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Item Embargo Factors affecting recreation and leisure participation among youth post-COVID-19 in Mopani District of South Africa(2026-05-19) Mukhuba, Fulufhelo Ronaldo; Shilubane, Hilda; Manyuma, D.The COVID-19 pandemic changed people's way of life drastically across the globe. This highly contagious viral disease was considered a pandemic by the World Health Organisation. Even when COVID-19 had detrimental effects globally, in some parts of the world, people saw recreation and leisure activities as a means to unite society. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors that affect recreation and leisure participation among youth in the Mopani District following the COVID-19 pandemic. This proposed aim was achieved through a qualitative research approach, which adopted an exploratory research design. A convenience sampling technique was used to sample 10 participants in the Mopani District. Through qualitative methods, data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analysed using a thematic analysis. Four themes were identified from the data: Shift toward Solo or Small-Group Outdoor Activities, Barriers to participation, Recreation and leisure educational initiatives, and Perceived importance of recreation and leisure. The findings show a clear shift toward solo and home-based activities caused by psychological and practical barriers such as anxiety, financial constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and gender-specific limitations. Despite these obstacles, the study highlights a growing recognition of the importance of leisure for promoting well-being, social connection, and personal development. The proposed recommendations offer a practical way to enhance youth access to safe, inclusive, and mentally beneficial recreational activities in the post-pandemic era.Item Embargo Health and well-being of workers at wastewater treatment plant in Muledane Thohoyandou Block J, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Maudu, Ntanganedzeni; Luhalima, T. R.; Manganye, B. S.Background: Occupational hazards and health risks faced by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers have been recognised globally as a significant public health concern. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the health and well-being experienced by workers at the wastewater treatment plant in Muledane Thohoyandou Block J, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A quantitative research approach was adopted using a descriptive cross-sectional research study design to assess the health and well-being of workers at Muledane Wastewater treatment plant. The setting was the work environment at Muledane wastewater treatment plant, Thohoyandou Block J, Limpopo Province. A pre-test was conducted with 10% of the population (n=3), and these respondents were included in the final sample. The total population sampling method was used to obtain the 32 respondents due to the small population at the chosen wastewater treatment plant location. The data collection tool was a structured, self-administered questionnaire with closed-ended questions. A pre-test of the structured questionnaire was conducted to enhance its clarity and relevance and to ensure reliability and validity. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 30.0 version, with descriptive statistics. Ethical considerations, including informed consent, confidentiality, and the voluntary nature of participation, were strictly upheld throughout the study. Results: The study identified respiratory symptoms and conditions among some workers, indicating potential occupational exposure risks. Physical and mental health challenges were commonly reported. Barriers to healthcare access included limited occupational health services and time constraints. Overall, the findings highlighted significant occupational health risks requiring targeted interventions. Contributions: The study contributes to understanding the health implications of occupational exposure in WWTPs and highlights the critical role of PPE in safeguarding employee health. Recommendations: Strengthen workplace health and safety practices through regular training, strict enforcement of PPE use, routine health monitoring, and policies to reduce exposure to hazardous substances. Implementing these measures by the municipality and plant management is essential for the improvement of wastewater treatment plant employees.Item Embargo The Experiences and Perspectives of Female Teenagers on Parental Victimization in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District(2026-05-19) Ngobeni, Dimakatso Patricia; Shilubane, N. H.; Tshivhase, S. E.Parental victimization has severe impacts on family members, especially female teenagers who face unique emotional and social challenges. Although extensive research on family violence exists, limited studies explore teenage girls’ perspectives on parental victimization. This study investigated the experiences and perceptions of female teenagers on parental victimization within Thulamela Municipality in Vhembe District. The study was conducted in Thulamela Municipality, an area significantly affected by family-related victimization. In-depth interviews were conducted with at least twenty purposively sampled female teenagers using a qualitative approach. Open-ended questions encouraged participants to share personal narratives and interpretations. Pre-testing ensured the clarity and relevance of interview questions. The data was analyzed thematically, focusing on key patterns and themes. Findings revealed five themes: teenagers’ psychological and emotional well-being, academic and health-related challenges, social and peer relationship impacts, contributory factors, perceived intervention and prevention strategies, and twelve subthemes. Ethical considerations, including informed consent and confidentiality, were strictly maintained. The research underscores the imperative for focused interventions and support programs designed to safeguard and enhance the well-being of female adolescents impacted by parental victimization.Item Embargo Perception of the Community regarding the Behaviour of Mental Health Care Users, in Shatale Village, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa(2026-05-19) Ngwanyane, Malabo Rebecca; Mulaudzi, M; Tshivhase, S. E.Mental health has become a worldwide concern, particularly for those who live in disadvantaged areas; it is a significant concern in communities where limited resources and social inequalities exacerbate the burden of mental illness. The aim of this study was to explore the perception of the community toward mental health care users. The study was conducted at Shatale village, in Ehlanzeni District in the Mpumalanga Province. The study utilised the qualitative approach, purposefully selected, and the data were collected in their own places using their own language. The sampling procedure used was purposive sampling in which the participants were selected based on specific characteristics relevant to the study. This method was particularly effective as qualitative studies allow researchers to gain in depth insights from individuals who can provide valuable perspective regarding, in this instance, mental health-care users. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather information using voice recorder and field notes, until saturation occurred. Tesch’s open coding steps were used to analyse data. Measures to ensure trustworthiness - credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability - were followed to give a degree of confidence to the data, and the interpretation. Adhering to ethics principles ensured informed consent, confidentiality, non-maleficence and privacy was applied to protect the participants after permission was obtained from necessary authorities. The findings revealed three main themes, which were stigma, culture and traditional beliefs and barriers to social integration. The first theme was stigma with sub-themes of, perceived dangerousness, shame and moral failure, social exclusion and fear of contagion. Theme two was culture and traditional beliefs with sub-themes of supernatural attributions, culture, preference for traditional healers and resistance to biomedical care. Theme three was barriers to social integration with the sub-themes of, limited community acceptance, lack of support system and family burden The study concludes by recommending community mental-health education and improved access to mental health service to reduce stigma and promote acceptance of mental health care.Item Embargo Knowledge and Perception of influenza vaccine among elderly residents in a selected village in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2026-05-19) Ntshauba, Nthangeni Sherpad; Mashau, N. S.; Ramaliba, T. M.Background: Influenza is a very contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus that mainly affects the nose, throat, and lungs, and it spreads through droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks The influenza vaccine, often referred to as the “flu shot”, is recommended for the vulnerable groups including, the elderly, to reduce the risk of illness and death from the virus . Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and perception regarding the influenza vaccine among the elderly population at a selected village of Limpopo Province in South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative approach was followed, and the study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A probability sampling method, specifically systematic sampling, was used to select respondents. Data were collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess respondents’ knowledge and perceptions of the influenza vaccine. Face and content validity were ensured through expert review, while reliability was assessed using the test-retest method. The collected data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 30. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the demographic characteristics and key Resultss. Ethical measures, including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation, were strictly adhered to, during data collection. Results: The study comprised 247 (100%) respondents and, out of this sample, 160 (64.8%) of the respondents had never heard about the influenza vaccine, while 40 (16.2%) had heard about it and 47 (19.0%) were not sure. Only 60 (24.3%) of the respondents correctly knew that the purpose of the influenza vaccine is to prevent influenza, while the majority did not know its purpose. Furthermore, only 40 (16.2%) of the respondents knew that the influenza vaccine should be taken annually. Out of 247 respondents, 200 (80.9%) had never received the influenza vaccine. Results of the study indicate that fear of side effects and lack of knowledge were the major barriers to respondents taking the vaccination. Conclusion: The study revealed that elderly residents at a selected village in the Vhembe District have limited knowledge and perceptions regarding the influenza vaccine Recommendation: The study recommends strengthening health education, health professional engagement, and policy implementation to improve influenza vaccination coverage among older adults. MPHItem Embargo Factors Contributing to Gender-Based Violence Behaviour amongst On-Campus Female Students at an Institution of Higher Learning, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Ramaru, Shede Rachel; Lebese, T. R.; Tshivhase, S. E.Risky behaviours amongst young people, like unsafe sex, substance abuse and violence are a major health concern worldwide, and South Africa faces similar challenges. University entrance is a pivotal phase of transformation for young adults exposing them to a fresh environment. Gender-based violence (GBV) behaviour amongst young people in South Africa remains a pressing public health issue. Primary prevention interventions remain a prerequisite for improving social and health outcomes. The study was aimed at investigating factors contributing to GBV behaviours amongst on-campus female students at an Institution of Higher Education in Limpopo Province. The study employed a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional survey research approach. A probability simple random sampling technique was used to sample the participants. The targeted population were all registered female students residing on campus at the University of Venda. A sample of 362 female students/respondents aged 18-24 was interviewed using self-administered questionnaires. The researcher used the descriptive data analysis method to analyse data using SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23). The study results revealed that students at the University of Venda have knowledge and understanding of what GBV is. The results also concluded that alcohol consumption and addictive substances contribute to GBV, and one’s upbringing has a role to play in shaping GBV behaviour. Economic vulnerability was also highlighted as a major contributing factor to GBV. This study concludes that GBV among female students who are residing on campus at the University of Venda is driven by interconnected behavioural, economic, and socio-cultural factors.Item Embargo Factors contributing to caregiver’s non-adherence to cerebral palsy rehabilitation program at the selected hospital in Mopani District(2026-05-19) Shirinda, Hasani Discharge; Manganye, B. S.; Manyuma, D.Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disease in children, and patients with this condition need ongoing therapy and rehabilitation to get the best results. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore factors contributing to caregiver’s non-adherence to the cerebral palsy rehabilitation program at Hospital in Mopani district, of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Qualitative approach, utilizing a case study design, was employed. The study was conducted in Mopani district. The study participants involved guardians young once living with cerebral palsy who are not adhering to the rehabilitation program available at the hospital in Mopani district. Data were collected through unstructured interviews with participants who were purposively sampled. The data was analysed using Tech’s eight steps. To protect the rights and well-being of participants, ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. Trustworthiness was safeguarded through credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability. Recommendations provided by the study include the Adoption of community-based rehabilitation services staffed by skilled community health workers and a rehabilitation team, which brings care closer to caregivers' homes and lowers transportation burdens; and the exploration of the prevalence of acute stress reactions among caregivers.Item Embargo Factors contributing to Rifampicin Resistance Tuberculosis in South Africa: Scoping Review(2026-05-19) Kgatla, Simon; Tshivhase, S. E.; Makhado, L.The emergence of drug-resistant strains has significantly complicated TB control efforts, with rifampicin-resistant TB representing a particularly concerning threat to public health. This study conducted a scoping review of factors contributing to Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Africa. The present scoping review included studies published in English from June 2014 to June 2024 that were conducted in South Africa and focused on factors contributing to Rifampicin Resistance tuberculosis. The researchers used a search strategy that involved multiple search engines and the selection of appropriate keywords to identify studies to be reviewed and included. For eligible studies, the researchers searched PubMed, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The studies included were appraised using the JBI checklist. Data were extracted from all the studies that met the eligibility criteria based on the study ‘s objectives. This study revealed that various factors contribute to Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, including socio-economic, clinical, behavioural, psychological, environmental, structural, and policy factors. The results have also revealed the role of HIV co-infection and RR-TB, the magnitude and health impact of RR-TB and the interventions to address RR-TB. Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in South Africa is not only a biomedical issue but a multidimensional public health and social challenge. Despite the development of molecular diagnostics and more tolerable treatment regimens, persistent barriers such as late diagnosis, poor adherence, stigma, and inadequate service decentralisation continue to hamper control efforts. Effective control, therefore, requires a coordinated, multisectoral approach that integrates clinical innovation with social and structural reform. Future research and policy implementation should work hand in hand to translate evidence into sustainable action, ensuring that SouthItem Embargo Determinants of compliance to Covid-19 standard precaution at a rural institution of higher learning in Limpopo Province, South Africa: retrospective study(2026-05-19) Baloyi, Allen; Tshitangano,; Manyuma, D.Background: The outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed significant public health challenges globally, with compliance to preventive measures emerging as a key determinant in controlling the spread of infection. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the determinants of compliance with COVID-19 standard precautions at a Rural Institution of Higher Learning in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed, the dataset used for this study was obtained from the project team and consisted of responses from 479 individuals, including both students and staff. The spreadsheet contained information on respondents’ demographic characteristics, perceptions, awareness, and behavioural practices related to COVID-19 preventive measures. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Results: The results indicate that a majority of respondents perceived themselves as susceptible to COVID-19 infection and viewed the disease as severe. Most respondents believed that wearing a mask effectively reduces the risk of infection and were confident in their ability to tolerate mask use throughout the day. Institutional enforcement and communication were widely regarded as effective in promoting compliance. Awareness of the role of mask use in curbing the spread of COVID-19 and ownership of cloth masks were almost universal among respondents. Knowledge of national mask mandates and associated penalties was also very high. Despite this high level of awareness and accessibility, adherence to mask use was occasionally hindered by situational factors, such as heat, socialising with friends, and discomfort during communication. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of perception, communication, and institutional support in promoting compliance with public health measures and emphasises that strengthening these factors can improve public health resilience in resource-limited higher education settings. Recommendations: The study recommends sustained health education, supportive institutional enforcement, improved infrastructure to enhance comfort, and collaboration between health authorities and universities to strengthen culturally appropriate communication and pandemic preparedness in rural higher education settings.Item Embargo The Impact of Load Shedding on the Quality of healthcare Services at a Selected Hospital in Vhembe District Limpopo Province, South Africa(2026-05-19) Demana, Mulalo Mukundeli Palesa; Mudau, A. G.; Luhalima, T. R.Load shedding negatively affects the delivery of healthcare services in South Africa, disrupting critical equipment and placing pressure on healthcare providers. This study aimed to explore and describe the impact of load shedding on the quality of healthcare services at a selected hospital in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. A qualitative research approach using a descriptive and exploratory design was adopted. A purposive sample of 15 doctors and 15 professional nurses was selected. Data was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. A pre-test was conducted on three participants to ensure the clarity and appropriateness of the interview guide. Trustworthiness of the findings was ensured through credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability. Ethical principles such as voluntary participation, informed consent, and confidentiality were strictly observed. Five major themes emerged from the findings: Operational disruptions, compromised patient care, psychological and emotional impact on health professionals, financial strains on healthcare facilities, and challenges in communication. The study recommends exemption of hospitals from load shedding, investment in reliable backup systems, development of contingency plans, staff training on emergency responses, and improved support systems for healthcare professionals. Findings will be shared with the University of Venda, the Department of Health, and the selected hospital.Item Open Access Self-care practices among adults living with diabetes mellitus in a selected village of the Vhembe, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Hamese, Elizabeth Mmapula; Mashau, N. S.Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue, contributing to several fatalities annually, due to its possible severe complications. These complications frequently manifest as blindness, kidney disease, stroke, and lower limb amputation. The impact of diabetes in adults often depends on how effectively they manage this chronic condition, through self-care. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe self-care practices among adults living with diabetes mellitus, in a selected village of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. The theoretical framework used in this study was Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. The study adopted a qualitative approach using the exploratory, descriptive, and contextual design to provide insight into the self-care practices adopted by adults living with diabetes mellitus. The target population consisted of adult women and men aged 25 to 64, and purposive sampling was adopted to select participants; the sample size comprised 11 participants, which was determined by having reached data saturation. Data was collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews, guided by an interview guide and the collected data was analysed by using the six steps of thematic analysis. The study ensured trustworthiness through adopting measures such as dependability, credibility, conformability, and transferability. The findings of the study indicated that adults living with diabetes mellitus, generally, executed standard self-care practices, including medication use, physical activity, and diet management. The results, however, also highlighted knowledge gaps and poor adherence in certain aspects of these practices. Barriers and facilitators identified in the study significantly impacted participants’ self-care behaviours, hence, the researcher proposed recommendations based on these findings.Item Embargo Factors influencing missed appointments amongst patients who are on anti-retroviral treatment at selected primary health care facilities of Vhembe district, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Mabasa, Coddyliver; Tshivhase, S. E.; Makhado, L.Missed appointments remain a critical challenge in the effective management of HIV in South Africa. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence remains a critical determinant of treatment success for people living with HIV (PLHIV), particularly in low resource and rural settings. In South Africa, despite expanded access to ART, suboptimal adherence continues to undermine efforts to control the epidemic. ART is important in reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality through achieving 95-95-95 targets of the national strategic goal. This study aimed to explore the contributory factors to missed ART appointments at selected primary health care facilities in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to: • Explore the multifaceted barriers contributing to missed ART appointments among patients at selected primary health care facilities of Vhembe district, Limpopo province. • Identify effective strategies and interventions to improve ART adherence and reduce missed appointments among patients at selected primary health care facilities of Vhembe district, Limpopo province. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed using purposive sampling to recruit twelve participants who had previously missed ART appointments. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Ethical approval was granted from the University of Venda, community leaders and relevant health authorities. Results: Both the empirical and the narrative review findings revealed that missed appointments were influenced by factors such as socio-economic, emotional, cultural, and health system variables. Important barriers included transport challenges, food insecurity, employment constraints, emotional distress, fear of stigma and gossip, lack of confidentiality, negative staff attitudes, and reliance on traditional beliefs. However, participants expressed a strong commitment to adhering to their treatment, highlighting an imbalance between their willingness and the structural and emotional support available to them. Conclusion: The study concludes that missed ART appointments are not merely a result of patient non-compliance but reflect broader systemic and psychosocial barriers. Addressing these requires a multi-level, patient-centered strategy that incorporates mental health care, enhances clinic accessibility, promotes staff-patient relations, and strengthens community- based support network. The study outlined valuable insights for designing interventions to promote ART adherence and invited future research to include broader stakeholder perspectives. Significance of the Study: This study outlined the lived experiences of patients, barriers and strategies for Antiretroviral Therapy Appointment Adherence in Rural South Africa that provides a deeper understanding of the contextual and structural challenges influencing ART adherence in rural settings. It underwrites to the body of knowledge needed to inform responsive, people-centered health interventions. Recommendations: The study recommends that health facilities should implement structured appointment reminder systems through SMS, phone calls, and home visits, especially for high-risk patients. The integration of social workers with health care teams can assist in identifying and addressing the hidden social or family-related challenges. Clinics should also reduce waiting times, offer flexible operating hours, and improve staff training on confidentiality, empathy, and stigma reduction. Mental health services such as depression screening and trauma counselling should be made accessible within ART programs. Community-based organizations and peer support groups should be mobilized to provide treatment literacy, follow-up, and psychosocial support. Finally, structural interventions such as transport subsidies, mobile clinics, and food support for vulnerable patients are essential to reduce missed appointments and improve long-term ART adherence.Item Embargo Experiences of healthcare workers working in poorly resourced medical care units in Vhembe district hospitals, Limpopo Province.(2026-05-19) Mafela, Murunwa Joseph; Mafumo, J. L.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Experiences of healthcare workers working in poorly resourced medical care units in Vhembe district hospitals, Limpopo province. Background: The medical care unit is an inpatient unit that provides quality medical and nursing care to a wide range of patients. Serving a patient population from young adults (age 18) to geriatric patients who are admitted with gastrointestinal disorders, heart or lung conditions, and chronic conditions, it was crucial to explore the experiences of healthcare workers working in poorly resourced medical care units in hospitals. The resources include human and material resources. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the experiences of healthcare workers working in poorly resourced medical care units within hospitals. Objectives: To explore and describe the experiences of healthcare workers in poorly resourced medical care units. Methodology: In this study, a qualitative research approach was adopted, with an exploratory and descriptive design. The purposive sampling approach was used to select nurses and medical doctors who have been working in hospital medical care units for at least 1 year. The data collection tool was pretested to assess the interviewer's skills and ensure that participants understood the study's central question, thereby enabling in-depth data collection. The data were collected from 26 healthcare workers using face-to-face unstructured individual interviews. However, data collection was determined by data saturation at participant number 23. The thematic data technique was used to analyse data. Measures to ensure trustworthiness: The researcher ensured trustworthiness through measures of credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability. Ethical considerations: The researcher ensured that research ethics were observed, including informed consent, permission, confidentiality, beneficence, and privacy throughout the study. Findings: The study's findings may provide the Department of Health with solutions to plan and address the experiences of healthcare workers in poorly resourced medical care units within hospitals in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. Recommendations: The study recommends that the National government allocates an adequate budget to equip the healthcare facilities with resources. Again, healthcare workers need management's support, as they are psychologically and emotionally impacted.Item Embargo The social impact of HIV/AIDS on the youth of Mpheni community in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Makwela, Kakgiso; Mudau, A. G.; Lebese, R. T.HIV/AIDS remains a major health problem faced by all South Africans. Despite all the efforts by the South African government to address and deal with the social impacts of HIV / AIDS in general, the social impact of HIV /AIDS exists all over the world. HIV /AIDS not only impacted youth socially but also the families, community, and the development and economic growth of the country. There was a drop in school enrolment, child-headed families, loss of jobs, stigma, and discrimination among youth due to HIV /AIDS. The aim of the study was to determine the social impact of HIV /AIDS on the youth of the Mpheni community aged 16-24 years in Vhembe District, South Africa. A quantitative, descriptive research approach was used. Probability simple sampling technique was used to select the respondents who are youth aged 16-24 years and stay in Block A of Mpheni Village to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 29.0. Validity and reliability were ensured, and research ethics were observed. The study reveals that many young people face financial instability, with limited access to education (56.6%) and employment (61%). Discrimination remains a significant issue, affecting access to healthcare (46%), job opportunities (47%), and social inclusion (47%). Stigma (56%) is prevalent, with misconceptions about HIV/AIDS contributing to exclusion and negative perceptions. Additionally, risky sexual behaviours, including inconsistent condom use (51%) and substance abuse, increase vulnerability to HIV/AIDS transmission. The findings also highlight the struggles of child-headed households and families affected by HIV/AIDS, where financial strain and caregiving responsibilities are common. While some respondents showed acceptance toward HIV-positive individuals, many still held discriminatory beliefs, restricting their economic and social participation. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions, including education, awareness programs, and policy reforms to promote inclusivity, reduce stigma, and support the well-being of affected youth.Item Embargo Knowledge, Attitudes, And Practices Regarding Waterborne Diseases And Water Purification Among A Selected Rural Community in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2026-05-19) Malungane, Hlamulo; Tshivhase, S. E.Waterborne infections pose a significant global public health threat, contributing to ap-proximately 4 billion diarrhoea cases and 1.8 million deaths annually. In South Africa, recent cholera outbreaks have highlighted the need for improved community awareness and preparedness regarding waterborne diseases. This study aimed to assess residents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding waterborne diseases and water purification in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. A quantitative cross-sectional study design was employed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to adults aged 18 years and above residing in Nweli Village, Thohoyandou. The questionnaire assessed participants’ knowledge of waterborne diseases, their attitudes toward water safety and purification methods, and their water-related practices. The instrument was reviewed to ensure content validity, and reliability testing yielded a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.80, indicating good internal consistency. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants. The findings revealed varying levels of knowledge regarding waterborne diseases, with some participants demonstrating awareness of transmission routes and prevention methods, while others showed limited understanding. Participants also exhibited differ-ing attitudes toward water purification, with some recognising its importance while others showed low perceived risk. The use of household water purification methods was incon-sistent among participants. The study concludes that gaps exist in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to waterborne disease prevention. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions, including community-based education and awareness programmes, to promote positive attitudes, improve safe water practices, and reduce the burden of waterborne diseases in rural communities.Item Embargo Perceptions of high school learners regarding sexually transmitted infections in the selected schools of Mavambe Village, Vhembe District(2026-05-19) Manyathela, Kamogelo Seraga; Manganye, B. S.; Masutha, T. C.This study explored the perceptions of high school learners regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the selected schools of Mavambe Village, Vhembe District. Adolescents remain one of the most vulnerable groups to STIs, and their perceptions play a crucial role in shaping risk behaviours, preventive practices, and health-seeking behaviour. A qualitative research design was used, and data were collected through individual unstructured interviews and a focus group with 21 purposively selected female learners. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) guided the analysis to ensure that learners’ lived experiences and viewpoints were meaningfully interpreted. Data were stored in a password-protected folder and backed up in a OneDrive folder for safekeeping. Ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability. The Health Belief Model theory was applied in the study. Three main themes emerged from the study, namely perception and understanding of STIs, barriers to STI prevention, and coping and prevention strategies. The findings revealed that although learners possessed basic awareness of common STIs, particularly HIV, there were significant knowledge gaps regarding other infections. Misconceptions were common, including beliefs that STIs only affect sexually promiscuous individuals. Stigma, moral judgement, and fear of gossip emerged as dominant attitudes, shaping learners’ willingness to seek testing or discuss sexual health openly. Preventive strategies such as condom use, abstinence, and selective partnering were mentioned, but inconsistent condom use highlighted a persistent knowledge-behaviour gap. Learners reported relying primarily on peers and social media for information, while school-based sexual education was perceived as incomplete and overly focused on HIV, neglecting other STIs. The study concludes that learners’ perceptions of STIs are influenced by limited knowledge, cultural norms, and stigma, which collectively affect their preventive behaviour and access to healthcare. Strengthening comprehensive sexual health education, enhancing youth-friendly services, and encouraging community engagement are essential to improving STI awareness and reducing risk among the learners. The findings contribute to a contextual understanding of learners' sexual health in Mavambe Village and offer insights for improving STI prevention strategies within similar communities.Item Embargo Knowledge, attitude and perception of students regarding Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis at the University of Venda, South Africa(2026-05-19) Masimula, Lerato Gloria; Mudau, A. G.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Young adults at higher education institutions continue to be at risk of contracting Human Immunodeficiency Virus despite notable advancements in prevention. The acceptance of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, an effective biological strategy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus prevention, is largely dependent on potential users' good attitudes, positive views, and sufficient knowledge. The knowledge, attitudes, and views of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis among students at the University of Venda, a rural university in the South African province of Limpopo, were examined in this study. A standardized self-administered questionnaire was used to provide a quantitative cross-sectional survey to 402 on-campus students who were systematically sampled. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to look for relationships between sociodemographic factors and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis-related outcomes. The majority of participants were South African natives (88.1%), and the sample was primarily made up of females (67.2%), students under the age of 20 (39.3%), and undergraduates (64.7%). Only 35.1% of respondents correctly identified Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus prevention strategy, despite the fact that 91.8% of respondents said they had heard of it. Only 13.2% of respondents correctly identified daily oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, and 73.1% expressed doubt about its efficacy, indicating a lack of awareness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis use. Concerns about stigma, side effects, cost, and accessibility were identified by attitude research, although opinions about Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis accessibility at university pharmacies and health services were still ambiguous. Several knowledge, attitude, and perception factors showed significant correlations with gender, age, and cultural group (p < 0.001). Overall, the results show that a high level of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis awareness does not correlate with sufficient comprehension or preparedness for its use. In order to improve Human Immunodeficiency Virus prevention efforts among young adults, the study emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive, culturally relevant, and age-responsive Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis education and service delivery initiatives inside university settings. In conclusion, strengthening targeted, culturally responsive Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis education and improving on-campus access are critical to translating high awareness into informed acceptance and effective Human Immunodeficiency Virus prevention among university students.Item Embargo The role of parents in preventing substance use among adolescents at Elias Motsoaledi Municipality in the Sekhukhune District, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Mushanganyisi, Mashudu Marvellous; Mudau, A. G.; Mashau, N. S.Substance use among adolescents remains a major global health concern and continues to contribute significantly to the burden of disease worldwide. Despite numerous strategies and policies aimed at prevention, the problem persists and appears to be escalating. This study explored the role of parents in preventing substance use among adolescents within the Elias Motsoaledi Municipality of the Sekhukhune District, Limpopo Province. A qualitative, exploratory research design was adopted to gain insight into parents’ perspectives and experiences. Participants were purposively selected from parents of adolescents in the area, and data were collected through unstructured, face-to-face focus group discussions. Thematic Content Analysis was used to interpret the data. To ensure trustworthiness, the study followed Guba’s criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee, and the study adhered to ethical principles such as informed consent, confidentiality, voluntary participation, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence. Findings revealed that parents in Elias Motsoaledi understand their preventive role and employ several strategies including monitoring, communication, emotional guidance, role modelling, and participation in cultural and religious activities. However, their efforts are often hindered by structural, cultural, and social barriers. The study concludes that empowering parents through education, support networks, and community collaboration can strengthen their capacity to prevent adolescent substance use. The results were disseminated through the University of Venda Library, Department of Public Health, and academic conferences.Item Embargo Lived Experiences of Students with Impaired Vision at the University of Venda, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province in South Africa(2025-09-05) Nemavhidi, Gloria Faith; Tshivhase, S. E.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Vision is a crucial sensory function in the human body, enabling individuals to engage with their environment, ensuring safety, and maintaining cognitive alertness. Visual impairments refer to a decrease in vision that is caused by factors like - eye diseases, accidents, or eye problems that are present from birth and can affect people’s quality of life. People with impaired vision have trouble with self-navigation, indoors due to furniture or outdoors because of unsafe sidewalks. The study’s purpose was to gain comprehensive insights into the lived experiences of students with impaired vision at the University of Venda, Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study target population was visually-impaired students who are 18 years and above, registered for the 2023 academic year, and are in their second year of study. The study employed a qualitative methodology, specifically a descriptive and exploratory research design. The researcher employed a non-probability purposive sampling method, specifically targeting students with poor vision who possessed the necessary information for the study. The sample size was calculated based on the point at which data saturation occurred at tenth participant and the data collection was conducted using in-depth individual interviews and recorded with tape recorder. The data collection instrument underwent a pre-testing phase at the University of Venda, where it was evaluated by two visually-challenged students who were not included in the main study. Data was analysed qualitatively using a thematic analysis. This study examined the many obstacles visually-impaired University of Venda students encounter in numerous aspects of their university life. Participants reported that starting from admission to course materials, exams, and accommodations, they face major challenges that affect their academic progress and well-being. The findings underscore the necessity of tackling these issues through a comprehensive approach that focuses on accessibility, assistance, and inclusiveness. The recommendations indicate that universities should adopt inclusive admission procedures, offer accessible course materials, modify test formats, and enhance campus facilities and transportation options to support visually-impaired students.Item Embargo Socio-ecological factors affecting compliance with COVID-19 preventative measures, amongst staff and students at a selected university in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Ravhura, Anzani; Tshitangano, T. G.; Tshivhase, S. E.Corona virus was declared a pandemic worldwide in 2019. In South Africa, COVID-19 became noticeable from the fifth of March 2020 when the first case was reported and confirmed. To protect staff and students, educational institutions, like universities, were forced to close, and were only to re-open with COVID-19 precautionary measures in place. The purpose of this study was to investigate socio-ecological factors that contributed to non-compliance to COVID-19 preventative measures amongst staff and students at a selected university campus, as a baseline to inform interventions for future pandemics. The study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, online survey design, with respondents selected through convenience sampling. The collected data was analysed through SPSS version 29.0. The researcher ensured that research ethics - informed consent, obtaining permission, as well as ensuring confidentiality, beneficence and privacy - were adhered to. The study findings indicated that most of the respondents (86.9%) where aware of COVID-19, however, the university’s student representatives council (SRC) members (55,5%) were not compliant with Covid-19 preventative measures. The results also indicated that a significant number of respondents (72.3%) were not aware of the COVID-19 regulations of wearing face masks on the campus. Furthermore, a total of 389 respondents attested that they did know about the penalties for not wearing a mask in public. The researcher recommends that the Department of Public Health should collaborate with campus health and organise health education awareness campaigns which would emphasise the importance of wearing masks and encouraging staff and students, especially public figures such as SRC members, to adhere to the standard precautions against pandemics like, COVID-19.