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Item Embargo Lived Experiences of Students with Impaired Vision at the University of Venda, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province in South Africa(2025-09-05) Nemavhidi, Gloria Faith; Tshivhase, S. E.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Vision is a crucial sensory function in the human body, enabling individuals to engage with their environment, ensuring safety, and maintaining cognitive alertness. Visual impairments refer to a decrease in vision that is caused by factors like - eye diseases, accidents, or eye problems that are present from birth and can affect people’s quality of life. People with impaired vision have trouble with self-navigation, indoors due to furniture or outdoors because of unsafe sidewalks. The study’s purpose was to gain comprehensive insights into the lived experiences of students with impaired vision at the University of Venda, Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study target population was visually-impaired students who are 18 years and above, registered for the 2023 academic year, and are in their second year of study. The study employed a qualitative methodology, specifically a descriptive and exploratory research design. The researcher employed a non-probability purposive sampling method, specifically targeting students with poor vision who possessed the necessary information for the study. The sample size was calculated based on the point at which data saturation occurred at tenth participant and the data collection was conducted using in-depth individual interviews and recorded with tape recorder. The data collection instrument underwent a pre-testing phase at the University of Venda, where it was evaluated by two visually-challenged students who were not included in the main study. Data was analysed qualitatively using a thematic analysis. This study examined the many obstacles visually-impaired University of Venda students encounter in numerous aspects of their university life. Participants reported that starting from admission to course materials, exams, and accommodations, they face major challenges that affect their academic progress and well-being. The findings underscore the necessity of tackling these issues through a comprehensive approach that focuses on accessibility, assistance, and inclusiveness. The recommendations indicate that universities should adopt inclusive admission procedures, offer accessible course materials, modify test formats, and enhance campus facilities and transportation options to support visually-impaired students.Item Embargo Socio-ecological factors affecting compliance with COVID-19 preventative measures, amongst staff and students at a selected university in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Ravhura, Anzani; Tshitangano, T. G.; Tshivhase, S. E.Corona virus was declared a pandemic worldwide in 2019. In South Africa, COVID-19 became noticeable from the fifth of March 2020 when the first case was reported and confirmed. To protect staff and students, educational institutions, like universities, were forced to close, and were only to re-open with COVID-19 precautionary measures in place. The purpose of this study was to investigate socio-ecological factors that contributed to non-compliance to COVID-19 preventative measures amongst staff and students at a selected university campus, as a baseline to inform interventions for future pandemics. The study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, online survey design, with respondents selected through convenience sampling. The collected data was analysed through SPSS version 29.0. The researcher ensured that research ethics - informed consent, obtaining permission, as well as ensuring confidentiality, beneficence and privacy - were adhered to. The study findings indicated that most of the respondents (86.9%) where aware of COVID-19, however, the university’s student representatives council (SRC) members (55,5%) were not compliant with Covid-19 preventative measures. The results also indicated that a significant number of respondents (72.3%) were not aware of the COVID-19 regulations of wearing face masks on the campus. Furthermore, a total of 389 respondents attested that they did know about the penalties for not wearing a mask in public. The researcher recommends that the Department of Public Health should collaborate with campus health and organise health education awareness campaigns which would emphasise the importance of wearing masks and encouraging staff and students, especially public figures such as SRC members, to adhere to the standard precautions against pandemics like, COVID-19.Item Embargo Leadership role challenges experienced by Nurse Managers at selected hospitals in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Thomani, Zwiitwaho Esther; Mudau, A. G.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Introduction:The leadership position involves directing Nurse Managers to collaborate on making group decisions for better healthcare outcomes.The researcher is concerned about the impact of poor public health management due to unequal distribution of resources. The Department of Health is facing numerous litigations, resulting in the payment of substantial amounts of money to patients. This has led to significant strain on the health system. Purpose: The purpose of this research project was to explore and describe the leadership role challenges experienced by Nurse Managers at selected hospitals, Vhembe district , Limpopo province. Methodology:The study adopted a qualitative approach with a phenomenological study design targeting Nurse Managers, both women and men aged between 30-60 years to explore the challenges they experience in their leadership roles. The sample was chosen using purposive sampling method to identify participants until data was saturated at twelve (12) participants. The participants with at least two (2) years of working experience and who were willing to participate and who were on duty on the day of data collection were included. Data was collected using an individual in-depth interview. Face-to-face unstructured interviews were conducted by applying one central question. The interviews were recorded using an audiotape and transcribed verbatim.. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Credibility, transferability, confirmability and dependability were ensured to measure trustworthiness The ethical protocols were observed throughout the study three (3) themes and seven (7) subthemes emerged from the collected data. Results:The study findings indicated that Nurse Managers are facing many challenges in their leadership roles, the biggest challenge being the shortage of human and material resources, which include the aging infrastructure, the lack of financial resources and poor communication by top management contributing to increased workload. The results will be published in an accredited journal as a means of dissemination. All the necessary measures were taken to ensure the legitimacy of the research results. Conclusions: The Nursing profession is facing a lot of challenges like shortage of staff, shortage of equipment and the quadruple burden of diseases that need the Department of Health to take action. The World Health Organization reported that the lack of healthcare providers, particularly Nurse Managers, will impede national and international efforts to improve the health and well-being of the world's population. Managing units requires passion and dedication from those who understand their roles and responsibilities. The demands placed on Nurse Managers in the healthcare industry have become more complex in recent times Keywords: Challenges,Experienced,Hospitals, Leadership role, Nurse ManagersItem Embargo Experiences of women living with HIV who underwent Long Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ) in selected hospitals of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. South Africa(2025-09-05) Machaba Sikhwetha, Mabareki Cecilia; Makhado, L.; Olofinbiyi, O. B.Background: Large Loop Electrosurgical removal of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ) is a mutually agreed intervention of choice by researchers in screening for and treatment of pre-malignant lesions and is therefore implemented worldwide. Several studies have been conducted globally, regionally and nationally on the concept of LLETZ and women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Hardly any such study was conducted within Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Being a surgical procedure, it is associated with potential side effects for individuals undergoing it. Purpose: The study intended to explore and describe the experiences of women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus who underwent LLETZ in selected hospitals of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methodology: The researcher conducted a scoping review guided by the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and searched for published articles related to LLETZ experiences of HIV-positive women from 2013 to 2023 in the English language only. Keywords for searching various databases included experiences, HIV, LLETZ, reproductive age and women. The review identified critical factors and characteristics associated with the topic as well as gaps in the knowledge base. The researcher embarked on a qualitative study, exploratory and descriptive in design, guided by a phenomenological approach cognitive framework. A purposive sampling technique was applied. The sample constituted seven (7) participants, including two (2) for pretest and one (1) for verifying data saturation. One-to-one in-depth, unstructured interviews were conducted. Approaches to data analysis included organizing, reading, coding, identifying categories/themes and representing and interpreting the data. The Tesch coding procedure was implemented as part of the thematic analysis. The study consists of two articles. Results: Eight main themes emerged, with four constituting sub-themes. The LLETZ intervention process involves several aspects, including outcomes, psychological experiences, physical experiences, psychosocial support, financial support, misconceptions and education, recommendations and reflections and the time factor. Women often experience unrealistic expectations from interventions due to misconceptions. Uncertainty emerged as a factor affecting psychological and psychosocial experiences as well as the screening test, intervention procedure and results turnaround time. Recommendations are made to patients, health professionals, educators and researchers. It is evident that there is still much work to be done with regard to this phenomenon to achieve the goals of the third millennium. Conclusion: The discussion of the study findings reflected on the reviewed literature. Uncertainty was identified as the dominant force behind women’s experiences. This implicates knowledge deficit as the main factor. Thus, all possible manners of information given to patients and their support system must be applied.Item Embargo The role of health determinants in shaping youths’ health: a case study of Vhembe district, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Ramanyimi, Livhuwani Lillian; Mulondo, S. A.; Tshivhase, S. E.The health of youth is shaped by a variety of factors, known as health determinants. The determinants of health are the various factors that influence a person’s overall health status. These determinants can be divided into four categories: individual, social, economic, and environmental determinants. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of health determinants in shaping the health of youth in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design embedded within the quantitative research approach. The study population was Itsani village, which comprised youth aged 15-34. The letter of permission to conduct the study was self-delivered to the Royal Council and the local Chief of the study village. An ethical clearance certificate was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Venda, and the code of ethics was followed to protect the rights of the participants. Informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and protection from harm were applied. The researcher gained entrance by setting an appointment with the chief right-hand man, youth were mobilised during community gatherings, civic meetings, and at the sports field. The sample size was 372 and 10% of the sample size was used for pre-testing. The pre-testing was conducted using a questionnaire. 37 youth were sampled using a simple random sampling method from the same village to evaluate the feasibility of the instrument and determine if questions needed to be amended. Reliability was tested using the test-retest method and validity was observed. Recommendations and conclusions were based on the anticipated findings of the study. Findings showed that youth are knowledgeable about health determinants. However, some are not sufficiently knowledgeable about them. Most of the youth have a positive attitude and recognise the value of health determinants. The majority of the youth agreed that they drink alcohol and agreed that economic factors affect their physical and mental well-being. (33.4%) of the respondents agreed with the statement “Behaviour and lifestyle choices, the study found that things such as diet, exercise, and substance abuse, play a role in determining the health of youths. The study concluded that amongst the youth, there are factors that influence youth health that were assessed, such as health access, socio-environmental factors and financial status. The Department of Basic Education must address the immediate impacts of the pandemic and build resilience. Social development emphasises the importance of inclusive, sustainable practices that align with the Sustainable Development Goals, ensuring no one is left behind. Parents and teachers must create a supportive and nurturing environment both at home and in school to foster resilience in young people. Engaging in open communication, providing access to resources for physical and mental health, and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices are key strategies. Additionally, educators can integrate social determinants of health into the curriculum, helping students understand the broader societal influences on their well-being. Youth must engage in educational programs that increase awareness of these factors and how health determinants impact their health. They must advocate for policies that address income inequality, access to quality education, and fair employment practices. They must participate in community-based programs that focus on improving social and economic conditions. Consequently, I recommend that future researchers define clear objectives and employ robust methodologies, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge and informing practice. They should examine the phenomenon from a qualitative standpoint to add to the knowledge base in depth. I recommend that they focus on infectious disease prevention and control, climate change and environmental health, mental health and well-being, global health policy and implementation science. These recommendations collectively aim to support the interconnected domains of health, education, social development, parenting, teaching, and research, ultimately contributing to the well-being and advancement of society.Item Embargo Household Waste Management Practices in a Selected Community under Makhado Municipality, Vhembe District of Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Manavhela, Thendo; Tshivhase, S. E.Poor household waste management has major health and environmental consequences in everyday life, which affects human welfare in both direct and indirect ways. The aim of this study was to investigate the waste management practices of households in a selected community of Mpheni under Makhado Municipality. This study followed a quantitative approach and adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. The total sample was 174 male and female. The researcher ensured reliability by using a stability test-retest. For the purpose of this research, the following ethical considerations were considered: Informed consent, confidentiality, avoidance of harm, maintaining human dignity, and voluntary participation for validity, the researcher used a literature review of related studies to ensure that the questionnaire covered all essential aspects of household waste management. Data was collected using a closed-ended questionnaire. The results from the questionnaires show that there were many respondents aged 41 to 63 years. The data indicates a near-equal distribution of genders, with Females (53%) slightly outnumbering males (47%). The majority (98%) of respondents live in households with sizes ranging from 1 to 10 individuals. The study revealed that the most produced wastes were plastics (90%) and bottles (85%). In conclusion, rural areas continue to face challenges in waste management. There is still a need to strengthen this area, especially in rural areas. Education is needed to enhance the knowledge of good waste management practices. The researcher recommends that the community should strengthen the promotion of the reduction, reuse, and recycling of waste methods in order to reduce the number of wastes within households.Item Embargo Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Malaria among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic in selected Primary Health Care facilities in Thulamela Municipality, South Africa(2025-09-05) Netshilindi, Zwanga Surprise; Tshivhase, S. E.; Makhado, L.Malaria parasitic infections are a significant public health concern in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and are prevalent in developing countries. Malaria is a life-threatening disease that poses a significant public health concern, particularly among expectant women in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Not much information exists on pregnant women's compliance to malaria management in Limpopo. The study aimed to assess the Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of malaria parasitaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in selected primary health care facilities in Thulamela municipality, South Africa. The study used a quantitative and cross-sectional descriptive methodology. The study was conducted in the primary health care facilities chosen in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province. The study used total population sampling to sample all pregnant women with a gestational age between 12 and 37 weeks who attended antenatal clinics. Respondents completed questionnaires within 20-40 minutes. The study included 190 pregnant women, with 108 recruited from Dzwerani Clinic and 82 from Ha-Manavhela Clinic.A pre-test was administered to pregnant women from a neighbouring village to ensure the measuring instrument's validity and modify it. Validity was established by face and content validity. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the instrument's consistency and to validate its reliability. The researcher requested authorization to gather data from the provincial Department of Health and the participants. Data were gathered by a self-administered questionnaire and processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentages, and correlations. The researcher guaranteed the consideration of research ethics, including informed consent, authorisation, secrecy, beneficence, and privacy. The results of this study show that pregnant women who go to specific basic healthcare facilities don't know much about malaria. Even though 98.4% of the women said they had malaria, a lot of them did not know much about how it spreads, what its signs are, or how to treat it. Only 29.5% of those who took part knew how malaria is spread, showing a lack of knowledge about how to avoid getting the disease. Also, the results showed that people do not know much about current ways to treat malaria. In conclusion, this study revealed a significant knowledge gap regarding malaria among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province. Despite high self-reported malaria prevalence, participants demonstrated limited understanding of malaria transmission, symptoms, and treatment. These findings highlight the need for targeted health education and awareness programs to empower pregnant women with accurate knowledge, ultimately reducing malaria-related morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. The study recommended the implementation of Malaria Awareness Campaigns, particularly in regions with high malaria prevalence, to educate the people about the prevention and treatment of malaria.Item Embargo Knowledge, attitudes, ans awareness of epilepsy amongst students at a selected higher education institution of learning in Limpopo, South Africa(2025-09-05) Ndou, Andani Edna; Makhado, L.; Netshisaulu, O. P.Background: Epilepsy, a neurological disorder that affects individuals of all ages, is often surrounded by stigma and misconceptions. Despite the prevalence of epilepsy, public knowledge and awareness about the condition are limited, particularly among university students. This study explored the perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes of students at the University of Venda regarding epilepsy to identify gaps in awareness and contribute to better educational strategies. Objectives: The purpose was to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and awareness regarding epilepsy among students at the selected university in Limpopo province. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilised following a quantitative research approach, survey-ing students from various faculties at the University of Venda. The study employed purposive sampling to select the institution, and Raosoft sample size calculator was utilized to determine the total sample size of 326 participants who participated in the study. Participants were asked to complete a structured question-naire covering demographic information, knowledge about epilepsy, attitudes towards people with epi-lepsy, and perceptions of public attention given to the condition. The survey included questions such as whether participants had heard about epilepsy, their understanding of its causes and management, and their views on the rights and abilities of people living with epilepsy. All submitted responses were first securely exported from Google Forms and screened for completeness. The data were coded and cleaned to ensure accuracy and consistency before analysis. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 30.0. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were employed to summarize participants’ demographic characteristics, levels of knowledge, attitudes, and awareness re-garding epilepsy. Results: The survey revealed that most students (approximately 92.9%) had heard of epilepsy, but signifi-cant misconceptions persisted. Many respondents believed epilepsy is untreatable or that people with epi-lepsy should not be allowed to engage in activities such as driving and should be supervised. Only a mi-nority of participants (18.7%) knew the correct management practices during a seizure. Notably, most stu-dents (67%) felt that insufficient attention was being given to epilepsy. At the same time, participation in the study spurred increased interest in learning more about the disorder, with over 92.9% expressing a desire for more information. Conclusion: The study highlights a critical need for enhanced education about epilepsy among university students, mainly to dispel myths and encourage informed and compassionate attitudes. Educational initia-tives focusing on seizure management, inclusivity, and the dispelling of stigma could significantly improve the knowledge base. These efforts could foster a more supportive environment for individuals with epilepsy within the University of Venda and broader society.Item Embargo The effect of COVID-19 lockdown regulations on art initiation among people living with HIV in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Nkadimeng, Naledi; Makhado, L.; Netshisaulu, O. P.Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted healthcare delivery globally, disrupting services critical to managing chronic conditions like HIV. In South Africa, the burden of HIV, combined with the pandemic's restrictions, presented unique challenges for People Living with HIV (PLHIV). Lockdown regulations, designed to curb the virus's spread, inadvertently hindered access to healthcare services, including Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) initiation. ART is vital for reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality and achieving global goals like the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. This study investigates the effects of lockdown regulations on ART initiation rates in Johannesburg, highlighting the pandemic's implications for HIV management in a resource-limited setting. Objectives: The study aimed to: • Assess ART initiation rates before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown regulations in Johannesburg's Region D, Soweto. • Examine the barriers that hindered ART initiation during the lockdown period. • Provide recommendations for healthcare policy and planning to address service disruptions during pandemics or similar crises. Methods: This quantitative study utilized a retrospective chart review design to evaluate ART initiation trends across eight healthcare facilities in Region D, Soweto. Facilities were selected using simple random sampling to ensure representativeness. Data spanning 2019 (pre-lockdown), 2020–2021 (lockdown period), and 2022 (post-lockdown) were extracted from the Department of Health’s databases (DHIS and Tier.net). A self-designed checklist captured key metrics, including demographic data and ART initiation rates. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS Version 29, with visual presentations in charts and tables. Ethical approvals were secured from the University of Venda and relevant health authorities. Results: The findings revealed a significant decline in ART initiation rates during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Community Health Centres (CHCs) reported a 40% decrease in ART initiation compared to a 20% reduction in primary healthcare clinics. Patient retention rates during the lockdown also varied, with CHCs achieving only 55% retention compared to 75% in clinics. Key barriers identified included restricted mobility due to stringent lockdown measures, fear of exposure to COVID-19, and the reallocation of healthcare resources to pandemic management. Despite these challenges, post-lockdown recovery efforts gradually improved ART initiation and retention. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted ART initiation and highlighted systemic vulnerabilities in HIV service delivery. While necessary to contain the pandemic, lockdown regulations underscored the need for resilient healthcare systems capable of maintaining essential services during crises. This study recommends leveraging technology-based solutions such as telemedicine, scaling up community-based testing, and improving healthcare resource allocation to mitigate the impact of similar disruptions in the future. Ensuring accessibility and continuity of HIV care during pandemics is critical to maintaining progress toward global HIV eradication goals. Significance of the Study: The study provides critical insights into how lockdown regulations affected ART initiation in a high-HIV-burden setting. By addressing gaps in HIV service delivery during emergencies, the findings can inform public health strategies, strengthen resilience in healthcare systems, and safeguard the health of vulnerable populations during future pandemics. Recommendations: To enhance the response to healthcare crises, it is essential to strengthen policies that prioritize vital services, ensuring that the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and overall HIV care experience minimal disruption during emergencies. In this context, expanding telemedicine services can play a crucial role by facilitating remote consultations and effective management of ART. By incorporating telehealth, healthcare providers can continue supporting patients without requiring physical visits, which is particularly important during restrictive mobility. Additionally, increasing community-based testing and treatment outreach programs will help address the challenges of lockdowns and social distancing measures. These initiatives can ensure that individuals can still access essential services without travelling long distances. It is also vital to allocate adequate resources for HIV services during emergencies. This strategic planning will prevent interruptions in care that could jeopardize the health of those living with HIV. Finally, targeted public awareness campaigns should be implemented to reduce fear and stigma surrounding HIV, promoting a proactive approach to healthcare-seeking behaviour even during pandemics. By educating communities about their options and the importance of continued care, we can foster a supportive environment that encourages individuals to seek the help they need.Item Embargo Knowledge, attitudes and practices of caregivers towards measles and measles vaccine in a selected village in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mathenjwa, Happiness; Makhado, Lufuno; Olofinbiyi, O. B.Despite the widespread availability of an effective and free measles vaccine, the infection remains a global public health challenge. While barriers to childhood immunization have been extensively studied worldwide, including in South Africa, there is limited information regarding caregivers' specific knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning measles and its vaccination in the South African context. Given the ongoing measles outbreaks in 2022–2024, it is imperative to investigate whether caregivers know their children's vaccination status and the recommended timing for measles immunization. This study aimed to assess the KAP of caregivers toward measles and its vaccine in a selected village in Limpopo Province. The research was conducted alongside a scoping review to synthesize existing global literature on measles and vaccination and to inform the study's direction. The review incorporated keywords related to the study variables and sourced data from peer-reviewed journals, grey literature, and government reports. Subsequently, the study adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional, non-experimental descriptive design to gather data from caregivers of children aged six months to twelve years residing in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed to measure relevant variables. A simple random sampling method was employed to select 377 eligible respondents. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 29.0) was utilized to analyze the data, presenting findings through tables, frequencies, and percentages, with Pearson correlation analysis used to explore associations. The scoping review identified themes indicating that caregivers possess adequate knowledge about measles; however, attitudes toward the measles vaccine varied, with the majority reporting positive rather than negative attitudes. Factors influencing caregivers' KAP included vaccine hesitancy, demographic characteristics such as the age and educational status of the caregiver, logistic constraints, the caregiver-physician relationship, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The quantitative analysis revealed that most caregivers demonstrated low (32.1%) to moderate (66.2%) knowledge levels, while only 6.8% exhibited high knowledge. Attitude scores indicated that most caregivers (89.3%) held positive attitudes toward measles and its vaccine. Practice scores highlighted that the majority (94.2%) demonstrated generally positive practices. The study found low knowledge could be attributed to limited exposure to measles infections and infrequent discussions with healthcare providers. The study recommends implementing targeted interventions that extend beyond mass community immunization campaigns. These should focus on educating caregivers about identifying measles cases and reinforcing the significance of vaccination, despite the limited exposure to the disease, to sustain community herd immunity.Item Embargo Knowledge and practices towards antibiotics use in Thulamela Municipality of Vhembe District Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Makhari, Mpho; Maphula, A.; Tshitimbi, T. O.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a health crisis that is found globally and it threatens the effective treatment of infectious diseases. It occurs when microorganisms develop resistance to the drugs that is used to treat them leaving the medication ineffective, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasite. The inappropriate use of antibiotics has been classified as major drivers of AMR, leading to multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria and reducing the effectiveness of existing treatment options. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized AMR as one of the biggest obstacles to public health in the 21st century not only is it increasing the morbidity and mortality rates associated with infectious diseases but also it leaves the economy in a hefty strain and negatively impacts the healthcare systems worldwide. This study aims to address the gap in knowledge by conducting a quantitative study to assess practices towards antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance among the communities. Simple random sampling was used to have 260 respondents who are males and females aged 18-65 residing in Thulamela Municipality. Data was collected using survey questionnaires, SPSS was used to analyse. Findings revealed adequate knowledge regarding antibiotics, The majority of respondents showed a good understanding of antibiotics, with 85% correctly identifying the difference between antibiotics and other medications. Ninety-four point six percent (94.6%) correctly identified that antibiotics are effective against bacteria, and 90.4% were aware that antibiotics can kill bacteria normally present on the skin and in the gut. The current study revealed that the community members are knowledgeable regarding antibiotics. However, some misconceptions were prevalent as evidence revealed that 50% believed that antibiotics speed up recovery from coughs and colds. The findings of this study provide valuable in-depth insights for the development of targeted interventions, campaigns, and policy measures to fight the AMR effectively. The findings highlight for the development of evidence-based strategies to fight against the AMR, promote responsible antibiotic use, and ensure safety of the public health on a global scale. Additionally, the study may serve as a benchmark for future research and policy development aimed at addressing this critical global health issue.Item Embargo Navigating the Gap: Unpacking the Unemployment Experiences of Higher Education Youth Graduates in Collins Chabane Municipality in the Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mthembi, Kabelo Hope; Maluleke, M.; Manganye, B. S.In the past few years, graduate unemployment has considerably increased in South Africa and around the world. The rising unemployment rates among unemployed youth graduates have impacted communities' quality of life. The main purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of higher education graduates in Collins Chabane Municipality, in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo province. The study area for the proposed study was chosen to be a selected community in Collins Chabane municipality in Limpopo, which has a predominantly African population. The community was chosen because, like many communities in South Africa, it is struggling greatly with the unemployment of recent graduates. The researcher used a qualitative approach and a phenomenological case study research design to obtain an in-depth understanding of the research topic. The population is comprised of unemployed graduates between the ages of 21-35. A non-probability purposive and snowball sampling technique was utilized in the proposed study to select the participants. Semi-structured in-depth face-to-face individual interviews were used to collect data from the participants. The researcher intended to interview 15 participants, comprising both males and females; however, the sample size was determined by data saturation. A pre-test study was conducted to test the applicability of the research measures to ensure trustworthiness. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was applied to analyze data, and finally, ethical principles were maintained throughout the study. Recommendations were based on the findings of the study.Item Embargo Barriers to accessing Public Primary Health care among elderly people in Mpheni village, Limpopo Province.(2025-09-05) Netshakhuma, NdaedzoBackground As individuals age, their health demands increase compared to younger populations. When these demands are not adequately met by Primary Health Care (PHC) systems, it can lead to the progression of chronic diseases, increased comorbidities, and worsening health outcomes. This, in turn, reduces the overall quality of life for older adults. There is a gap between the ideal PHC policy framework and its practical implementation, especially in rural communities like Mpheni Village, Limpopo Province. Purpose of the Study This study aimed to explore and describe the barriers preventing the elderly population of the Mpheni community from accessing and benefiting from PHC services. Methods An exploratory qualitative research design was used. Participants were selected through non-probability convenience sampling, focusing on those aged 60 years and above, residing in Mpheni, and self-reporting challenges in accessing PHC services. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 participants and analysed using thematic content analysis. Ethical principles including informed consent, confidentiality, and trustworthiness were strictly observed. Results The study identified several barriers to PHC access, including long waiting times caused by staff shortages, transportation challenges due to poor infrastructure and high costs, and frequent medication shortages. These issues negatively impacted participants’ health, exacerbated chronic conditions, and led to psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, and feelings of neglect. While clinics were praised for their cleanliness and free services, participants expressed the need for specialised elderly care, improved communication about medication availability, and mobile clinic services. Recommendations To improve PHC service delivery for the elderly in rural areas, the study recommends the introduction of mobile clinics, training of PHC personnel in geriatric care, timely medication supply, and enhanced transport services. Policies must be tailored to ensure accessibility and responsiveness to the needs of the ageing population.Item Embargo Developing non-medical intervention strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality associated with hypertension during pregnancy in Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-16) Madzaga, Thizwilondi; Malwela, T.; Mohlala, M.; Tshitangano, T. G.Hypertension is a global health concern, including in South Africa. It is one of the major risk factors of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the study was to develop non-medical intervention strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality, associated with hypertension during pregnancy in Capricorn District. A convergent parallel- mixed method was used in this study. The population of the study were all pregnant women aged 14 years to 49 years who were attending their antenatal services at the selected hospitals and clinics. In quantitative design anthropometric measurements and questionnaire were used to collect data. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyse the association of hypertension and its risk factors. In qualitative design a face-to- face unstructured interview was used to collect data and thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Venda Ethics Committee. Permission to collect data was obtained from the Limpopo Department of Health manager and the Capricorn District Municipality manager. All ethical issues were observed, to ensure safety of the participants. The prevalence of hypertension was 126(21.50%) (CI 95%, 18.29% to 25.1%). The Chi-squire test showed that the prevalence of hypertension was significantly associated with age (P=0.00262), family history of hypertension (P=0.003), unemployment (P=0.04181), type of cooking oil (P=0.0436), salt intake (P=0.0111), obesity (P=1.664e-05), classification of BMI (P=5.765e-07), chronic hypertension (P=0.0000), gestational diabetes (P=0.0000) and a previous history of hypertension (P=2.2e-16). The multiple logistic regression showed that the prevalence of hypertension was significantly associated with a previous history of hypertension during pregnancy (P=1.93e-1), gestational diabetes (P=0.00317), chronic hypertension (P=0.01926) and salt intake (P=0.03355). Knowledge of hypertension among the pregnant women was found to be poor. Most of the participants indicated that they did not receive health education during antenatal care services. Good knowledge of hypertension was observed among those who were both employed and educated. The majority of the participants indicated that they had heard about hypertension, but only few of them bothered to find out more about it. Barriers to knowledge of hypertension were poor communication between patients and healthcare providers, education and ignorance of patients. Poor hypertension management was linked with preferred treatment, beliefs and poor knowledge about hypertension. In this study health information, social support and in-service training of staff are the proposed intervention strategies. Stakeholder were involved the development and validation of the program.Item Embargo Strategies to Improve Access to Healthcare Services for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Gauteng Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Manyuma, Duppy; Tshitangano, T. G.; Mudau, A. G.Introduction: South Africa currently hosts approximately 250,250 refugees and asylum seekers, the highest among the nine countries included in the UNHCR’s Multi-Country Office. The constitution of South Africa and the Refugee Act of South Africa grant refugee and asylum seekers the right to access healthcare services as South African citizens, despite the provisions in the legislation that grant refugees and asylum seekers similar rights as South African citizens in terms of access to health services, they still experience challenges in accessing these services in Gauteng Province. Aim: This study aimed to develop strategies to improve refugees' and asylum seekers' access to health care services in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases. An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was employed in Phase 1 of the study, where the initial phase adopted a qualitative approach, and the subsequent phase adopted a quantitative approach. Phase 1 (a) of this study employed a qualitative approach in Gauteng Province among 16 conveniently sampled Health professionals and 20 purposively sampled refugees and asylum seekers. Unstructured interviews were used to collect data, which was analysed thematically. The results from Phase 1 (a) were then used to inform Phase 1 (b). Phase 1 (b) adopted a quantitative approach based on the findings from the initial qualitative approach to strengthen and ensure the generalisability of the qualitative phase to a broader population. Data was collected through structured self-administered questionnaires from n=353 health professionals and n=367 refugees and asylum seekers who were randomly sampled. Descriptive analysis was performed on the collected data. Ethical principles of informed consent, anonymity, privacy, confidentiality, and avoidance of harm were adhered to throughout the study. Results: The results from health professionals, refugees, and asylum seekers were reported separately. Nine themes emerged during data analysis. Four themes emerged from data collected from refugees and asylum seekers: Turnaround time, Hospital charges, Treatment by the hospital staff, and Practice in the hospital. Five themes emerged from data collected from health professionals: Communication challenges, corrupt activities by asylum seekers and refugees, hospital charges, attitude of asylum seekers, refugees and staff, and patients’ health-seeking behavior Phase 1 (c) focused on meta-inference and conceptualization. Where a conclusion was drawn based on the qualitative and quantitative data gathered. Phase 2 focused on developing strategies using analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats and a Build, Overcome, Explore, and Minimize Model to guide the process. The developed strategies include the purpose, core values, and 17 strategic objectives with action plans. In Phase 3, the Delphi Technique was used to validate the developed strategies with 13 validators considered experts in healthcare, migration, and academics. Conclusion: There is a need to eliminate the language barriers between health professionals, refugees, and asylum seekers to ensure optimal access to services. Continuous provision of education in the refugee community will improve their understanding of the South African health system. Cultural competency training is needed to ensure acceptability between health professionals, refugees, and asylum seekers. There should be a collaboration between the community structures and local and international organizations with the Department of Health to address the existing challenges.Item Embargo Assessment of Sport Participation for People with Disabilities at Universities in Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mokwena, Tobias Johannes; Tshitangano, T. G.; Tshivhase, S. E.Background: Despite the notable progress that has been made in developing policies and putting structures in place to respond to the needs of people with disabilities in South Africa, people with disabilities are exposed to restrictive environments, discouraging them from participating in sports activities designed to promote a healthy lifestyle. These restrictive environments include architectural, societal, and personal barriers. The study aimed to assess, develop, and validate a sports participation program for people with disabilities at the rural universities in Limpopo Province. Methods: An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was conducted in three phases. Phase one of the study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In Phase two, a meta-analysis was performed, along with the conceptualization and development of the intervention program using the health promotion model, BOEM, and SWOT analysis. Phase three employed the Delphi Technique to validate the developed intervention program. The study adopted purposive sampling and total population sampling techniques. Trustworthiness was ensured through measures of credibility, confirmability, transferability, and dependability. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 16 students with disabilities, 10 disability unit staff, and 3 staff members from sports and recreation. Quantitative data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires distributed to 164 participants, which included 150 students with disabilities, 10 disability staff, and 4 sports and recreation staff. The instrument’s reliability was established through a series of questions designed to assess sports participation guidelines for people with disabilities at selected rural-based universities in Limpopo Province. Ethical principles of informed consent, anonymity, privacy, confidentiality, and avoidance of harm were adhered to throughout the research process. Qualitative data were analysed through a thematic 6-step data analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 29.0. The study findings were conceptualised using the health promotion model and SWOT analysis. Results: The study findings were integrated, and the interpretation of the findings was discussed. Six themes emerged from the qualitative study findings: inclusion of students with disabilities to participate in sports activities; challenges discouraging students with disabilities from participating in sports activities; provision of conducive sports facilities; support from the rural-based universities in Limpopo Province; benefits of participating in sports, and strategies to encourage students with disabilities to participate in sports activities. These themes, developed from qualitative data analysis, were confirmed by the quantitative data findings. Specifically, 115 (76.7%) of the participants acknowledged the benefits of participating in sports activities. However, the study revealed that 111 (74%) participants experienced discrimination when attempting to participate in sports activities, and 92 (61.3%) experienced stigmatization when participating in sports activities. Additionally, the study indicated that sports facilities at the rural universities in Limpopo Province are not conducive for people with disabilities. A significant number of participants, 90 (60.0%), reported that there are no sports competitions for people with disabilities. Furthermore, 70.0% revealed that disability structures are not involved in planning adaptive sports activities. The study findings were presented to the disability support staff and the unit of Sports and Recreation staff at rural-based universities in Limpopo Province. The study findings informed the development of an intervention program, which consists of three components: personal factors, situational influences, and commitment to the plan of action. Stakeholders validated the designed intervention program, and the descriptive statistics were used to assess and summarize the data using tables, pie charts, and frequency distributions. The program is practical and can effectively address the challenges that discourage students with disabilities from participating in sports activities. Conclusion: People with disabilities experience several challenges that include architectural barriers, societal barriers, and personal barriers discouraging them from participating in sports activities designed to promote a healthy lifestyle. Recommendations: Universities should provide accessible and user-friendly sports facilities for students with disabilities and non-disabled students to promote a healthy lifestyle.Item Embargo Intervention strategies to promote health-seeking behaviour among men in rural villages of selected Districts in Limpopo Province, South Africa.(2025-09-05) Chavalala, Lazarros; Makhado, L.; Lebese, R. T.Background: In many societies, few men utilise the available health care service and those who seek care are likely to discontinue care before completing treatment. Men’s utilisation of health services remains low and tests for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have even lower number, compared to women. They spend a long duration infected by untreated diseases such as STIs and have an increased chance of HIV infection, become severely ill, and die from the diseases. South Africa is among the countries where men utilise health care services at a lower number compared to women. Aim: This study sought to develop intervention strategies to promote health-seeking behaviour among men in rural villages of selected Districts in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The objectives were to: Describe Behavioural, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental factors that contribute to men’s poor health-seeking behaviour; Explore health system factors that contribute to low utilisation of health services and poor health-seeking behaviour; Describe the views of men on their health; Explore strategies that may encourage men to utilise health services; Assess knowledge of men on their health and determine their attitude towards public health care services; Validate the developed strategies. Methods: This study was conducted in multiphase. In the first phase, A systematic review was conducted. The second phase focused on convergent parallel mixed methods design comprising both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings from both qualitative and quantitative were then merged side by side. Purposively selected participants for the qualitative strand were interviewed using both individual interviews and focus group discussions based on their categories. Randomly selected participants for the quantitative strand were given a self-administered questionnaire to complete to collect data from them. The qualitative data was analysed using Tesch’s eight steps, while the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 29.0 was used to analyse quantitative data by employing descriptive and inferential statistics. Phase three focused on developing strategies and validating developed strategies. The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis, was applied to the findings from phase two. Build, Overcome, Explore and Minimise (BOEM) models, were then applied to the outcomes of the SWOT analysis and used to develop strategies. Chinn and Kramer's evaluation theory was used to validate developed strategies. Validity and reliability were ensured for quantitative findings, while the trustworthiness of qualitative findings was established through credibility, dependability, transferability, and conformability measures. Ethical considerations were observed. Results: The systematic review found that peer education, Men’s Sheds, HIV self-testing, and Telemedicine and digital platforms were among the strategies that have been used in other countries to improve men’s health-seeking behaviours. The qualitative inquiry identified factors that contribute to men’s poor health-seeking behaviours and experiences of men when visiting public health facilities. Through quantitative inquiry, men’s knowledge of their health was assessed and their attitudes towards public health services were determined. A total of 14 strategies were developed and this included the introduction of male-dedicated sections in existing health facilities: implementation of community outreach campaigns targeting males, providing male-dedicated health services through telemedicine, employing male nurses and community health workers (CWHs), regular staff training of health professionals serving males, and reducing the waiting period for males in the health facilities. Validation led to a few adjustments in the strategies suggested by experts. All Stakeholders agreed with the proposed strategies. Amendments to the strategies were made and presented based on the suggestions. Conclusion: Men are more likely to experience poor health outcomes due to poor health-seeking behaviour. There is a need to address men’s poor health-seeking behaviour in the Limpopo province. Implementing the proposed strategies could help improve men’s health-seeking behaviour in Limpopo province and improve health outcomes among men. The strategies should be implemented in the study setting, monitored, and evaluated to measure their impact. If the strategies lead to a positive impact on men’s health-seeking behaviour, they can then be extended to other settings.Item Embargo The impact of COVID-19 on HIV patients who are on ART in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Moyo, Ramasela Anna; Maphula, A.; Makhado, L.Background: People who had mental health conditions before, may be more susceptible to stressors related to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Understanding the impact, in particular psychosocial impact of the pandemic for people living with HIV (PLWH) is critical, as they are to an extent, already at a risk for common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, due to the fact that poor mental health may precede negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related outcomes. The study assesses the impact of COVID-19 on HIV patients who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at 2 health centres at local municipality in Vhembe district. Methods: The study incorporated a systematic review artle due to the article format of the submission but the main study was quantitative in nature, using a descriptive design that is cross-sectional in nature. Simple random sampling was used in this study to select the sample of respondents who were PLWH, who met the criteria of being on ART treatment from the Limpopo department of health. Data was collected using a questionnaire which incorporated the following scales: Self-Reported HIV Medication Adherence, Fear of COVID Scale and PROMIS 10. The questionnaire was presented and administered to PLWH who are 18 years old and above who are on ART and have been residing in selected local municipality for the previous 12 months. Ethical considerations were observed throughout the study, partcicipants gave full consent verbally and in writing prior data collection. Furthermore consent and approvals were obtained to ensure adherence to good ethical conduct. Results: The Statistical Package of Social Sciences was used to analyse data. The findings highlight a substantial 34,4% of respondents being afraid of COVID-19 and 14,1 also agreeing, implying the almost half of the respondents experiences anxiety. 47.1% reported being afraid to die COVID-19 and 35.2% struggling to sleep due to worrying about COVID-19. Although the PROMIS 10 scale reflect 64.4% and quality of life was reported to be high, the COPE scale highlight 2,8% used alcohol and durgs to cope, 3,5% used binge eating to cope. The majority reported more positive adaptive ways to cope such as eating healthy, taking break from social media, excircising and connecting with other people. The t-test result showed that there is no association between gender and the levels of anxiwty, irritability and depression, gender – females (M = 11.1869, SD = 8.6411) were not significantly different in level of irritability, anxiety and depression t(285) =0,527, P < .599 compared males (M = 10.7813, SD = 8.0366). The result implies that gender has no significant influence on anxiety, irritability and depression. Hypothesis three was rejected. The health system implementors in SA need to classify psychological treatment as essential to be as swiftly as general health response to improve the health and wellbeing for PLWH during COVID-19.MItem Embargo Perceptions and attitudes of adolescents towards contraceptive use at selected village in Thulamela Muicipality in Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mashila, Muano Mbofho; Mudau, A. G.; Rangwaneni, M. E.Contraceptives are methods endorsed by the World Health Organization to aid in family planning for everyone who is sexually active. While their primary function is to prevent unplanned and unwanted pregnancies. Some contraceptive methods, such as condoms, also play a vital role in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STIs). Despite the availability of these methods, a significant number of adolescents globally continue to experience unintended pregnancies and STIs, largely due to limited contraceptive use. This study aimed to explore the perception and attitudes of adolescents towards contraceptive use in a selected village within Thulamela municipality, Limpopo Province. A qualitative research approach was employed, using an explorative design. The study population comprised 23 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. A non-probability sampling method, specifically convenience sampling, was used to select participants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, which were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The sample included 23 adolescents, of whom 9 were males and 14 were females. The analysis of the data was conducted using thematic methods. To ensure trustworthiness, the researcher placed a strong emphasis on credibility, confirmability, and authenticity. Ethical considerations were adhered to. The findings revealed that adolescents were generally aware of contraceptives and familiar with different types, of contraceptives, with condoms being the most recognised and commonly used method. However, several barriers to contraception use were identified. These included cultural and religious beliefs, stigma from health professionals, societal pressures, and general fears. The study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive health education on sexual and reproductive health. It also underscores the importance of educating communities to foster more supportive attitude towards adolescent contraceptive use. Furthermore, healthcare providers should enhance the accessibility of adolescent-friendly services including dedicated time slots for adolescents and appointment of youth champions within their facilities, to improve contraceptive uptake among adolescents.Item Embargo An Investigation of Patient Satisfaction on Service Delivery at the Selected Clinics in the Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District(2025-09-05) Netshikweta, Thama; Manganye, B. S.Patient satisfaction is a critical indicator of the quality of healthcare services and plays a significant role in shaping health outcomes and patient loyalty. This study investigates patient satisfaction with service delivery at selected clinics in the Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District, South Africa. The region, characterised by diverse healthcare needs and socio-economic challenges, provides a unique setting to evaluate healthcare delivery and identify areas for improvement. The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of patient satisfaction with service delivery at five selected clinics in Thulamela Local Municipality. The present study adopted a quantitative research approach, using structured questionnaires distributed to 441 patients across five clinics, with three hundred valid responses analysed using SPSS version 27. Findings revealed mixed levels of satisfaction, with factors such as clinic cleanliness and nurse competency receiving positive feedback, while long waiting times, limited availability of medication, and inadequate patient communication were highlighted as areas of concern. Gender and employment status influenced satisfaction levels, with women reporting higher satisfaction, likely due to greater healthcare engagement, whereas unemployed patients faced barriers in accessing quality care. This study underscores the need for targeted improvements in service efficiency, resource availability, and healthcare provider-patient interactions. Recommendations include employing quality assurance officers, conducting regular patient satisfaction surveys, and enhancing staff training in patient-centered care. Consequently, by addressing identified gaps, healthcare policymakers and administrators can improve patient experience, strengthen healthcare delivery, and promote equitable access to quality services.