges for foreign SMMEs - xenophobia, stereotyping and discrimination. Winning strategies employed by foreign SMMEs include - bulk buying, competitive pricing strategy, technological adaptation and cross promotion. This study recommends that local SMMEs invest strongly in social networks and human capital, while also following some of the strategies proven successful by foreign SMMEs’ owners to remain competitive.
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The Contribution of Microfinance Institutions to Entrepreneurship Development in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2026-05-19) Mariba, Tshiangwa Knowledge; Chiliya, Norman
This investigation examines microfinance as a mechanism for enabling sustainable enterprise development within South Africa's distinctive socio-economic landscape, with particular attention to the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. The research interrogates how financial intermediaries serving excluded populations influence poverty reduction trajectories and economic advancement pathways. The literature review synthesises diverse scholarly sources to explore microfinance’s conceptual foundations and evolutionary trajectory within South African contexts, with particular emphasis on financial inclusion and entrepreneurship development. Evidence reveals multidimensional benefits extending beyond capital access to encompass entrepreneurial capability development, employment generation, and gender-based economic empowerment. Methodologically, this qualitative inquiry gathered experiential data through twenty semistructured interviews with owners and managers of SMME’s who had engaged with microfinance services. Interview transcripts underwent systematic thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti software, revealing patterns illuminating how microfinance interventions shape both enterprise success and operational challenges faced by small business proprietors. Research findings illuminate microfinance's transformative potential while acknowledging complexities surrounding interest rate structures, repayment frameworks, and regulatory constraints. The analysis underscores requirements for differentiated support mechanisms acknowledging diverse entrepreneurial needs and aspirations characterizing South African business landscapes. This study provides contextually grounded insights into how microfinance is experienced by SMME owners in the Vhembe District, contributing empirical evidence to broader debates on financial inclusion and rural entrepreneurship in South Africa. Generated insights offer preliminary guidance for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers seeking to strengthen microfinance strategies in rural South African contexts, while acknowledging the inherent limitations of a single-site, cross-sectional qualitative design.
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Assessment of participation of the informal sector in micropension schemes in Thulamela Local Minicipality, Vhembe District
(2026-05-19) Mmbadaliga, Nndivhiseni; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
In South Africa, a significant portion of the workforce operates within the informal sector; however, it remains largely excluded from formal retirement savings mechanisms. This study examined the extent to which the informal sector is engaged in the micro-pension initiatives within the Thulamela Local Municipality, situated in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province. The aim of the study was to assess the participation of the informal sector in micro-pension schemes and to identify the key factors influencing uptake. The research adopted an interpretivist paradigm and implemented a qualitative methodology, adhering to an exploratory research framework. The investigation employed a non-probability sampling technique, specifically purposive sampling, to identify participants for comprehensive interviews. Data was gathered through interviews, which were recorded participants’ consent to ensure precise transcription and analysis. The data was analysed manually using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that the participation in micro-pension schemes is extremely low due to limited awareness and understanding. Nevertheless, in contexts where financial literacy and targeted outreach initiatives are implemented, participation rates are anticipated to be significantly higher. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing context-specific insights into micro-pension participation within a rural South African municipality, an area that remains underrepresented in the literature. The study was limited by its small sample size and focused on a single municipality, which restricts the generalisability of the findings. Future research could extend the scope to include other rural and urban municipalities, employing quantitative and mixed methods approaches to enable comparative analyses and enhance the generalisability of findings on micro-pension scheme participation.
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Assessing Financial Sustainability in South African Higher Education: A Comparative Study of Historically Disadvantaged and Advantaged Institutions Through Ratio Analysis
(2026-05-19) Mulaudzi, Thilivhali Calvin
South African public universities are expected to fulfil multiple mandates simultaneously: widening access, supporting national development goals, and maintaining financial stability, even as the economy stagnates and public funding remains constrained. This study examines how universities cope financially under such pressure, with a specific focus on the divide between historically disadvantaged institutions (HDIs) and historically advantaged institutions (HAIs). While much has been written about access, equity, and the politics of higher education funding, less attention has been directed at comparing the financial positions of these two groups using standardised, longitudinal financial data. This study addresses that gap by assessing financial sustainability through ratio analysis over a five-year period (2019–2023), interpreted through the lens of Resource Dependence Theory (RDT). The study adopted a quantitative, longitudinal approach. Audited financial statements for 2019 to 2023 were collected from four public universities (two HDIs and two HAIs), with institutional identities anonymised. From those statements, standard financial ratios covering liquidity, solvency, efficiency, and profitability were calculated. These ratios were then compared across institutional types and over time, with RDT providing a theoretical framework for interpreting the patterns of financial dependence and vulnerability that emerged. Overall, the results point to a consistent difference between the two groups. The HDIs exhibited weaker liquidity, higher leverage, and less ability to generate surpluses that could be used for reinvestment patterns that link closely to ongoing dependence on state subsidies and student financial aid. The HAIs, by contrast, demonstrated stronger balance sheets and more diversified income, although their indicators also declined over the period. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these disparities, particularly where institutions lacked reserves or flexible revenue sources. The study concludes that improving financial sustainability requires action at two levels. Universities need to strengthen financial governance and reduce over-reliance on a narrow set of income sources where possible. However, policy-level reform is also necessary, because historical resource imbalances still shape present-day financial outcomes. Without targeted interventions including revised funding formulas, infrastructure support, and capacity-building for income diversification the financial gap between HDIs and HAIs is likely to persist and potentially widen.
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The role of public policies in supporting hybrid entrepreneurship: The case of Vhembe district, Limpopo province
(2026-05-19) Mulungwa, Mulalo Elvis; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
Entrepreneurship plays a pivotal role in economic growth, innovation, and prosperity within societies by generating more goods, services, and job opportunities. Therefore, it has placed a high emphasis on public policies promoting entrepreneurial activities. Public policies sought to provide interventions that minimise the challenges faced by hybrid entrepreneurs and traditional entrepreneurs. Despite the growing interest in entrepreneurship and the role of public policies in supporting entrepreneurs in South Africa, there is minimal research that specifically focused on hybrid entrepreneurship and the efficacy of public policies and initiatives in supporting hybrid entrepreneurship. There is a segment of hybrid entrepreneurs that continues to experience numerous challenges, and the government needs to play a significant role in assisting them to overcome those challenges. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of public policies and propose strategies to ensure their effectiveness in supporting hybrid entrepreneurship in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Hybrid entrepreneurs face unique challenges related to financing, time allocation, networking, and skill development that can hinder their success. To address the research problem pertaining to the study social perceptions, an interpretive phenomenological research paradigm was adopted. The study employed a qualitative research method with a sample size of sixteen participants. Purposive sampling was used to intentionally select participants who are knowledgeable about the phenomenon and who are most suitable and beneficial for the study. Data collection involved in-depth interviews. ATLAS.ti version8 was used for analysing qualitative data. The key findings highlight that public policies play a vital role in promoting enterprise sustainability and resilience by bridging knowledge gaps, enhancing skills, and providing strategic resources. Technology-driven policies improve management efficiency but face challenges like bureaucratic hurdles and tax laws that limit access to financial support, hindering entrepreneurial growth. Existing policies tend to favour traditional entrepreneurs, leaving hybrid entrepreneurs underserved, especially in funding and incentives and facing regulatory barriers such as licensing restrictions and conflict-of-interest policies that limit full utilization of their skills. Financial constraints and high tax burdens further increase their vulnerabilities. While hybrid entrepreneurship contributes to employment generation, poverty alleviation, and improved quality of life, entrepreneurs encounter issues such as limited capital, time management difficulties, and unequal access to government contracts and funding. Additionally, exclusionary practices and poor dissemination of policy information impede participation. Recommendations emphasize making policies more inclusive, reducing bureaucracy, fostering public-private collaboration, and implementing targeted mentorship and training. Improving awareness through better communication and adapting policies to support flexible work arrangements are crucial for nurturing hybrid entrepreneurs. This study is significant as it represents one of the initial studies aimed at elucidating the effects of public policies, the challenges hybrid entrepreneurs face, and the strategies necessary for the effective promotion of hybrid entrepreneurship within the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. This research was confined to the Vhembe District Municipality, which may limit the applicability of the results to other regions within Limpopo Province, South Africa, or to other parts of Africa and developing or emerging economies. There exists an opportunity for further research in other district municipalities across different provinces in South Africa to obtain a broader perspective. The insights gained from this study can inform future research and provide recommendations regarding the role of public policies in the advancement of hybrid entrepreneurship and related activities in various district municipalities, provinces, and throughout South Africa.
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Exploring the Role of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Shaping the Performance and Long-term Sustainability of SMMEs in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
(2026-05-19) Munyai, Hulisani; Chileya, N.; Ndou, A.
This study explores the role of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) in influencing firm performance and long-term sustainability among Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Corporate entrepreneurship, characterised by innovation, proactiveness, and risktaking, has become essential for firms seeking to remain competitive and resilient within dynamic and resource-constrained environments. Limited empirical evidence, however, exists on how CE manifests itself and contributes to performance and sustainability in rural South African contexts. This research addresses that gap by investigating how CE affects short-term performance, supports long-term sustainability, shaped by organisational, contextual, and institutional factors. Guided by an interpretivist paradigm, the study adopted a qualitative exploratory design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 SMME owners and managers across the agriculture, tourism, and service sectors. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure diverse representation of industries and experiences. Data was analysed thematically, using ATLAS.ti software to identify patterns and relationships among themes. Ethical considerations, such as informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation were strictly upheld throughout the research process. The findings revealed five major themes. First, firms’ short-term performance improved through enhanced innovation, adaptability, customer satisfaction, and employee motivation. Second, entrepreneurial leadership and a supportive organisational culture were found to be critical enablers of CE. Third, long-term sustainability was strengthened by ecoinnovation, diversification, and community engagement, thereby, enabling firms to align profitability with social and environmental goals. Fourth, barriers, such as limited access to finance, inadequate infrastructure, skill shortages, and bureaucratic red tape, constrained the implementation of CE initiatives. Fifth, contextual moderators, including leadership style, financial capacity, institutional support, and government policies, significantly influenced the relationship between CE and performance. Some government initiatives, such as the Small Enterprise Finance iv | P a g e Agency (SEFA) and regional entrepreneurship programmes, provided support, however, their limited reach in rural areas weakened their overall impact. The study concludes that CE serves as a catalyst for both competitive performance and sustainable regional development. Firms that embed entrepreneurial leadership and cultivate innovation-driven cultures are more adaptable and resilient. The study recommends that policymakers strengthen institutional frameworks, improve access to finance, and invest in capacity-building initiatives, tailored to rural enterprises. Theoretically, the findings integrate the Resource-Based View (RBV), Institutional Theory, Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT), to explain how CE can drive innovation and sustainability in developing economies. Ultimately, corporate entrepreneurship emerges not only as a mechanism for firms’ renewal but also as a possible pathway for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, in the Vhembe District and similar rural contexts.
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The Role of Entrepreneurial Education in Rural-Based Universities in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of the University of Venda
(2026-05-19) Ntiwane, Boitumelo Wendy; Ndou, Adam; Chiliya, Norman
This study examined rural-based universities' use of entrepreneurship education to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aimed to determine how entrepreneurial education has equipped students with the abilities and knowledge required to promote innovation, economic growth, and sustainability in rural communities facing socioeconomic constraints. This study employed a qualitative research method, with participants chosen by snowball sampling. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data during face-to-face interviews. An audio recorder and a notebook were used to record the responses of 15 University of Venda students. The point of saturation determined the appropriate number of participants. The obtained data were transcribed in Microsoft Word and analysed with ATLAS.ti, and the findings were utilized to draw conclusions and provide recommendations for the study. The findings revealed both opportunities and challenges. While entrepreneurship education has raised awareness, fostered innovation, and encouraged community engagement, its potential is constrained by infrastructural barriers, funding limitations, weak implementation, and insufficient long-term support. Overall, the findings point to the need for curriculum reform, stronger institutional collaboration, and sustainable mentorship to unlock the full potential of entrepreneurial education The findings will contribute to the discussion of higher education's role in rural development by making practical recommendations to the University of Venda and educators on improving the effectiveness of entrepreneurial programs in achieving long-term goals.
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An exposition of micro-franchising and women’s entrepreneurship development, in Thulamela Local Municipality
(2025-09-05) Maluleke, Tiyisani Shiella; Nkondo, L. G.; Zindiye, S.
Micro-businesses, help, for instance, women to build their social, emotional, and economic capabilities in addition to increasing national productivity and creating jobs. Limited studies, however, have explored the exposition of micro-franchising on women entrepreneurship development in Thulamela Local Municipality, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was conducted to explore the challenges that are faced by women entrepreneurs in micro-franchising and to come up with strategies that can be employed to overcome those challenges. A qualitative research approach was employed, with a sample of 12 women entrepreneurs in Thulamela Local Municipality; convenience sampling technique was adopted to select the participants. Primary data was gathered through in-depth interviews using a structured interview guide. The study findings reveal that the contribution of micro-franchising to women’s entrepreneurship development includes employment creation, income generation, independence, and skills pooling. The study also established that the challenges that are faced by women entrepreneurs in micro franchising are – lack of access to markets; inadequate infrastructure; very stiff competition; unreliable customers; distrust by individuals; gender discrimination; inadequate knowledge; lack of capital; lack of financial literacy; lack of training; low profit, inadequate client base; having to sell on credit; poor time management and unsatisfied customers. Strategies recommended to enhance micro franchising for women entrepreneurship development, included – stakeholders conducting awareness events, campaigns and entrepreneurial workshops, financial literacy training; funding; infrastructure provision; mentorship, non-financial support and network opportunities; skills training and the municipality must create an enabling condition such as providing women entrepreneurs with stalls to sell from. The major limitation is that the study was done in Thulamela Local Municipality, Vhembe district, Limpopo which implies that it might not be possible to generalise the findings and recommendations to other municipalities or provinces.
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Determinants of digital marketing adoption among SME's in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality: a structural equation modeling approach
(2025-09-05) Chiliya, William; Munyoka, W.; Nkondo, L. G.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are continuously gaining recognition as a vital tool for the socio-economic development of South Africa and most countries, throughout the world. SMEs play a pivotal role in job creation and wealth distribution in previously disadvantaged communities, however, several studies conducted in South Africa have shown that SMEs experience high failure rates. It is estimated that South Africa has the highest failure rate of SMEs, however, they can significantly moderate their high failure rate by leveraging digital marketing strategies. Digital marketing is promoting products and services through digital channels, such as social media, share of experience (SOE), email, and mobile apps using the internet. Digital marketing adoption is an essential tool to curb the high failure rate of SMEs, however, several studies that have been conducted in South Africa show that there is a low level of adoption of digital marketing. This study sought to identify the key determinants for digital marketing adoption among SMEs in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa and to develop a conceptual framework to guide its adoption by SMEs in South Africa and other developing nations with similar socio-economic conditions. A positivistic paradigm was adopted to conduct the empirical component of the study and following the requirements of the positivistic paradigm, a quantitative research design was employed to conduct the study. SME owners or managers operating in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality were selected using the multi-stage stratified random sampling technique. The research employed a survey method through a self-administered questionnaire to gather data from research participants; the questionnaire was developed using literature from previous studies. The descriptive statistics data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 30. From the results, the researcher developed and tested a conceptual model using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, using the AMOS software package (version 26). Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed to test the hypotheses variables under study, to confirm a causal relationship and make inferences between observed and latent variables. The results obtained in this study reveal a concerningly low level of digital marketing adoption among the SME owners and managers who participated in this study. In addition - perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, firm size, behavioral control, top management support, perceived cost, and perceived availability of financial resources - were identified as the most significant factors influencing behavioral intention to use digital marketing. Compatibility and competitive pressure, however, were found to be insignificant factors influencing the behavioral intention to use digital marketing and the actual adoption of digital marketing. The findings of this study, it is anticipated, will contribute immensely towards the effective adoption of digital marketing by SMEs, using current digital marketing tools and providing guidelines to potential digital-marketing adopters as they develop their growth and sustainability strategies.
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The role of entrepreneurship education on student entrepreneurship development at the University of Venda
(2025-09-05) Mashimbye, Zanele; Nkondo, L. G.; Mampheu, V.
Entrepreneurship is recognised as a tool to reduce unemployment, poverty, and other socio-economic challenges facing South Africa. To respond to these challenges, higher education institutions in South Africa have implemented entrepreneurship courses, training programmes and competitions to promote student entrepreneurship development. Entrepreneurship education encourages individuals to start their businesses upon graduation, rather than seeking and relying on employment. However, research on the role of entrepreneurship education is limited. Hence, this study aims to investigate the role of entrepreneurship education on student entrepreneurial development, at the University of Venda. This study utilised qualitative research design to achieve the following objectives: to identify the factors of entrepreneurship education that contribute to student entrepreneurship development; to identify the challenges of entrepreneurship education that hinders student entrepreneurship development and to develop strategies to enhance entrepreneurship development to better support student entrepreneurship development. The targeted population comprised University of Venda student-entrepreneurs who participate in entrepreneurship education programmes, and those who are registered for entrepreneurship courses. A convenience sampling technique was used to select 10 students and data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face and telephone interviews according to the research objectives. The collected data was analysed thematically using Atlas.ti version 8.4. The analysed data answered the research questions in-line with - the factors of entrepreneurship education that contribute to student start-ups; the challenges of EE that hinder student entrepreneurship development, as well as strategies to improve entrepreneurship education. The results revealed that some of the benefits of entrepreneurship education are - students gained entrepreneurial skills, mindset, and access to resources through entrepreneurship programs, however, challenges arose due to the course focusing more on theory than practical learning. The recommendations made include the suggestion that the University of Venda should collaborate with private companies and government to create internship opportunities for entrepreneurship students to gain hands-on experience. This study is among the first to have managed to identify the beneficial factors of entrepreneurship education; the challenges, and the strategies to enhance entrepreneurship education. This study was conducted at the University of Venda which means the results may not be generalised in other universities. The researcher, however, further recommends that similar studies can be conducted in other universities to find out any similarities or differences in the conclusions, thereby enlarging the literature on the topic.
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An exploration of the factors that contribute to hybrid entrepreneurship sustainability: A case of City of Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng in South Africa
(2025-09-05) Makhuba, Appriciate Thikhedzo; Nkondo, L. G.; Zindiye, S.
The concept of hybrid entrepreneurship was previously classified as either professional labour or self-employment to an extent that it was regarded as an act of “double-dipping”. On contrary it now stands at a forefront as a mechanism that generate supplementary income. However, the phenomenon of hybrid entrepreneurship has not been fully studied, as the most common studied aspects relates to the benefits of hybrid entrepreneurship, and its transitory decision notion. Thus, it has left a knowledge gaps pertaining to challenges of hybrid entrepreneurship and sustainability strategies. Therefore, in this context, the present study has investigated the factors contributing to the establishment of hybrid entrepreneurship, challenges of hybrid entrepreneurship and sustenance strategies thereof. To conduct the study in appropriate to meaningful conclusion the researcher has adopted the methodological assumption, guided by interpretivism paradigm, which led to the adoption of a qualitative research approach. This has enabled the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of human behavior, and experience shared by hybrid entrepreneurs. As a result, this study was piloted with two participants before commencing with the main data collection process which entail 16 more participants. The pilot study was done to expose the researcher to the data collection process and to improve the questioning and probing skills of the researcher. Furthermore, thematic analysis process was adopted to deduce the meaning behind the participants’ words and experiences, with the use of ATLAS.ti. software to analyse data, code and develop themes. The findings showed that individuals are compelled to venture into hybrid entrepreneurship out of financial necessity, passion, gaps in employment and career enhancement opportunities (promotions). Also, it was found that the professional industries play a vital role in empowering hybrid entrepreneurs through equipping them with the knowledge and skills; also, family support and motivation, and community and social issues are also influential towards the establishment of hybrid entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the results have also shown, that hybrid entrepreneurs face difficulties with the management of time, overwork and fatigue, financial constraints, client mistrust and reliability issues - which hampers market and business operations. Therefore, in order for hybrid entrepreneurs to overcome these at some point they had to use their salaries to finance side- businesses; they normalise executing business tasks after working hours or in their free time. Also, they transfer the knowledge and skills across both spheres. They further eliminate untrusted clients and maintain a robust clientele that is profitable to the business, which helps to maintain the clientele, and sustain their businesses. This study is amongst the first to provide sustainable strategies towards guiding hybrid entrepreneurs to ensure survival. The study has further contributed to a reliable and comprehensive knowledge of this phenomenon through investigating challenges of hybrid entrepreneurship and the factors contributing to its establishment. Thus, it has enabled the identification of new factors, in addition to the established ones like financial supplement and passion. The recommended strategies for survival have opened a knowledge gap for future researchers, on the impact of hybrid entrepreneurship on economic growth, because when a business is sustained and generates income, it is likely to have an impact on economic growth. The study suffered from time constraints as it was supposed to be completed within a specific period but was delayed.
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An exploration of Small, Medium Enterprises (SMEs) owners’ preparedness towards the risk of natural disasters within the Limpopo Province: a case of Vhembe District Municipality
(2025-09-05) Masenya, Mapitsi Paulinah; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are considered as the engine of growth for every country’s economy. These enterprises are estimated to be the major employer within the South African economy and contributes approximately 40 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. SMEs are perceived as the main drivers of poverty reduction, employment, economic growth, and wealth generation, hence are vital for a marketplace to be profitable and competitive. Regardless of the significance of SMEs on the country’s economic growth, literature has mainly ignored investigating the preparedness of SMEs owners towards the risk of natural disasters. Several available studies concentrated mainly on the challenges that SMEs come across in their businesses because of natural disasters thus threatening these enterprises’ business continuity and performance. Hence, it is an opportunity for this study to address the gap based on the above literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the SMEs owners’ preparedness towards the risks of natural disasters within Thulamela and Makhado Local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Furthermore, a qualitative research approach was employed with a sample of 10 participants; purposive sampling was used to select the sample who share similar characteristics, experiences, and sentiments. Semi-structured interview guides were used to conduct face-to-face interviews to gather data. After collecting data, the transcription of data was done using Microsoft word, then the transcribed data was analysed using thematic analysis through ATLAS.ti version 8 software. The findings of this study have shown that there is plethora strategies implemented to prepare to overcome risks of natural disasters in Thulamela and Makhado Local Municipality, therefore strategies revealed were investment in insurance, emergency financial funds, employee training and use of digital tools. The current study was limited solely to SMEs operating within two Local Municipality, namely Thulamela and Makhado Local Municipality and dependent only on the views and experiences of participants. The researcher recommended that SMEs should establish disaster awareness workshops and training to instil knowledge to other SMEs and large enterprises from other Municipalities or districts. It is advisable that a similar study be conducted in other districts using quantitative or mixed research approaches to gain a holistic understanding about the differences or similarities that may exist.
Open Access
Determining entrepreneurial challenges among women entrepreneurs selling fruits in the Vhembe District
(2024-09-06) Nenzhelele, Mulweli; Chiliya, N.
While women entrepreneurs in South Africa are making progress in overcoming gender biases and establishing their enterprises, they still encounter several structural and social challenges, many of which have been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. While past and current research has identified numerous challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, very few studies have focused exclusively on the specific challenges faced by rural women entrepreneurs or attempted to identify how these challenges affect women entrepreneurs. It is within this context that this study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs selling fruits in Vhembe District. This study was guided by the phenomenological research design and within the qualitative approach dictates. The convenience sampling technique was utilised to select the participants. The study interviewed 15 women entrepreneurs using face-to-face interviews guided by the structured interview guide. The collected data was transcribed using Microsoft Word and analysed using thematic analysis aided by ATLAS. ti. The findings will enrich the body of knowledge of the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs.
Open Access
Perceptions of cannabis entrepreneurs on South Africa’s cannabis masterplan: a case study of Limpopo Province
(2024-09-06) Maumela, Mulalo Rejoyce; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
This study delves into the emerging discourse surrounding the decriminalisation and commercialisation of cannabis, particularly within the context of South Africa's Cannabis Master Plan. With global shifts toward legalisation for both medicinal and recreational purposes, understanding the perceptions and challenges faced by cannabis entrepreneurs becomes paramount. In the Limpopo Province, like many other regions of South Africa, one of its strategic plans is to promote entrepreneurship and small-scale businesses, thus there is a need to interrogate the cannabis masterplan of the country. The main objective of the study was, therefore, to explore the perceptions of cannabis entrepreneurs on South Africa’s cannabis Master Plan. In this study a qualitative research method was used, and participants were selected using non-probability snowball sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview guide through face-to-face interviews. An audio recorder and a notebook were used to capture the responses of the participants and data was collected from 16 cannabis entrepreneurs in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The adequate number of the sample size was guided by the point of saturation. The collected data was transcribed using Microsoft Word version 26 and analysed using ATLAS.ti.23 and the results found were used to make conclusions and recommendations of the study. The research findings highlight challenges faced by cannabis entrepreneurs, particularly, compliance with the country’s laws and regulatory bodies. For instance, to obtain a cannabis operating license, one is expected to pay a minimum of R25 000 and build a cannabis facility with high security and a sensory detector which is estimated could be over a million rand. The participants emphasised the need for unrestricted cannabis commercialisation, citing its benefits, such as income generation, economic growth and employment creation amongst others; also, entrepreneurs face issues with society not being informed about cannabis’ potential benefits. One of the recommendations made from this study is that policymakers and industry stakeholders should foster a sustainable, inclusive cannabis industry through full implementation of the Cannabis Master plan.
Open Access
The sustainability of Home-Based Businesses (HBBs) operating in Vhembe District Municipality
(2024-09-06) Madzivhandila, Vhonani; Chiliya, N.; Ramavhona, N. G.
Despite all the advantages of Home-Based Businesses (HBBs) and the acknowledgement that small businesses have the potential to address some of South Africa's socioeconomic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and inequality, the country's small businesses, particularly those in rural areas, continue to face several challenges that frequently result in their premature failures. Due to their small size, HBBs have not gotten much to no interest from scholars studying sustainability, despite representing an increasingly significant form of entrepreneurial activity. Most empirical studies have concentrated on the HBBs operating in urban than rural areas and most studies about HBBs have been done in Europe, America, India, and Australia with little reference in African context. Therefore, the study attempts to fill a gap on the literature of sustainability of HBBs in rural areas especially within South African context particularly in Vhembe District Municipality. The study's specific objectives were firstly to study the characteristics of HBBs, secondly to assess the sustainability of HBBs, thirdly to develop a model of sustainability of HBBs operating in rural area, and lastly to recommend strategies that could be applied to enhance sustainability of HBBs. This study used a mixed approach to address these objectives. A sample of 398 respondents consisting of HBBs’ owners who have been operating HBBs for 2 years and above and 10 participants consisting of local community leaders and local municipal officials was chosen using a non-probability sampling method. An explanatory method with a combination of closed and open questions was employed to gather primary data. Interviews and questionnaires were utilized as data collection techniques. Collected qualitative data was analysed utilizing a thematic analysis aided by ATLAS.ti. Furthermore, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used to assist in the analysis of quantitative data using descriptive statistics. The research findings added to the frame of knowledge pertaining sustainability of HBBs operating in rural setting. The findings for the study are as follows: • This study found that the characteristics are convenience service or product provision, formal existence, family members labour dependent and informal operations. This study revealed that HBBs provide convenience in accessing products and services to the communities in which they are situated. This convenience access saves the community members or customers time and money which they could have exhausted travelling to centres where there are larger retailers. Additionally, HBBs are also characterized by formal existence with illegal operation of business in their owners’ residential place. • This study found that the assessment of HBBs is based on plethora indicators that are employment creation, social responsibility involvement, community support and local economic development contributors. This study found that HBBs play a pivotal part in employment creation for HBBs owners and the community at large. This employment generation capacity of these business models provides the basis for indicating that they are sustainable. In addition, HBBs are also involved in social responsibility through donations and assisting in community projects. This means that the capacity of these entities to donate and assist with community projects shows that they are indeed sustainable business ventures. • To recommend strategies that could be applied to improve sustainability of HBBs, this study found that the strategies that can be adopted are workshops, information sharing, innovative approach orientation and business forum establishment. Thus, study found that workshops that are focused on providing business management skills to the HBBs are crucial towards ensuring that those running these enterprises have the requisite skills to ensure that they are sustainable. Another strategy of enhancing the sustainability of HBBs is information sharing which implies that the sharing of opportunities to HBBs and government departments is crucial towards the sustainability of HBBs. • The study was also able to construct a model of sustainability of HBBs operating in Makhado and Thulamela Municipality under Vhembe District. The study found that the sustainability of HBBs is dependent on the four factors namely: value creation, value proposition, legal compliance, and management experience. In addition, the model has also provided specific elements that influence each of the sustainability factors; value creation in sustainability of HBBs is influenced by the affordability of products or services offered by HBBs, customers that buy from HBBs, service delivery provided by HBBs and reliable suppliers that HBBs entrepreneurs source their products from. Consequently, value proposition in sustainability of HBBs is influenced by transparency between the customers and HBBs, creation of competitive advantage to gain more customers, product research to ensure that customers’ needs are satisfied and knowing target market of the business. Legal compliance also plays a crucial role in the sustainability of HBBs as businesses must comply with bylaws that govern certain activities of businesses especially HBBs in this case. Legal compliance is influenced by the registration of HBBs with relevant stakeholders, complying with environmental laws since they operate at owner’s residential instead of commercial place which poses many challenges to the residential and surrounding areas, health, and safety regulations to ensure safety of the family members and community members at large, financial regulations, and compliance with latest laws that apply to the type of business. Lastly, the sustainability of HBBs is dependent on management experience of the owners which is influenced by previous relevant management experience, management skills, and continuous training that HBBs’ owners receive to enhance their managerial skills. This model can act as a guide towards the sustainability of the HBBs.
Open Access
The role of entrepreneurial leadership on the business performance in small medium and micro enterprises in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
(2024-09-06) Muenda, Mutshidza Kingsley; Nkondo, L. G.; Khohomela, N. T.
In recent years, Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa's Vhembe District have been pivotal in driving economic growth, fostering job creation, and sparking innovation within the region. Despite their significant contributions to the local economy, these enterprises face formidable challenges that impede their performance and sustainability, including limited access to financial and human resources, fierce competition from more giant corporations, and the unpredictability of market conditions. The study's main objective was to explore how various entrepreneurial leadership styles affect small, medium, and micro enterprises in the Vhembe district regarding overall business performance. To address this knowledge gap, the study utilised the interpretive paradigm and employed a qualitative research method with an exploratory design. In addition, the study employed in-depth interviews to examine the role of entrepreneurial leadership within the socio-economic and cultural context of the Vhembe District. Theoretical frameworks, such as transformational, authentic, and servant leadership, are examined for their relevance to the South African business landscape. The study scrutinised various dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership, including strategic decision-making, innovation orientation, employee motivation, and risk management. The study selected 16 participants through purposive sampling to ensure diverse perspectives and experiences were represented. Data collection was conducted through interviews, and data presentation and analysis were done using Atlas.ti 23. The study limited the evaluation of SMMEs' performance to specific metrics and non-financial indicators, including innovation and employee satisfaction. This approach allowed for a focused examination of how different leadership styles influenced aspects of performance. The study focused on a specific geographical area and was centred around that area, which may have impacted the relationship between leadership styles and SMMEs' performance since the qualitative study used ATLAS.ti to identify patterns and themes emerging from participants' responses. The study’s findings highlighted the positive influence of leadership styles such as transformational and collaborative leadership on financial outcomes, innovation, creativity, and customer satisfaction. However, SMMEs faced significant challenges in implementing these leadership styles, including internal resistance, external constraints, and resource limitations. Entrepreneurs emphasised the importance of leadership development programs, employee empowerment, flexibility, and strategic decision-making to foster an adaptive organisational culture. These findings provide actionable insights for enhancing entrepreneurial leadership within SMMEs in the region. Some findings aligned with the literature, while others diverged, thus enhancing detailed perspectives on the role of entrepreneurial leadership in SMMEs. The discussion revealed how these leadership traits influence diverse aspects of SMMEs' performance in Vhembe, highlighting the intricate interplay between entrepreneurial leadership and SMME outcomes. The alignment of findings with existing literature strengthens and validates the theoretical foundations established in previous research. Specifically, the study provides empirical evidence that substantiates the claims and assertions made by scholars in the field. By corroborating and extending upon established theories, the findings comprehensively understand how entrepreneurial leadership styles impact various facets of Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in the Vhembe district. This validation contributes to the credibility of existing theories and expands the knowledge base by introducing context-specific insights and highlighting the intricate dynamics at play in the unique socio-economic environment of the Vhembe district. Therefore, the study fortifies and adds depth to the existing theoretical framework, contributing to advancing knowledge in this critical domain. The study illuminated distinctive aspects of entrepreneurial leadership within the Vhembe district, unravelling context-specific nuances that distinguished it from broader contexts. These unique aspects provided actionable insights tailored for SMME owners, managers, policymakers, and other regional stakeholders. By pinpointing the specific characteristics and intricacies of entrepreneurial leadership relevant to the local socio-economic environment, the study offered targeted guidance for decision-makers to formulate strategies and policies aligned with the distinctive features of the Vhembe district. This approach ensured that recommendations and interventions were finely tuned to address the challenges and opportunities inherent to the local business landscape, fostering more effective and contextually relevant outcomes. These insights can inform targeted strategies and policies to support and nurture entrepreneurship within the SMME sector. Areas for further studies include exploring broader geographical contexts, assessing financial metrics, and investigating the scalability of entrepreneurial leadership in varied business landscapes. This study contributes to economic development and job creation by informing best practices for fostering entrepreneurial leadership in SMMEs. Recommendations include tailored leadership development programs, promotion of employee empowerment, flexibility in leadership approaches, and enhancing leadership awareness. This study calls for future research to explore broader contexts and assess financial metrics while contributing to the global discourse on fostering entrepreneurial leadership in SMMEs.
Open Access
Influence of digital marketing on the growth of Small and Medium enterprises: A Case of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa.
(2024-09-06) Muleya, Charlyn Vorster Stubbs; Ochara, Nixon Muganda; Zindiye, Stanislous
Digital marketing refers to marketing conducted on digital channels such as email, social media, websites, and mobile applications. It has become an important strategy for businesses to connect with consumers and expand their markets. The goal of this study was to explore the influence of digital marketing on the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. The study employed a qualitative research design utilizing interviews and the theory of consumer engagement to explore relationships between SMEs and customers online. Digital marketing channels including email, social media, search engine optimization and online advertising were examined in relation to SME growth measured by sales and market share. Fourteen participants from seven SMEs were interviewed, including CEOs, marketing managers and mid-level employees. Data was analysed using qualitative content analysis software. Initial familiarization identified key themes which were coded and analyzed to produce the findings. Trustworthiness was ensured through measures like triangulation, member checks and an audit trail. Ethical protocols of informed consent, anonymity and approvals were followed. The study's findings provide insight for SMEs, policymakers, and scholars. Digital marketing was found to improve brand awareness, customer engagement and sales leads. Tools like social media, blogs, and influencer marketing enhanced connectivity while search engine optimization boosted organic traffic. However, fast-changing digital trends, limited skills and resources posed challenges for some SMEs. Therefore, digital marketing positively influences SME growth in Tshwane by boosting exposure and interactions at lower costs than traditional methods. However, ongoing skills development and flexible strategies are required to capitalize on opportunities while navigating an environment of rapid technological change and scarce resources.
Open Access
The extent of entrepreneurship education in fostering entrepreneurial intentions: the case of selected Technocal and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) College, Limpopo Provonce
(2024-09-06) Tshisevhe, Livhuwani; Chiliya, Norman; Zindiye, S.
Most political leaders place a great premium on encouraging young people to adopt an entrepreneurial mindset because they believe that doing so will help to lower the high rates of youth unemployment. To increase the number of Tertiary students who are interested in starting their own businesses or to lessen the number of young people looking for work, the government has been implementing entrepreneurship education programs to Tertiary Institutions in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to better understand how entrepreneurship education at selected TVET colleges can affect learner’s entrepreneurship intentions. A qualitative research methodology was used for this investigation. Structured interviews were conducted with 8 participants from selected TVET College, . The interviews were coded for easy analysis and analysed using ATLAS, ti. Results of this study indicated that entrepreneurship education can favourably influence TVET students’ aspiration to become entrepreneurs. This study showed that to develop students’ entrepreneurial zeal and form entrepreneurial Competency the entrepreneurship curriculum in selected TVET College needs to be improved