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Item Embargo Adaptive Strategies to Mitigate Water Scarcity Among Smallholder Cattle Farmers in Vulnerable Areas of the Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality(2024-09-06) Mahlo, Dollen; Manjoro, M.; Oloo, G. B.; Mkhwanazi, M. V.The rapid increase in demand for livestock and livestock products, driven by factors such as population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes, is projected to escalate significantly by 2050. The estimates indicate the utilization of over 60 billion livestock for meat, egg, and dairy production. This surge in demand poses substantial challenges, particularly in the context of climate change impacts on water resources. Smallholder livestock farmers, who are integral to meeting this demand, are disproportionately affected by climate change-induced water scarcity. Despite their significant contribution to the agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP), these farmers face daily depletion of water reserves, indicating severe water scarcity. Climate variability further exacerbates this situation, with animal water consumption expected to triple. This study aimed to examine the adaptive strategies employed by smallholder livestock farmers in vulnerable areas of the Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality to mitigate water scarcity. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was utilized, wherein both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed concurrently. Purposive sampling was used to select participants, primarily through face-to-face interviews. Secondary data was obtained from literature, journal manuscripts, policy documents, and municipal reports. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27, while thematic content analysis was performed using Atlas.ti version 8. The findings revealed several adaptive strategies employed by farmers to address water scarcity, including changes in water sources and collaborations with government agencies such as the Department of Water and Sanitation. Challenges such as cattle mortality due to water scarcity were also identified, highlighting the need for additional adaptive measures to ensure sustainable cattle farming. The study underscores the necessity of enhancing adaptive strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of water scarcity on smallholder livestock farming in the context of increasing climate variability.Item Embargo Attributes of Ideal Grassroots Community Leaders for Sustainable Rural Development: The Case of Ward Committees in Vhembe District Municipality of South Africa(2024-09-06) Nemathithi, Awelani Jeannette; Francis, J.; Kone, L. R.; Lavhelani, N. P.Most municipalities in South Africa have been struggling to put in place functioning Ward Committees across the country. It is crucial to have an effective Ward Committee that can facilitate processes that lead to the improved well-being of the residents of the local community. The study explored the attributes of ideal grassroots community leaders for sustainable development, focusing on the case of ward committees in Ha-Mashau area. The specific objectives were to determine the community-preferred qualities of persons eligible to serve in ward committees and to determine whether age and gender of community members influence their perceptions. An exploratory sequential mixed method design was adopted for this study. Purposive sampling and stratified random sampling were applied to draw a sample of 57 and 120 participants from the residents of Ha-Mashau community for Phase 1 and Phase 2 respectively. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and a Likert-type scale questionnaire were used to collect data. Thematic content analysis, Descriptive statistics, Man Whitney & Kruskal Wallis tests from (SPSS) were run for analysis. The findings revealed several crucial attributes of ideal grassroots community leaders, including strong communication skills, a genuine commitment to community development, a strong personality, fair educational background, and accessibility to the community. Age influenced community members' perceptions of the need (1) to consider women for ward committee membership, (2) for aspiring leaders to be empathic, and (3) for leaders to show love and respect for the people. Furthermore, adult community members prefer ward committee members who are “dedicated to community development work” than their youthful counterparts. These findings contribute to the existing literature on grassroots leadership and offer practical insights for policymakers, development practitioners and community members aiming to foster sustainable development in similar contexts. It is recommended that policymakers and practitioners consider the importance of the identified attributes and their contribution to sustainable development when implementing programs aiming to enhance leadership capacity. KeywordsItem Embargo Analysis of community-based organisations effectiveness in promoting grassroots educational services in Greater Tzaneen Municipality, South Africa(2024-09-06) Malatji, Carlifonia; Mathaulula, M. A.; Oloo, E.; Ndlovu, W.Community-based organisations (CBOs) play an integral role in promoting educational services, particularly to disadvantaged communities in rural areas. However, debatably, their effectiveness in delivering educational services is rarely known. Thus, the current study was undertaken to analyse the effectiveness of community-based organisations in providing educational services to the grassroots communities of Mosiphane village in Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality, South Africa. An exploratory sequential mixed method design was adopted in the study where qualitative data were collected first, and confirmatory quantitative data were collected last. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews using open-ended questionnaires, while quantitative data were collected through face-to-face interviews using closed-ended questionnaires. Thematic content analysis with the aid of Atlas ti version 8 was used to analyse qualitative data, whereas the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 was used to analyse quantitative data. The findings identified several approaches used by the CBO to facilitate grassroots educational services. Parental involvement, outreach programmes, and community involvement were the most common approaches used by Mosiphane community-based organisations. Lack of monitoring and evaluation systems, ineffective resource management and inadequate funding affected the community-based organisations in providing educational services in the study area. To address these community-based organisation establishing and implementing monitoring and evaluation systems, improving resource management, advocating for increased funding, and fostering collaborations, capacity building, and community engagement to enhance their effectiveness in promoting grassroots educational services. The findings of this study are crucial in providing actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and community stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of grassroots educational initiatives.Item Embargo Investigation of methods adopted by smallholder broiler farmers adapting to climate change(2024-09-06) Khuguvhila, Shumani; Manjoro, M.; Netshipale, A. J.Broiler farming is one of the fastest businesses with a short production cycle and low initial capital. This practice helps alleviate poverty, ensures food security, and improves people's nutritional status by providing immeasurable employment opportunities for communities. Even though broiler farming is of great benefit, smallholder farmers face challenges, climate change being one of them. The aim of the study was to investigate methods that smallholder broiler farmers have adopted to adapt to climate change. The study was conducted in the Thulamela and Musina municipalities of the Vhembe district. For this study, 124 small-scale broiler farmers were purposively selected (those farming with less than 2000 broilers per cycle) to represent 57 for Thulamela and 67 for Musina municipalities. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using open and closed ended questions. IBM SPSS statistics version 29 was used to determine frequencies using descriptive statistics and mean scores. The results from the study reflected that the age of most farmers who are involved in broiler farming is 36-45 (40.3%). About 79.9% of female farmers are involved in broiler farming compared to 21% of male farmers. The results show that most broiler farmers (96%) sell their live chickens locally. The results reflected that 54% of the farmers strongly disagree with changing from closed housing systems to an open-sided one during summer. Furthermore, 66.1% of the farmers strongly agree that during the summer season, they are challenged with high mortality rates due to heat stressed. On perceptions of farmers, the mean score reflected that the farmers ranked decrease in sales volume in summer (x̄=2.39) as more important, followed by an increase in water intake in winter (x̄=2.54) and changing the housing system (x̄=2.63). It emerged that farmers (49,2%) have developed their strategies for adapting, which include use of Aloe vera, Munzere (Bridelia micrantha), salt and sugar and dipping chickens in water as a measure of cooling the broilers; with the cooling system being expensive. About 98.4% prefer to use open-sided housing as ventilation compared to the cooling system. In conclusion, because of change in climate and expensive conventional adaptation methods, the farmers have developed their own indigenous and cheaper ways of adapting to climate change. I recommend that further studies need to be conducted on the effectiveness of indigenous methods adopted by smallholder broiler farmers.Item Embargo Enhancing public participation on Integrated Development Planning in a South African rural based municipalty(2024-09-06) Ravhura, Thiathu Ishmael; Francis, J.; Kilonzo, B. M.This study aimed to develop a strategic framework to enhance the public’s participation in the integrated development planning (IDP) process within South Africa’s local government. It was assumed that perceptions and extent of public participation in integrated development planning differed due to distance from the service centre. The exploratory sequentially mixed-methods approach, including surveys and interviews with key stakeholders in Wards 4, 10 and 18 of Thulamela Local Municipality, was adopted. Selection of the study areas took into account distance from the main municipal service centre in Thohoyandou. Ward 18 was most proximal followed by Ward 10 and then Ward 4. Significant patterns and statistical insights regarding community engagement were revealed. Overall, public participation in IDP processes was low, with notable variations across the three wards. For instance, residents of Ward 10 demonstrated higher engagement in situational analysis and project formulation, while those in Ward 4 exhibited greater involvement in monitoring and evaluation (P < 0.05). Further analysis identified enablers of participation, particularly in Ward 18, where residents reported the highest levels of inner resolve and perceived citizen skills necessary for engagement. However, they also expressed concerns about lower accountability from municipal leaders, despite feeling well-informed (P < 0.05). In contrast, Ward 10 residents felt more empowered in decision-making processes, suggesting that their input was effectively implemented. The study also highlighted significant barriers to public participation, particularly in Ward 10, where residents faced challenges such as a lack of skills and timely information dissemination (P < 0.05). Logistical issues, including transportation difficulties, were more pronounced in this ward, negatively impacting participation rates. To address these challenges, residents across various wards suggested strategies such as utilizing media and community leaders to boost engagement. Ward 10 emphasized the potential of public media, while Ward 18 focused on developing community leadership, recognizing the importance of workshops and collaborations with educational institutions to enhance citizen involvement. The statistical significance of these results (P < 0.05) underscores the need for targeted interventions that address the specific barriers and enablers of public participation identified in the study. This highlights the importance of tailoring strategies to the unique contexts of different wards, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of IDP processes and achieving greater community engagement. The implications of these findings extend to rural development and citizen science. Effective public participation is essential for empowering local communities, as evidenced by the higher engagement levels in specific wards. When residents feel their input is valued, they are more likely to take ownership of development initiatives, which is crucial for fostering sustainable rural development that aligns with community needs and aspirations. In addition, the study contributes to citizen science by illustrating how community involvement in local governance can lead to more informed decision-making processes. By actively engaging citizens in the IDP process, municipalities can harness local knowledge and insights, which are invaluable for addressing complex social and environmental issues. The proposed framework for enhancing public participation serves as a practical guide for integrating citizen science principles into local governance, emphasizing collaboration between stakeholders and structured engagement processes. Through aligning its findings with Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation, the research enriches theoretical discussions on citizen engagement, providing empirical evidence that can inform future studies in citizen science. Overall, the study's results are pivotal for advancing both rural development and citizen science. They highlight the importance of empowering communities through active participation, identifying barriers to engagement and proposing tailored strategies that enhance local governance and service delivery.Item Embargo Interventions for Enhancing Performance of Communal Property Associations in Managing Restituted Land in Vhembe District Municipality(2024-09-06) Tshubwana, Shumani Samuel; Francis, J.; Raidimi, E. N.The struggle for distribution of land was central to the liberation movement in South Africa. Following the end of apartheid, the new government enacted a constitution that mandated equitable land distribution. This led to the implementation of a land reform programme, encompassing land reform, restitution and redistribution. However, many beneficiaries, particularly those receiving agricultural land, lacked the necessary skills and experience in farming and land management. To address these challenges, Communal Property Associations (CPAs) were introduced as a central institution for land restitution and management. Established under the Communal Property Associations Act of 1996, the CPA was vested with legal authority to manage and hold redistributed land on behalf of beneficiaries. Invariably, CPAs are regarded as dysfunctional, mainly due to substandard performance and poor governance. The extent of these governance issues remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to examine the governance of CPAs and propose interventions to enhance their performance within Vhembe District Municipality. A survey in which Executive Committee members of 53 CPAs served as respondents was carried out. In this regard, a quantitative research design was used to explore the potential interventions for effective CPA management. Ranked means were computed for each perception to provide empirical insights to inform strategies for improving CPA performance in managing redistributed land. A significant majority (79%) of CPA Executive Committee members served on a voluntary basis. This underscores the need for targeted mentorship and training programmes to enhance their effectiveness. Challenges identified included widespread non-compliance with legal provisions and inadequate access to resources, which significantly impact service delivery and organizational functionality. Many CPAs exhibit dysfunctionality, as evidenced by poor governance and inadequate compliance with constitutional and legal requirements. The need for enhanced legal education and compliance interventions was highlighted. Variations in administrative and operational systems among CPAs were observed. A clear need for improved clarity in vision and mission, and more consistent compliance with legal provisions was unravelled. Of particular note was that Executive Committees prioritized clarity of vision (55%) but less frequently assess client needs (39%). This observation reveals a gap that could be addressed through strategic planning processes and regular client assessments. Gender balance within Executive Committees was said to be improving (mean score of 7.3), yet sub-committees showed lower levels of commitment and effectiveness (mean score of 3.5). This might indicate potential weaknesses in governance structures. Human resource management practices were weak, with mean scores ranging from 1.8 to 2.7. These results reflect significant deficiencies in recruitment, development and adherence to regulations. Financial management practices are generally robust (mean scores ranging from 4.1 to 7.3), but challenges remain in budgeting, stock control, and income diversification (mean scores from 3.4 to 5.2). Furthermore, CPAs faced difficulties in integrating their activities with government plans and achieving visibility. Mean scores ranged from 2.3 to 3.9 for these aspects. Implementing training programmes, developing comprehensive policies and enhancing resource mobilization strategies to address these issues are recommended as relevant interventions. Policy interventions should focus on compliance, leadership development, operational culture and sustainability to improve CPA performance and ensure long-term effectiveness in communal property management.Item Embargo Effectiveness of Municipal governance systems in promoting local economic and social development in rural areas of South Africa: the case of Mopani District(2024-09-06) Seshoena, M. E.; Joseph, Francis; Chakwizira, James; Zuwarimwe, JethroIncreasingly, it has been argued that municipal governance systems designed to promote local economic and social development (LESD) are failing to help improve the quality of people’ lives in rural communities of South Africa. This happens although municipalities would annually prepare Integrated Development Plans (IDP) which serve as strategic roadmaps guiding services delivery and local development. The developed and approved economic growth plans are rarely implemented to satisfaction of communities. In this study, it is argued that the problem of non-implementation of LESD initiatives can be addressed through strengthening the municipal governance systems. A combination of focus groups and a questionnaire were used to collect quantitative data. Purposive sampling was applied from the identified research population sampled as follows: members of community (vulnerable groups such as youth; women; and people with disabilities); community structures; business community; and Traditional Leaders. The results of the study revealed significant insights into the effectiveness of existing systems, procedures and processes. Key results were that the highest-ranked perceptions among stakeholders were related to the reduction of poverty and inequality, alongside increased acquisition of relevant training (P < 0.05). Conversely, the least effective aspects (P < 0.05) were identified as increased incomes for businesses and the attraction of investment, with effectiveness scores as low as 14% and 21%, respectively. Differences in perceptions were noted among Traditional Authorities and Local Municipalities. For instance, residents of Sekgopo, Sekororo and Mogoboya had a more favourable view regarding infrastructure maintenance compared to other areas. Furthermore, significant disparities were observed in perceptions of poverty reduction and business retention among municipalities (P < 0.05), highlighting the need for targeted interventions tailored to specific local contexts. The implications of these findings suggest a multifaceted approach to enhance LESD effectiveness. Key recommendations include: a) Local Municipalities should prioritize areas identified as ineffective, such as business support services and infrastructure development. b) Training programs and partnerships should be established to enhance skills and knowledge among stakeholders. c) Enhanced collaboration among Traditional Authorities, Local Municipalities, and other stakeholders is essential for inclusive decision-making. d) Policymakers should consider reforms to address systemic challenges and promote innovation in LESD. e) Continuous assessment of initiatives is crucial for tracking progress and ensuring accountability. vf) Empowering local communities to participate in the design and implementation of development initiatives is vital for effective governance. In general, the perceived effectiveness of institutional arrangements for LESD is low, underscoring the need for comprehensive reassessment and improvement in collaboration, transparency, and responsiveness to stakeholder needs. Addressing these challenges is essential for fostering sustainable economic and social development within local communities.Item Open Access Evaluation of water governance systems for improved operation of selected small-holder irrigation schemes in Nzhelele Area, South Africa(2023-10-05) Nedombeloni, Rudzani; Mathaulula, M. A.; Mwendera, E. J.Throughout the world, small-holder irrigation schemes are viewed as a key strategy for increasing agricultural productivity, sustaining rural livelihoods, adapting to climate variability and change, and reducing poverty in rural areas. South Africa prioritises the establishment, rehabilitation and revitalization of small-holder irrigation schemes due to their potential in poverty reduction and enhancing food and nutrition security in rural areas. However, many of these irrigation schemes have failed to achieve their intended objectives for increasing agricultural productivity due to a slew of challenges including irrigation water governance. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the existing water governance systems of selected irrigation schemes in Nzhelele area, South Africa. A survey-underpinned by sequential exploratory mixed methods research design was adopted. Twenty-four farmers were purposefully selected to participate in a qualitative study via face-to-face semi-structured interview guide. Correspondently, census sampling method was used to purposefully select 56 famers to collect quantitative data through a 5-point Likert-type scale questionnaire ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree). Qualitative data was analysed using ATLAS.ti version 8.0 software to perform thematic content analysis. The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Science version 26.0 software was used to analyse quantitative data. Descriptive statistics was carried out to provide the general features of the data. The findings of the study showed there were more female farmers than males on the studied schemes. Three quarter of the respondents were married. Moreover, half of the respondents in all the three schemes had acquired secondary education. The study further revealed that there were various water governance institutions within the schemes. These included scheme committee, Water Users Association, Informal water institutions, Department of Water Affairs, Cooperatives, Government Water Schemes, Irrigation Board and the traditional leadership. The results further revealed that farmers in selected irrigation schemes were faced with water governance related challenges which included ineffective irrigation water governance institutions, vandalizing of irrigation water infrastructure, blockage of main canals to disrupt the flow of irrigation water, lack of irrigation water due to unregistered farming, poor agricultural produce and poor adherence to irrigation schedule. In line with this, the study proposed imposing heavy fines, hiring an overseer, registering unregistered farmers, and accountability by those found guilty of vandalising as some of the strategies which can be used to address irrigation water governance challenges in the schemes. In addition, government institutions need to play their roles in irrigation iii schemes. Farmers need to be made aware about rules, roles and responsibilities of government institutions. Furthermore, an understanding of the factors which determine the participation of women in farming should be explored.Item Open Access Extent of use of mobile phone applications for rural development in some rural communities of Vhembe District(2023-10-05) Mache, Zvikomborero Callista; Dube, B.; Francis, J.; Masehela, M.The study was designed to determine the extent of use of mobile phone applications for development in the villages funder the jurisdiction of the Njhakanjhaka Traditional Authority in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Specific objectives that guided the study were to: 1) identify the major mobile applications that youth and adults use; 2) determine what youth and adults use mobile applications for; and 3) assess the extent to which each mobile application is used. The Knowledge Gap and Digital Divide theories guided the study. A convergent parallel mixed methods research design was adopted. Purposive and convenience sampling were used to select respondents. For purposive sampling, respondents were supposed to own at least one mobile phone. Such persons were expected to be members of any community development initiatives implemented in the Njhakanjhaka Traditional Authority area. Convenience sampling was used to select persons who responded to a questionnaire requiring responses on a Likert-type scale of 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). There were seven (7) respondents per separate focus group, comprising youth and adults. The total number of respondents was 30, composed of 7 youth and 23 adults. Qualitative data was analysed using Atlas.ti ver 8.4 software. The IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 software was used to analyse quantitative data. Statistical significance was determined at the 95 % confidence level. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were conducted where appropriate to test for statistical significance of difference. WhatsApp was the most reliable application whilst Snapchat was ranked the least. Mobile applications regarded as key to rural development were ranked high. Youth used mobile applications more than adults. Adults used mobile applications to obtain information on weather, meeting invitations and job vacancies. In contrast, youth revealed that they used the mobile applications for community news updates, jobs and socialisation. Respondents complained that poor network service, expensive data and unreliable electricity supply limited use of mobile phone applications. There was no significant association (P > 0.05) between gender and all the perceptions relating to the extent of use of mobile applications. However, statistically significant associations (P < 0.05) were observed between age of respondent and the following perceptions: “I would recommend Instagram to other communities” and “Mobile phones are key to rural development.” The results of this study highlight that mobile phone applications play a pivotal role in community development in the Njhakanjhaka Traditional Authority. This justifies the need for establishing Wi-Fi hot spots to enhance connectivity and access to information.Item Open Access Role of indigenous knowledge systems on cattle production in water-stressed resource-limited households in Musina Municipality, Limpopo Province(2023-10-05) Nephawe, Ndivhoniswani; Manjoro, M.; Chimonyo, M.; Zuwarimwe, J.The world today is being challenged to consider utlising Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) for livelihoods, animal production and the environment care. The application of IKS in cattle production and water conservation thereto is of great importance in this modern time. Since even at this stage, IKS remains one most important method that cattle farmers can use because it is cheaper and easy to apply. The study was designed to determine the role of IKS on cattle production under water-scarce conditions; the importance of IKS in cattle selection and assess the importance of applying IKS on cattle production in rural development. A qualitative design was employed and the respondents were selected using purposive sampling procedure. Data were collected using open-ended type of questionnaire and face- to-face interviews. Qualitative data were analysed using the Atlas ti version 8 software. Cattle were selected using purposive sampling method. Data on IKS, cow production and water security was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire and participant observations. Challenges to cattle production under water-scarce conditions included increased prevalence of diseases and parasites, dehydration, lack of resources to sustain cattle, unavailability of fodder, and limited access to water. Farmers use IKS to deal with gastro-intestinal parasites, treatment of wounds, maintenance of health, parasites detection, prevention of dystocia and loss of body weight. In selecting cattle, farmers preferred large-framed bulls and cows with short horns and brown coat colour. IKS remain vital in advancing cattle farming in most of the rural households. It is highly recommended that farmers should document the IKS for future reference and also to teach up and coming farmers about the IKS in order for them to continue the legacy. Also, water conservation to IKS should be promoted amongst the farmers to sustain water that cattle can use.Item Open Access Analysis of the dynamics of government-supported smallholder baby vegetable enterprises for an integrated high-value development framework(2023-10-05) Dlamini, Del'site Daisy Masika; Zuwarimwe, J.; Francis, J.; Mchau, G.R. A.The government of Eswatini embraces the integration of smallholder farmers into high-value crop production as a vehicle for inclusive green growth. However, the outcome of the sector remains low and hampers its contribution towards this goal. The study assessed the levels of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies within the production processes. The study further analysed the levels of financial literacy among smallholder farmers. The challenges encountered by farmers were also characterised and strategies towards the integration of smallholder farmers into high-value crop production were suggested. A cross-sectional design that employed sequential mixed-methods approach was adopted and purposive sampling was applied to the selected a group of farmers from the Manzini and Hhohho regions. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The data were analysed through the SFA, discriminant and thematic analyses methods. Triangulation enabled synthesis of results for the proposed integration framework. Farm characteristics showed that age, gender, education, and labour cause variation in the group. Efficiency analysis showed that technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies were 52%, 53% and 29%, respectively. There were 88% respondents with below 50% economic efficiency, indicating low profit rates for sustainable production. High harvesting labour costs, overuse of fertiliser with unoptimized land size were significant sources of inefficiency among farms. The enterprises were largely affected by production and marketing risks. Low product quality and delayed cash inflows affect liquidity of farms, while weather variability and unavailability of labour during harvesting induced crop losses that undermined farmers’ economic returns. Growers use non-saving financial services and have unsatisfactory financial literacy that led to poor financial performance. The non-saving culture encouraged the use of costly capital to finance production processes. Proposed is a three-pillar framework for the integration of smallholder farmers into high-value vegetable production. The pillars include building capacity for improved technical and allocative efficiencies, strengthening sector risk management plan, and enhancing farmer financial literacy. Skills development and creation of innovation can be ameliorated through the promotion of youth engagement in agribusiness and improvement of extension services to create demand for agricultural financial services. This is imperative for improved farmers’ production capacity and increased marketed share, thereby, promoting rural development through profitable high value crop production.Item Open Access Application of the Hope Theory in Understanding the Extent of Secondary School Learners’ Vulnerability to Substance Abuse in Selected Rural Areas of Mpumalanga Province(2023-05-19) Bhila, Portia Florence; Manjoro, M.; Francis, J.The number of secondary school learners abusing alcohol in South Africa and other developing countries is increasing. Alcohol and drug abuse causes poor educational outcomes and increases criminal behaviour. Failure to address substance abuse entrenches young people in a state of despair. An exploratory research design was adopted when conducting a study at Osizweni Secondary School in Govan Mbeki Municipality, Mpumalanga. The study was undertaken to provide answers to the following objectives: (a) to assess the extent of vulnerability of secondary school learners to alcohol abuse; (b) to determine the causes and effects of alcohol abuse among secondary school learners; and to apply the Hope Theory to counter the use of alcohol in secondary school learners. Applying the purposive sampling technique, the study population was categorised into four clusters: learners in grades (8-10), teachers, parents, and School Management Team. Convenient sampling was used for teachers, school management, and parents or guardians; 23 respondents were selected using convenient sampling. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were carried out using a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions. Qualitative data gathered was analysed using Atlas-ti version 8. Learners were aware of substance use, including those who abused this within their school premises. Learners with high hopes coped well with stress. With futuristic optimism, high-hope learners developed more pathways and higher agency than those with low-hope. These results highlight the need for training teachers such that they acquire skills for instilling hope in learners. Basic principles of the Hope Theory can be adopted and implemented. However, there is a need to complement this with specific strategies and formal school-based hope-building programmes. The use of the Hope Theory in the current study can potentially reinforce hope in learners and thus help enhance the achievement of better education outcomes.”Item Open Access Member-perceived Determinants of Resilience of Stokvels Operating in selected Rural Areas of Vhembe District, South Africa(2023-05-19) Ntimbane, Nkiyasi Shirley; Francis, J.; Nyamukondiwa, P.Stokvels play crucial roles in the lives of poor households, in particular those that are faced with financial challenges. They contribute to enterprise development, improvement of housing and enhance access to credit and funding of education. However, members of stokvels often experience challenges within their groups and beyond. The current study was designed to explore the factors influencing the resilience of stokvel groups in selected rural areas of Vhembe District. Eighteen respondents were selected through a snowball sampling procedure. An interview guide was used to collect data. Cross-tabulation and thematic content analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS version 27 and Atlas-ti version 8. About 78 % of the respondents were female. The need for expanding stokvels in terms of investments and stock of members; survival and continuity in the hope of transferring legacy to the next generation; and members’ mutual growth such as financial capabilities and family well-being were found to be the major constructs when assessing resilience of stokvels. The constructs were drawn from seven resilience determining factors, namely disciplinary measures, risk-averseness, cohesiveness and team-support, enrolment approach, operating standards, trust and commitment. While factors determining resilience of stokvels are discussed in the literature, the three key resilience constructs present a new line of thinking because little is said about them. It was recommended that stokvels operating in Vhembe District should consider instilling high moral standards among their members and law suits targeting those who might default in payment of monthly premiumItem Open Access The contribution of Integrated Development Projects to Zandspruit River water pollution, Gauteng Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Nemalili, Alugumi Yesaya; Zuwarimwe, J.; Dalu, T.Cosmo City Integrated Development Project is a mixed-use, integrated housing and inclusionary housing development for families from different income groups. The project was conceived in response to the needs of the people located close to Zandspruit River system. This research was conducted in Cosmo City to understand the contribution of the integrated development activities to pollution of Zandspruit River system upstream and downstream. The study characterized and measured the major pollutant sources found in Zandspruit River system water, analysed the potential impact of pollutants associated with the Cosmo City development and recommended strategies to minimize the pollution levels. Water and sediments samples were collected from Zandspruit River system across five study sites. The kick sampling method was used for the sediment and rocks while a handheld sweeping net was used for zig-zag approach. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected in ziplock bags and stored in polypropylene 500 mL plastic bottles. The results showed a total number of six macroinvertebrates taxa out of possible fourteen during the study periods. These included Dytiscidae, Gerridae, Hydrometridae, Aeshnidae, Chlorolestidae and Lymnaeidae. The results also showed that the volume of macroinvertebrate taxa such as Gerridae, Chlorolestidae and Lymnaeidae were high across the Zandspruit River system, implying that the river system was polluted by human made activities. Research further indicated that the volume of macroinvertebrate taxa such as Dytiscidae, Hydrometridae and Aeshnidae were lower across the river system, indicating the low level of pollution and the possible cause of this variation was from water pollution. Water pH values for April and June ranged between 5.8 to 8, respectively, across all the sites as indicated by pH, alkalinity, temperature and conductivity across Zandspruit River system perhaps due to less human made activities. The study findings indicated that sediment chemical like S, Ca, EC, Mg were high while OC, B, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn were relatively lower during April as well as June. Water chemical properties like Na, alkalinity, Ca, Mg and Cl were relatively higher for both months, whereas variables such as Mn, Fe, S and K were relatively lower across streams during the same period. The possible conclusion was that different activities such as residential, fishing, farming and industrial along the Zandspruit River system have significant pollution implication. The study further concluded that residential activities have high potential pollution contribution to Zandspruit River system. The major recommendation for minimising water pollution can be sustainable strategies to minimize the level of water pollution in development activities on adjacent rivers.Item Open Access Towards a refined Integrated Development Planning process in Mbombela Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province(2023-05-19) Mulaudzi, Dovhani Johannes; Francis, J.; Zuwarimwe, J.; Chakwizira, J.Integrated development planning seeks to shift from rigid, complex, and autocratic approaches to a more democratic, strategic and integrated form where grassroots communities have a say in their own development. South Africa’s post-1994 government has been enforcing integrated development planning to promote democracy and the delivery of services to grassroots communities. There is a growing concern that the integrated development planning in its current form has not achieved these intended outcomes despite it being purported to be a product of a phased inclusive participatory process. This study sought to develop a refined integrated development planning process using the case of Mbombela Local Municipality in Mpumalanga province. The specific objectives were to: (1) to determine the preferred criteria for assessing each phase of integrated development planning process; (2) to determine the extent to which key stakeholders play their designated roles in formulating the IDP; (3) to analyse the major weaknesses of each phase of the process; (4) to critique the legal framework governing the integrated development planning in South Africa. A sequential exploratory mixed methods design was applied where quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 265 participants and 7 key informants from the Mbombela Local Municipality, Ehlanzeni District Municipality and the Mpumalanga Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs. These were selected because of the role they play in the integrated development planning. The study established that the current integrated development planning is not effective in responding to the needs of the communities because, it lack stakeholders participation, by-in and ownership. Key stakeholders were not involved in all the phases of the process and there was misalignment between the integrated development planning projects and the community needs. Community participation, leadership, impact, compact and monitoring were suggested as the major criteria for assessing quality of the integrated development planning. The study established that the legislation have sufficiently laid a framework for the integrated development planning. However, it did not clarify the extent at which the communities must be involved in the process. The study recommends a new refined integrated development planning process which highlights that inclusive stakeholder participation should be compulsory in all the phases. Project and integration stages should be integrated to constitute one phase and key planning elements such as digital participation, ward-based budgeting, integrated service delivery, integratedItem Open Access Gender-based analysis of agricultural water security in Luvhada Community, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2022-11-10) Mulaudzi, Louisa Rabelang; Oloo, G. B.; Manjoro, M.; Muchara, B.Women and men use water differently. A significant number of rural women and men rely on natural water resources for farming in irrigated schemes, as a key and common economic activity. Women undertake farming either together with men or alone (for example, when widowed or when the men migrate to look for greener pastures elsewhere). This suggests that more rural women are involved in farming than men and assumes a potential gender variations in water use and agricultural activities practiced by women, hence, differences in the impact on water security. Luvhada, the location for this study is between the Nzhelele River and Mphephu Resort; the Lulumba fountains are perennial and the main source of agricultural water for the irrigation scheme. The scheme comprises approximately of 79 associates, and the main crops grown include maize, beans, sweet potatoes and groundnuts. This study aimed to explore gender-based aspects of agricultural activities on water security in Luvhada. Data was collected from a sample size of 60 small-scale farmers in the Luvhada area and a telephone survey was used to collect data. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously guided by the convergent research design together with closed and opened-ended questionnaires. Exploratory data were analysed thematically using Atlas Ti version 4.8.1 while quantitative data were descriptively analysed using SPSS Version 26. The results of the study indicated that female farmers own smaller pieces of land compared to their male counterparts, a fact that might influence their productivity. Also, a lack of equipment to pump water and to canals at the scheme pose a huge problem for accessing and delivery of water to the users. Farmers were also cultivating other crops for both marketing and household consumption and that the quantity of water supply is not matched by the time pattern of crop needs. Majority of the farmers revealed that the area experiences months without access to water; findings also shed light on gender-specific farming practices and water usage ways for rural farmers relying on irrigation. The results should be useful in devising and intervention strategies to address the challenge of agricultural water insecurity in the area. Improved irrigation systems and intensification techniques could drastically increase women farmers' productivity and the overall benefits of agricultural production in Luvhada.Item Open Access Effects of climate variability on small-scale production of tomatoes (solarium lycopersicum) in Mopani District of Limpopo Province, South Africa(2022-11-10) Koza, Wisani; Mathaulula, M. A.; Ravhuhali, F.Small-scale horticultural producers are the most vulnerable to climate variability effects. The prevailing variabilities are a threat to the survival of small-scale farming. These patterns are predicted to continue in the next imminent future with adverse effects to food security. The extent and nature of these effects of climate variability on small-scale horticultural farmers remain elusive given the changing patterns. The study explored the effects of climate variability on the production of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) in Mopani District Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa. An exploratory sequentially integrated mixed method research design underpinned the study. Quantitative data were collected using a survey questionnaire and analysed descriptively through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. On the other hand, qualitative data were collected through interviews and thematically analysed with the aid of ATLAS. ti version 8.0. The results revealed several negative effects of climate variability to tomato production. Increased temperatures and pest infestation emerged as the most common and land degradation the least problematic. Moreover, farmers show that individual farmers use different adaptation techniques which were convenient and cost effect to their circumstances. Absence of concrete support and financial constraints inhibited the ability of farmers to adopt efficient adaptation strategies to climate variability effects. The findings of the study are useful in formulating rural agricultural policy and helping farmers to understand deeply the climate variability effects and adapt their adaptation techniques.Item Open Access The contribution of Eucalyptus woodlots initiative to livelihoods of small-scale timber growers in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province(2022-07-15) Manthakha, Vuwani Louis; Manjoro (Mwale) M.; Kilonzo, B. M.; Munyanduki, P.The Eucalyptus woodlots provide material benefits that could support the livelihoods of the communities. These trees are very important to the rural households; they provide an array of products, particularly timber and fuelwood. However, there is lack of information on contribution of Eucalyptus woodlots on the livelihoods of rural small-scale timber growers in Vhembe district, Limpopo. Establishment of Eucalyptus woodlots could be used as a poverty fighting tool in rural areas such as Vhembe district, the question that arises is; to what extent does these Eucalyptus woodlots contribute to the livelihoods of these small-scale timber growers? Therefore, the main objective of the study was to assess the contribution of Eucalyptus woodlots initiative to the livelihoods of small-scale timber growers. The specific objectives of the study were to evaluate economic benefits derived from the Eucalyptus woodlots initiative by small-scale timber growers, to determine the factors affecting the contribution of woodlots to livelihoods and exploring possible interventions to improve the contribution of Eucalyptus woodlots to livelihood of small-scale timber growers in Vhembe district. The focus of the study was on woodlots established by small-scale timber growers as individuals and those established under the government programmes before 1994 and after 1994 in the new democratic government. A mixed methods approach was adopted since all methods (quantitative and qualitative) had limitations, thus this research intended to reduce the bias inherent in individual methods. The methods were based either on constructivism or positivism. A questionnaire with open ended questions was used for qualitative data collection. The qualitative data was analysed using the thematic analysis approach, through Atlas ti Version 8 software. Data collection for the quantitative phase was done through administering a questionnaire with close and open-ended questions. Collected data was analysed using IBM-SPSS version 25 and descriptive statistics tests were performed. Major socio-economic benefits of the Eucalyptus woodlots were timber production, employment and different Non-Timber Forest Products. The factors affecting the contribution of Eucalyptus woodlots growers’ livelihood and solutions thereof were resources required for production such as skills, costs, funding and support by government and other institutions. It was observed that Eucalyptus woodlots initiative had job creation potential. More than a quarter (37%), of the respondents survives through Eucalyptus woodlots production since they are unemployed. There are significant socio-economic benefits from Eucalyptus woodlots and the most common benefits are timber production, Non-Timber Forest Products and employment opportunities among the participants. Therefore, attention should be given to manage the identified socio-economic benefits and factors in order to change small-scale timber growers’ attitude towards Eucalyptus woodlot initiative.Item Open Access Determining the water footprint of tomato and butternut production towards enhanced water security at Nwanedi irrigation scheme(2022-07-15) Lebepe, Rophinah Tebogo; Manjoro, M.; Nkhata, B.; Kativhu, S.Declining underground water, unpredictable rainfall patterns and high temperatures pose a threat to future food and water security. Water security is also threatened by the growing demand for water in the agriculture sector to meet food needs. Knowing the water footprint and total water consumed by major agricultural crops is critical in devising appropriate intervention strategies. This study assessed tomato and butternut water footprint at Nwanedi irrigation scheme in Musina local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa; tomato and butternut are popular horticultural crops grown year round in the region. Data was collected, explored and quantified using a convergent parallel mixed method design. Purposively selected small scale farmers provided data for the study. Quantitative data was analysed descriptively using SPSS version 26 while qualitative data was analysed thematically aided by Atlas Ti version 8.1. The results revealed that tomatoes had less water footprint (134.62 m³/t) compared to butternuts (393 m³/t). On the other hand, seeding and maturity stages were observed as using less water, although, a substantial number of farmers believed that all the stages of crop production required the same amount of water. The results further revealed that there were distinct water-saving strategies commonly used in different growth stages for both tomato and butternut and those that were specific to each growth stage and crop. At the seeding stage, for example, nursery, seed soaking, and choice of crop variety were the main methods used. In early growth, flowering, fruit formation, fruit growth and fruit maturity strategies such as mulching, drip irrigation, irrigation monitoring and watering-time optimisation were used variedly and in combination. Given these results, it is recommended that water footprint be calculated for each stage of plant growth to devise appropriate interventions and that farmers with smaller production areas be prioritised in devising water footprint reduction strategies. It is also recommended that farmers practice deficit irrigation to calibrate watering needs for each plant at different growth stages, as part of the strategies to reduce water footprint in vegetable production. There is, therefore, a need for the intensification and adoption of more innovative water reduction strategies at different growth stages for both crops.Item Open Access Water usage in post-harvest handling of groundnuts and beans at Luvhada Irrigation Scheme, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2022-07-15) Sibuyi, Wish; Manjoro, M.; Kativhu, S.; Muchara, B.Water is central to sustainable agricultural intensification, as it directly influences several dimensions of sustainability, including social, economic, health and environmental aspects. Therefore, lack of water is the greatest constraint to growth and primary productivity of agricultural crops across the globe. In agriculture, and especially in cropping systems, grain legumes play a greater role in meeting global aims of increased sustainable production of nutritious food. Global increase in grain legume yields are currently met almost exclusively through increased planting area. Grain legumes popularly known as pulses are a major source of dietary protein in the daily diet of human beings as well as animal feed. Rural small-scale farmers face various challenges related to agricultural water access and these challenges are not given enough attention to understand how water insecurity affects small-scale crop value chains hence most small-scale farmers lack knowledge on how to secure and sustain water to achieve water security. The main objective of this study was to assess water insecurity in post-harvest handling of Groundnuts and Beans at Luvhada irrigation scheme, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The specific objectives were to analyse water usage in post-harvest handling of Groundnuts and Beans at Luvhada irrigation scheme, South Africa. To determine water security challenges faced in post-harvest handling of Groundnuts and Beans and to suggest possible solutions to water insecurity in post-harvest handling of Groundnuts and Beans. A mixed method design was utilised in this study. Snowball sampling technique was used to select study respondents. The referral system was used as few contacts for the respondents were initially obtained. Accordingly, at least 42 of the 79 farmers who grow leguminous crops at the irrigation scheme, were interviewed. Data was collected using telephone interviews. Collecting data through telephone was necessitated by the Covid-19 pandemic regulations. A questionnaire, which comprised of both closed and open-ended questions was used as a data collection tool. Data from open ended questions was analysed using Atlas-ti version 8 software wherein coding, analysing transcripts and creating network diagrams were computed. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The majority of the farmers were male aged between 55 and 64 years. It also emerged that all the respondents were full-time farmers and the proceeds from selling farm produce was their major source of income. Farmers grow legumes because they are good for business and can be grown with minimal water in comparison to other horticultural crops. Sources of water used on post-harvesting activities were farmers’ domestic taps, Nzhelele River, paying money to the nearby car wash owner to utilise the tap water, and water canals at the irrigation scheme. Results of the study revealed that farmers used water mainly for cleaning and cooking in post-harvest activities. Moreover, farmers did not measure or know the exact amount of water used in post-harvest activities either due to lack of interest or due to lack of proper water infrastructure that can allow farmers to record the amount used. Water security challenges faced during post-harvest activities are exacerbated by the absence of water storage facilities and underdeveloped infrastructure to access water at post-harvest. This subsequently embed post-harvest activities, and the impacts were poor quality products, drying of crops as well as damage and loss of stock. The coping strategies adopted by farmers included the use of residential water sources, use of open water sources and sourcing water from other business premises. Thus, proposed strategies to enhance water security in post-harvest activities were the provision of water pump, dam construction, provision of storage water facilities, upgrading of irrigation infrastructure and installation of drip irrigation, water rationing and sharing facilities. It was, therefore, recommended that government, private sectors and other relevant stakeholders should assist the irrigation scheme to improve on water usage in post-harvest activities.