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Item Embargo Investigating the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in a selected rural village of Vhembe District, Limpopo(2026-05-19) Maredi, Nketla Ignicious; Mukoma, G. G.; Mashau, N. S.Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of global mortality, with modifiable lifestyle factors playing a critical role. Data on the prevalence and clustering of these risk factors in rural South African communities, which often bear a disproportionate burden of disease, remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clustering of key CVD risk factors among adults in Nweli village, Vhembe District, Limpopo. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 120 adults. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires (including the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire) and standardised physical measurements (waist circumference, blood pressure). The dataset was analysed using SPSS version 29, employing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation analyses and regression modelling. Non-normal distributed data are reported as median (Interquartile Range, IQR). Results: The sample was mainly female (78.3%), with a median age of 48.0 years (IQR = 21.0). A high proportion, 61.7%, were physically inactive, with a notable gender disparity: 67.0% of females and 42.3% of males. Central obesity, determined by waist circumference, affected 48.3% of participants and showed a strong association with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). Dietary habits were poor, as 42.5% reported daily intake of fatty foods. Importantly, 71.7% of participants had two or more CVD risk factors simultaneously, with the combination of physical inactivity and central obesity (42.5%) being the most prevalent cluster. Conclusion: A high prevalence and significant clustering of modifiable CVD risk factors exist in this rural community, driven by physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, and central obesity, and exacerbated by gender disparities and socioeconomic constraints. These findings provide an evidence base for the urgent development of integrated, community-based primary prevention strategies tailored to this high-risk population.Item Embargo Factors Contributing to Patient Safety Incidents at a Regional Hospital in Vhembe District”(2026-05-19) Modau, Andani Londanani; Mudau, A.; Raliphaswa, N. S.The safety of patients continues to be a significant challenge in South Africa’s public health sector, particularly within resource-constrained hospitals. This study adopted a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design to investigate factors contributing to patient safety incidents at a regional hospital in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. Data were generated by means of semi-structured interviews with 13 healthcare professionals drawn from key wards, including ICU, theatre, labour, antenatal, and paediatrics. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Health Sciences Higher Degrees Research Ethics Committee. Further approval was obtained from the Limpopo Department of Health, the Vhembe District, and the hospital management. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, confidentiality and anonymity were safeguarded, and voluntary participation with the right to withdraw was emphasised. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility (member checking, peer debriefing, and repeated data review), dependability (audit trails), conformability (detailed methodological notes and participant validation), and transferability (thick description of context and processes). Findings revealed that individual-level challenges such as inadequate training, low motivation, and poor awareness of safety protocols contributed significantly to adverse events. Interpersonal factors including poor communication, weak teamwork, and reluctance to seek help were found to undermine collaborative patient care. Systemic barriers, including chronic staff shortages, inadequate resources, weak infrastructure, and ineffective leadership, further compound the risks. Environmental challenges, including overcrowded wards, unsafe clinics, and weak referral systems, exacerbated safety incidents. Additionally, patient-related factors such as non-compliance, absconding, low health literacy, and socio-economic constraints were identified as contributing risks. The study concludes that patient safety in resource-constrained hospitals is the result of a complex interplay between individual, relational, systemic, and patient-driven factors. Strengthening professional training, fostering a culture of teamwork, addressing infrastructural and leadership gaps, and improving patient education are essential strategies to mitigate risks. These results highlight the pressing necessity for integrated, multi-level measures focused on enhancing patient safety and the quality of care within South Africa’s public healthcare system.Item Embargo Loadshedding-related challenges experienced by nurses regarding the provision of health care services at selected Primary Health Care facilities in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Muhali, Phillip; Mudau, A. G.; Motadi, A. S.Load shedding, a tactic employed by Eskom to regulate electricity consumption, presents substantial obstacles to healthcare provision in South Africa, specifically in Primary health care facilities. The health sector in South Africa is heavily dependent on electricity to power medical equipment. When electricity is suddenly cut off during loadshedding, patients’ lives are at risk, also putting nurses in a difficult position as they are unable to provide health care. This study investigated the challenges of load shedding on nurses employed in Primary health care facilities in Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. The study used qualitative research methodology. In this study, Exploratory, descriptive, and contextual approaches were used. The Participants were chosen to take part in the study using non-probability, convenience sampling, depending on the availability of nurses. The main data collection tool was an interview guide. The collected data was analysed using thematic analysis. The following themes and subthemes emerged from the findings: Equipment malfunction, disruption of medical procedure, psychological impact on nurses, medication storage and integrity, increased mortality rate, and poor network and the strategies to mitigate loadshedding-related challenges, which include supplying backup generators, limiting the opening of fridges, storing more oxygen cylinders, and ensuring that care facilities' lines are not affected by loadshedding. Measures to ensure trustworthiness, which include credibility, conformability, and dependability, were applied. The researcher ensured that research ethics were considered, including informed consent, permission to conduct the study, confidentiality, beneficence, and privacy. The researcher recommends that the Department of Health implement some or all strategies listed by nurses to mitigate the impact of loadshedding. Findings will be presented at a research conference, published in journal articles, and available in the department of health institutions.Item Embargo Investigation of Ubuntu values in the promotion of the health of youth in Vhembe District(2026-05-19) Ndou, Mulamuleli; Mashau, N. S.Vhembe District, situated in the province of Limpopo, South Africa, offers a distinctive setting in which efforts to enhance juvenile health meet with Ubuntu cultural ideals. The district has strong community ties and a diverse range of cultures, but little is known about how Ubuntu ideals might improve the health and well-being of its young people. The effectiveness of traditional health promotion efforts in meeting the holistic needs of young people is limited because they often overlook these cultural aspects. This study aims to close this gap by examining the contribution of Ubuntu ideals to the promotion of health among young people in Muraga village, specifically those aged 15-24. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants for this qualitative study based on their possession of specific traits or experiences that aligned with the study's objectives. With the help of this sampling strategy, a diverse range of young people was included, enabling the recording of various viewpoints and experiences regarding Ubuntu principles and their impact on health promotion. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, and thematic analysis was used. By using measures such as credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability, trustworthiness was ensured. According to the study, young people in the Vhembe District deal with a variety of health problems, such as mental health disorders, HIV/AIDS, and socioeconomic determinants like gender-based violence and poverty. Ubuntu ideals have been found to be effective means of promoting solidarity, community-based care, and youth empowerment in the context of health promotion. However, obstacles including stigma, the decline of traditional values, and the lack of Ubuntu integration in official health care were also emphasised. The study comes to the conclusion that in the Vhembe District, Ubuntu is an essential cultural resource for promoting holistic youth health. To improve health results that are culturally sensitive, sustainable, and driven by the community, it is advised that Ubuntu principles be methodically incorporated into official health systems, youth-focused programs, and community health policies.Item Open Access Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Adolescents Regarding Antenatal Care Booking in a Vhembe District of Limpopo Province(2026-05-18) Nedzingahe, Tsiko Jedidah; Mudau, A. G.; Lebese, R. T.Adolescent pregnancy is a global public health concern that contributed to maternal mortality. However, little research has explored adolescents' understanding and views on antenatal care (ANC). The Vhembe District faces high rates of late ANC booking, which adversely impacts maternal and child health. This study investigated adolescents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ANC booking in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, offering insights for policy planning. The beneficiaries of this research included healthcare practitioners, adolescent mothers, local communities, and policymakers. A quantitative, non-experimental design was employed, using a questionnaire survey. Stratified random sampling was applied to select 89 adolescents aged 15–19 years from Thohoyandou Block G. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square tests and logistic regression. The findings revealed varying levels of knowledge regarding antenatal care (ANC) services among adolescents. More than half of the respondents (approximately 55–60%) demonstrated limited understanding of the importance of early ANC booking and the range of services provided during pregnancy. Only about 40–45% of participants correctly identified the recommended timing for initiating ANC. Attitudes toward ANC were mixed, with around 48–52% of adolescents expressing positive attitudes toward ANC utilisation, while the remainder reported neutral or negative attitudes influenced by stigma, cultural beliefs, fear of disclosure, and mistrust of healthcare providers. In terms of practices, delayed ANC booking was common, with over 60% of respondents reporting booking ANC after the first trimester. Socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, transport difficulties, and limited family support were reported by more than half (≈55%) of the participants as key barriers to timely ANC attendance. Despite these challenges, enabling factors were identified, as approximately 45–50% of respondents indicated that education, family support, and the availability of adolescent-friendly health services could improve ANC utilisation. Overall, the study highlighted the need for targeted health education, adolescent-responsive healthcare services, and policy interventions to reduce barriers to ANC access. Addressing knowledge gaps, cultural stigma, and systemic challenges could strengthen maternal health outcomes and encourage timely ANC booking among adolescents in the Vhembe District.Item Embargo Parenting and pregnant teenagers' experiences of pregnancy on mental health in selected schools, a case of Collins Chabane Municipality.(2026-05-19) Sikhwari, Rinae; Maluleke, M.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Introduction Teenage pregnancy is a global issue, and while many studies are working to lower the high number of young pregnancies, they are not considering the psychological effects of these pregnancies. There should be life before and after birth, even amid changes that are or have already occurred. Teenage pregnancy has a variety of adverse effects on teens' mental health. Pregnancy at this age causes significant physical changes in the body, which can lead to mental health issues, particularly for school-leaner children. Purpose: To explore the pregnant and parenting teenagers lived mental health experiences of pregnancy in selected secondary schools in Collin Chabane Municipality. Objective: To describe mental health challenges experienced by pregnant and parenting teenagers at Collin Chabane Municipality. To describe the proposed strategies to address mental health challenges faced by pregnant and parenting teenagers in Collin Chabane Municipality. Method: The researcher employed Qualitative research, which is exploratory and descriptive for the study, and the population of the study comprised of teenage girls who were pregnant (13-19 years old) and who were parenting their less than one-year-old infants, and live at Collin Chabane Municipality and attend the selected secondary schools. The researcher used a non-probability purposive to select the research participants. The unstructured face-to-face interview, having one central question, was used to collect data, and voice recorders were used to capture interviews. Data was analysed using the thematic analysis method. For this research, the following measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered and ensured: credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability. Ethical consideration was ensured throughout the study. Recommendations were based on the study findings.Item Embargo Psychological Challenges and Benefits of Exercise for Pregnant Youth in Greater Letaba Municipality, Mopani District of Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Ndlovu, Voni; Mulaudzi, T. M.; Mudau, A. G.The study intended to investigate the psychological challenges and benefits of exercise for pregnant youth in Greater Letaba Municipality, Mopani District of Limpopo Province. The study followed a quantitative study, using a descriptive research design. Questionnaires were used to gather data from respondents. The calculated sample size was 36. Data was collected from respondents using systematic sampling. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 29.0.2 was used to collect data. Data was collected in Ga-Kgapane and Duiwelskloof clinics, focusing on those residing in Ga-Kgapane and Duiwelskloof Townships. The study involved 40 pregnant youth who were between the ages of 20-25 and residing in the two areas. The results have shown a total average of 60.07% of respondents who agreed to having depression, stress, anxiety, reduced sleep, reduced mood, low self-esteem, and suicidal thoughts during their pregnancy. A total average of 43% reported being affected by the effects of the psychological challenges, including abuse of drugs and alcohol, feelings of isolation, reduced mood, as well as death. A beneficial relationship between exercise and psychological health was well presented, with a total average of 91.07 % respondents who agreed to have reduced depression, reduced stress, reduced anxiety, improved sleep, enhanced mood after exercise, improved self-esteem, and overcome suicidal thoughts after exercise. An average total of 61.4% of respondents confirmed to enjoy and engage in exercise such as swimming, cycling, yoga, stretching, and light jogging, such as walking. In conclusion, the results showed high scores in managing depression, stress, anxiety, reduced mood, reduced sleep, low self-esteem, and suicidal thoughts among pregnant youth in Greater Letaba Municipality.Item Embargo Development of Guidelines to Strengthen the Relationship between Western and Indigenous Male Circumcision Practices in Limpopo Province of South Africa(2026-05-19) Mbara, Fhatuwani Godfrey; Mulaudzi, T. M.; Mudau, A.The World Health Organization enacted circumcision practice globally in 2007 secondary to the results of a randomized trial study done in 14 African countries, which confirmed 60% partial protection against Human Immunodeficiency Virus transmission. The World Health Organization projected a target of 80% circumcision rate by 2020. However, this target was not achieved globally, with South Africa at a 57% circumcision rate. The current dichotomy of Indigenous and Western circumcision practices has resulted in poor uptake of circumcision, leading to poor implementation of government programs for curbing the Human Immune Deficiency Virus epidemic. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop context-specific, evidence-based guidelines that strengthen collaboration, mutual understanding, and integration between Western medical male circumcision and indigenous male circumcision practices in Limpopo Province, with the aim of improving safety, cultural acceptability, and uptake of male circumcision services. To have a thorough grasp of community perspectives and contributing factors, this study used a mixed methods approach to produce guidelines for the dual utilisation of Western and Indigenous male circumcision techniques in Limpopo Province. In this current study, qualitative information was acquired through focus groups and in-depth interviews with parents, young men, healthcare professionals, indigenous healers, and community leaders. In addition, a survey questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. The findings of the study shows that there exist some negative perceptions about Western male circumcision who believe that it encroaches on the cultural norms that should be strongly preserved. Furthermore, the study shows that there is still a high stigma associated with those who are uncircumcised or circumcised outside the indigenous norms. It was further highlighted that the cost and hygienic factors are becoming more critical when selecting the method of circumcision. This provided nuanced insights into cultural beliefs, social pressures, and health concerns influencing circumcision choices. Quantitative surveys complemented these findings, capturing demographic and statistical information on circumcision uptake, preferences, and perceptions. Using the Precede-Proceed model for developing guidelines for public health interventions, integrating the study findings allowed for a robust analysis of cultural and health-related factors impacting male circumcision in Limpopo Province. The current study findings highlight a complex interplay of cultural traditions, healthcare access, and community education as determinants in circumcision choices. Low uptake of male circumcision was often attributed to a lack of trust in medical facilities, misinformation, and a preference for indigenous methods rooted in cultural identity. Based on these findings, a SWOT analysis model was employed to develop practical guidelines promoting collaboration between indigenous leaders and healthcare providers, aiming to bridge the cultural and medical aspects of circumcision. These guidelines provide a framework for improving communication, enhancing community education, and ensuring safer practices, offering a model for integrating indigenous and western healthcare practices in culturally diverse settings.Item Embargo Factors affecting recreation and leisure participation among youth post-COVID-19 in Mopani District of South Africa(2026-05-19) Mukhuba, Fulufhelo Ronaldo; Shilubane, Hilda; Manyuma, D.The COVID-19 pandemic changed people's way of life drastically across the globe. This highly contagious viral disease was considered a pandemic by the World Health Organisation. Even when COVID-19 had detrimental effects globally, in some parts of the world, people saw recreation and leisure activities as a means to unite society. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors that affect recreation and leisure participation among youth in the Mopani District following the COVID-19 pandemic. This proposed aim was achieved through a qualitative research approach, which adopted an exploratory research design. A convenience sampling technique was used to sample 10 participants in the Mopani District. Through qualitative methods, data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analysed using a thematic analysis. Four themes were identified from the data: Shift toward Solo or Small-Group Outdoor Activities, Barriers to participation, Recreation and leisure educational initiatives, and Perceived importance of recreation and leisure. The findings show a clear shift toward solo and home-based activities caused by psychological and practical barriers such as anxiety, financial constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and gender-specific limitations. Despite these obstacles, the study highlights a growing recognition of the importance of leisure for promoting well-being, social connection, and personal development. The proposed recommendations offer a practical way to enhance youth access to safe, inclusive, and mentally beneficial recreational activities in the post-pandemic era.Item Embargo Health and well-being of workers at wastewater treatment plant in Muledane Thohoyandou Block J, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Maudu, Ntanganedzeni; Luhalima, T. R.; Manganye, B. S.Background: Occupational hazards and health risks faced by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers have been recognised globally as a significant public health concern. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the health and well-being experienced by workers at the wastewater treatment plant in Muledane Thohoyandou Block J, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A quantitative research approach was adopted using a descriptive cross-sectional research study design to assess the health and well-being of workers at Muledane Wastewater treatment plant. The setting was the work environment at Muledane wastewater treatment plant, Thohoyandou Block J, Limpopo Province. A pre-test was conducted with 10% of the population (n=3), and these respondents were included in the final sample. The total population sampling method was used to obtain the 32 respondents due to the small population at the chosen wastewater treatment plant location. The data collection tool was a structured, self-administered questionnaire with closed-ended questions. A pre-test of the structured questionnaire was conducted to enhance its clarity and relevance and to ensure reliability and validity. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 30.0 version, with descriptive statistics. Ethical considerations, including informed consent, confidentiality, and the voluntary nature of participation, were strictly upheld throughout the study. Results: The study identified respiratory symptoms and conditions among some workers, indicating potential occupational exposure risks. Physical and mental health challenges were commonly reported. Barriers to healthcare access included limited occupational health services and time constraints. Overall, the findings highlighted significant occupational health risks requiring targeted interventions. Contributions: The study contributes to understanding the health implications of occupational exposure in WWTPs and highlights the critical role of PPE in safeguarding employee health. Recommendations: Strengthen workplace health and safety practices through regular training, strict enforcement of PPE use, routine health monitoring, and policies to reduce exposure to hazardous substances. Implementing these measures by the municipality and plant management is essential for the improvement of wastewater treatment plant employees.Item Embargo The Experiences and Perspectives of Female Teenagers on Parental Victimization in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District(2026-05-19) Ngobeni, Dimakatso Patricia; Shilubane, N. H.; Tshivhase, S. E.Parental victimization has severe impacts on family members, especially female teenagers who face unique emotional and social challenges. Although extensive research on family violence exists, limited studies explore teenage girls’ perspectives on parental victimization. This study investigated the experiences and perceptions of female teenagers on parental victimization within Thulamela Municipality in Vhembe District. The study was conducted in Thulamela Municipality, an area significantly affected by family-related victimization. In-depth interviews were conducted with at least twenty purposively sampled female teenagers using a qualitative approach. Open-ended questions encouraged participants to share personal narratives and interpretations. Pre-testing ensured the clarity and relevance of interview questions. The data was analyzed thematically, focusing on key patterns and themes. Findings revealed five themes: teenagers’ psychological and emotional well-being, academic and health-related challenges, social and peer relationship impacts, contributory factors, perceived intervention and prevention strategies, and twelve subthemes. Ethical considerations, including informed consent and confidentiality, were strictly maintained. The research underscores the imperative for focused interventions and support programs designed to safeguard and enhance the well-being of female adolescents impacted by parental victimization.Item Embargo Perception of the Community regarding the Behaviour of Mental Health Care Users, in Shatale Village, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa(2026-05-19) Ngwanyane, Malabo Rebecca; Mulaudzi, M; Tshivhase, S. E.Mental health has become a worldwide concern, particularly for those who live in disadvantaged areas; it is a significant concern in communities where limited resources and social inequalities exacerbate the burden of mental illness. The aim of this study was to explore the perception of the community toward mental health care users. The study was conducted at Shatale village, in Ehlanzeni District in the Mpumalanga Province. The study utilised the qualitative approach, purposefully selected, and the data were collected in their own places using their own language. The sampling procedure used was purposive sampling in which the participants were selected based on specific characteristics relevant to the study. This method was particularly effective as qualitative studies allow researchers to gain in depth insights from individuals who can provide valuable perspective regarding, in this instance, mental health-care users. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather information using voice recorder and field notes, until saturation occurred. Tesch’s open coding steps were used to analyse data. Measures to ensure trustworthiness - credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability - were followed to give a degree of confidence to the data, and the interpretation. Adhering to ethics principles ensured informed consent, confidentiality, non-maleficence and privacy was applied to protect the participants after permission was obtained from necessary authorities. The findings revealed three main themes, which were stigma, culture and traditional beliefs and barriers to social integration. The first theme was stigma with sub-themes of, perceived dangerousness, shame and moral failure, social exclusion and fear of contagion. Theme two was culture and traditional beliefs with sub-themes of supernatural attributions, culture, preference for traditional healers and resistance to biomedical care. Theme three was barriers to social integration with the sub-themes of, limited community acceptance, lack of support system and family burden The study concludes by recommending community mental-health education and improved access to mental health service to reduce stigma and promote acceptance of mental health care.Item Embargo Knowledge and Perception of influenza vaccine among elderly residents in a selected village in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2026-05-19) Ntshauba, Nthangeni Sherpad; Mashau, N. S.; Ramaliba, T. M.Background: Influenza is a very contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus that mainly affects the nose, throat, and lungs, and it spreads through droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks The influenza vaccine, often referred to as the “flu shot”, is recommended for the vulnerable groups including, the elderly, to reduce the risk of illness and death from the virus . Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and perception regarding the influenza vaccine among the elderly population at a selected village of Limpopo Province in South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative approach was followed, and the study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A probability sampling method, specifically systematic sampling, was used to select respondents. Data were collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess respondents’ knowledge and perceptions of the influenza vaccine. Face and content validity were ensured through expert review, while reliability was assessed using the test-retest method. The collected data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 30. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the demographic characteristics and key Resultss. Ethical measures, including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation, were strictly adhered to, during data collection. Results: The study comprised 247 (100%) respondents and, out of this sample, 160 (64.8%) of the respondents had never heard about the influenza vaccine, while 40 (16.2%) had heard about it and 47 (19.0%) were not sure. Only 60 (24.3%) of the respondents correctly knew that the purpose of the influenza vaccine is to prevent influenza, while the majority did not know its purpose. Furthermore, only 40 (16.2%) of the respondents knew that the influenza vaccine should be taken annually. Out of 247 respondents, 200 (80.9%) had never received the influenza vaccine. Results of the study indicate that fear of side effects and lack of knowledge were the major barriers to respondents taking the vaccination. Conclusion: The study revealed that elderly residents at a selected village in the Vhembe District have limited knowledge and perceptions regarding the influenza vaccine Recommendation: The study recommends strengthening health education, health professional engagement, and policy implementation to improve influenza vaccination coverage among older adults. MPHItem Embargo Factors Contributing to Gender-Based Violence Behaviour amongst On-Campus Female Students at an Institution of Higher Learning, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Ramaru, Shede Rachel; Lebese, T. R.; Tshivhase, S. E.Risky behaviours amongst young people, like unsafe sex, substance abuse and violence are a major health concern worldwide, and South Africa faces similar challenges. University entrance is a pivotal phase of transformation for young adults exposing them to a fresh environment. Gender-based violence (GBV) behaviour amongst young people in South Africa remains a pressing public health issue. Primary prevention interventions remain a prerequisite for improving social and health outcomes. The study was aimed at investigating factors contributing to GBV behaviours amongst on-campus female students at an Institution of Higher Education in Limpopo Province. The study employed a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional survey research approach. A probability simple random sampling technique was used to sample the participants. The targeted population were all registered female students residing on campus at the University of Venda. A sample of 362 female students/respondents aged 18-24 was interviewed using self-administered questionnaires. The researcher used the descriptive data analysis method to analyse data using SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23). The study results revealed that students at the University of Venda have knowledge and understanding of what GBV is. The results also concluded that alcohol consumption and addictive substances contribute to GBV, and one’s upbringing has a role to play in shaping GBV behaviour. Economic vulnerability was also highlighted as a major contributing factor to GBV. This study concludes that GBV among female students who are residing on campus at the University of Venda is driven by interconnected behavioural, economic, and socio-cultural factors.Item Embargo Factors contributing to caregiver’s non-adherence to cerebral palsy rehabilitation program at the selected hospital in Mopani District(2026-05-19) Shirinda, Hasani Discharge; Manganye, B. S.; Manyuma, D.Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disease in children, and patients with this condition need ongoing therapy and rehabilitation to get the best results. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore factors contributing to caregiver’s non-adherence to the cerebral palsy rehabilitation program at Hospital in Mopani district, of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qualitative approach, utilizing a case study design, was employed. The study was conducted in Mopani district. The study participants involved guardians young once living with cerebral palsy who are not adhering to the rehabilitation program available at the hospital in Mopani district. Data were collected through unstructured interviews with participants who were purposively sampled. The data was analysed using Tech’s eight steps. To protect the rights and well-being of participants, ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. Trustworthiness was safeguarded through credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability. Recommendations provided by the study include the Adoption of community-based rehabilitation services staffed by skilled community health workers and a rehabilitation team, which brings care closer to caregivers' homes and lowers transportation burdens; and the exploration of the prevalence of acute stress reactions among caregivers.Item Embargo Factors contributing to Rifampicin Resistance Tuberculosis in South Africa: Scoping Review(2026-05-19) Kgatla, Simon; Tshivhase, S. E.; Makhado, L.The emergence of drug-resistant strains has significantly complicated TB control efforts, with rifampicin-resistant TB representing a particularly concerning threat to public health. This study conducted a scoping review of factors contributing to Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa. The present scoping review included studies published in English from June 2014 to June 2024 that were conducted in South Africa and focused on factors contributing to Rifampicin Resistance tuberculosis. The researchers used a search strategy that involved multiple search engines and the selection of appropriate keywords to identify studies to be reviewed and included. For eligible studies, the researchers searched PubMed, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The studies included were appraised using the JBI checklist. Data were extracted from all the studies that met the eligibility criteria based on the study ‘s objectives. This study revealed that various factors contribute to Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, including socio-economic, clinical, behavioural, psychological, environmental, structural, and policy factors. The results have also revealed the role of HIV co-infection and RR-TB, the magnitude and health impact of RR-TB and the interventions to address RR-TB. Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in South Africa is not only a biomedical issue but a multidimensional public health and social challenge. Despite the development of molecular diagnostics and more tolerable treatment regimens, persistent barriers such as late diagnosis, poor adherence, stigma, and inadequate service decentralisation continue to hamper control efforts. Effective control, therefore, requires a coordinated, multisectoral approach that integrates clinical innovation with social and structural reform. Future research and policy implementation should work hand in hand to translate evidence into sustainable action, ensuring that SouthItem Embargo Determinants of compliance to Covid-19 standard precaution at a rural institution of higher learning in Limpopo Province, South Africa: retrospective study(2026-05-19) Baloyi, Allen; Tshitangano,; Manyuma, D.Background: The outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed significant public health challenges globally, with compliance to preventive measures emerging as a key determinant in controlling the spread of infection. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the determinants of compliance with COVID-19 standard precautions at a Rural Institution of Higher Learning in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed, the dataset used for this study was obtained from the project team and consisted of responses from 479 individuals, including both students and staff. The spreadsheet contained information on respondents’ demographic characteristics, perceptions, awareness, and behavioural practices related to COVID-19 preventive measures. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Results: The results indicate that a majority of respondents perceived themselves as susceptible to COVID-19 infection and viewed the disease as severe. Most respondents believed that wearing a mask effectively reduces the risk of infection and were confident in their ability to tolerate mask use throughout the day. Institutional enforcement and communication were widely regarded as effective in promoting compliance. Awareness of the role of mask use in curbing the spread of COVID-19 and ownership of cloth masks were almost universal among respondents. Knowledge of national mask mandates and associated penalties was also very high. Despite this high level of awareness and accessibility, adherence to mask use was occasionally hindered by situational factors, such as heat, socialising with friends, and discomfort during communication. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of perception, communication, and institutional support in promoting compliance with public health measures and emphasises that strengthening these factors can improve public health resilience in resource-limited higher education settings. Recommendations: The study recommends sustained health education, supportive institutional enforcement, improved infrastructure to enhance comfort, and collaboration between health authorities and universities to strengthen culturally appropriate communication and pandemic preparedness in rural higher education settings.Item Embargo The Impact of Load Shedding on the Quality of healthcare Services at a Selected Hospital in Vhembe District Limpopo Province, South Africa(2026-05-19) Demana, Mulalo Mukundeli Palesa; Mudau, A. G.; Luhalima, T. R.Load shedding negatively affects the delivery of healthcare services in South Africa, disrupting critical equipment and placing pressure on healthcare providers. This study aimed to explore and describe the impact of load shedding on the quality of healthcare services at a selected hospital in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. A qualitative research approach using a descriptive and exploratory design was adopted. A purposive sample of 15 doctors and 15 professional nurses was selected. Data was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. A pre-test was conducted on three participants to ensure the clarity and appropriateness of the interview guide. Trustworthiness of the findings was ensured through credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability. Ethical principles such as voluntary participation, informed consent, and confidentiality were strictly observed. Five major themes emerged from the findings: Operational disruptions, compromised patient care, psychological and emotional impact on health professionals, financial strains on healthcare facilities, and challenges in communication. The study recommends exemption of hospitals from load shedding, investment in reliable backup systems, development of contingency plans, staff training on emergency responses, and improved support systems for healthcare professionals. Findings will be shared with the University of Venda, the Department of Health, and the selected hospital.Item Open Access Self-care practices among adults living with diabetes mellitus in a selected village of the Vhembe, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Hamese, Elizabeth Mmapula; Mashau, N. S.Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue, contributing to several fatalities annually, due to its possible severe complications. These complications frequently manifest as blindness, kidney disease, stroke, and lower limb amputation. The impact of diabetes in adults often depends on how effectively they manage this chronic condition, through self-care. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe self-care practices among adults living with diabetes mellitus, in a selected village of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. The theoretical framework used in this study was Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. The study adopted a qualitative approach using the exploratory, descriptive, and contextual design to provide insight into the self-care practices adopted by adults living with diabetes mellitus. The target population consisted of adult women and men aged 25 to 64, and purposive sampling was adopted to select participants; the sample size comprised 11 participants, which was determined by having reached data saturation. Data was collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews, guided by an interview guide and the collected data was analysed by using the six steps of thematic analysis. The study ensured trustworthiness through adopting measures such as dependability, credibility, conformability, and transferability. The findings of the study indicated that adults living with diabetes mellitus, generally, executed standard self-care practices, including medication use, physical activity, and diet management. The results, however, also highlighted knowledge gaps and poor adherence in certain aspects of these practices. Barriers and facilitators identified in the study significantly impacted participants’ self-care behaviours, hence, the researcher proposed recommendations based on these findings.Item Embargo Factors influencing missed appointments amongst patients who are on anti-retroviral treatment at selected primary health care facilities of Vhembe district, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Mabasa, Coddyliver; Tshivhase, S. E.; Makhado, L.Missed appointments remain a critical challenge in the effective management of HIV in South Africa. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence remains a critical determinant of treatment success for people living with HIV (PLHIV), particularly in low resource and rural settings. In South Africa, despite expanded access to ART, suboptimal adherence continues to undermine efforts to control the epidemic. ART is important in reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality through achieving 95-95-95 targets of the national strategic goal. This study aimed to explore the contributory factors to missed ART appointments at selected primary health care facilities in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to: • Explore the multifaceted barriers contributing to missed ART appointments among patients at selected primary health care facilities of Vhembe district, Limpopo province. • Identify effective strategies and interventions to improve ART adherence and reduce missed appointments among patients at selected primary health care facilities of Vhembe district, Limpopo province. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed using purposive sampling to recruit twelve participants who had previously missed ART appointments. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Ethical approval was granted from the University of Venda, community leaders and relevant health authorities. Results: Both the empirical and the narrative review findings revealed that missed appointments were influenced by factors such as socio-economic, emotional, cultural, and health system variables. Important barriers included transport challenges, food insecurity, employment constraints, emotional distress, fear of stigma and gossip, lack of confidentiality, negative staff attitudes, and reliance on traditional beliefs. However, participants expressed a strong commitment to adhering to their treatment, highlighting an imbalance between their willingness and the structural and emotional support available to them. Conclusion: The study concludes that missed ART appointments are not merely a result of patient non-compliance but reflect broader systemic and psychosocial barriers. Addressing these requires a multi-level, patient-centered strategy that incorporates mental health care, enhances clinic accessibility, promotes staff-patient relations, and strengthens community- based support network. The study outlined valuable insights for designing interventions to promote ART adherence and invited future research to include broader stakeholder perspectives. Significance of the Study: This study outlined the lived experiences of patients, barriers and strategies for Antiretroviral Therapy Appointment Adherence in Rural South Africa that provides a deeper understanding of the contextual and structural challenges influencing ART adherence in rural settings. It underwrites to the body of knowledge needed to inform responsive, people-centered health interventions. Recommendations: The study recommends that health facilities should implement structured appointment reminder systems through SMS, phone calls, and home visits, especially for high-risk patients. The integration of social workers with health care teams can assist in identifying and addressing the hidden social or family-related challenges. Clinics should also reduce waiting times, offer flexible operating hours, and improve staff training on confidentiality, empathy, and stigma reduction. Mental health services such as depression screening and trauma counselling should be made accessible within ART programs. Community-based organizations and peer support groups should be mobilized to provide treatment literacy, follow-up, and psychosocial support. Finally, structural interventions such as transport subsidies, mobile clinics, and food support for vulnerable patients are essential to reduce missed appointments and improve long-term ART adherence.