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Item Open Access The domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province in South Africa(2007-05-14) Madzimbalale, Fikile Crescent; Khoza, L. B.The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe district. The research design was qualitative, descriptive and exploratory. The study population included all women who experienced domestic violence in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of 12 women who were abused by their husbands and admitted to unit A in a particular hospital. Participation in this study was voluntary. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained by using code numbers on participants' responses. Participants' responses were tape-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. The research question used read as follows: Share with me your lived experience of domestic violence. In-depth individual interviews were used to collect data from the participants. Data analysis was carried out using an open-coding method consisting of eight steps provided by Tesch. The findings of the study revealed that the following categories appeared to be most frequently experienced by participants: • physical violence such as battering, being scarred, burning, suffering fractures and stab wounds; • psychological/emotional violence including being sworn at, yelled at, mocked, and called names; • economic violence revealed by money being withheld; • social violence including isolation, not being allowed to visit or be visited; • sexual violence such as rape and unprotected sex. Community information and education programmes regarding the nature and unacceptability of domestic violence should be developed. Such programmes should address cultural aspects of behaviour that uphold male aggression, beating and abuse of women as acceptable. Women need to be empowered through education, employment opportunities, legal literacy, and right to inheritance. In conclusion, the findings of the study provided valuable information on the domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe district.Item Embargo Understanding the influence of comprehensive sexual education interventions on teenage pregnancies amongst adolescent girls in Bolebedu, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mkhonto, Tlangelani Noisy; Ramathuba, D. U.; Mbedzi, T. E.Background: Improving teenagers’ knowledge on sexual health and reproductive health is essential to prevent unintended pregnancies. Purpose: The study aimed to understand the influence of comprehensive sexual education intervention programs on teenage pregnancies, amongst adolescent girls in Bolobedu, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative research approach and an explorative descriptive research design was followed in this study. The targeted population in this study was adolescent girls, between the ages of 14 to 21 years. A non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the participants, and fifth teen (15) teenage girls were sampled. Sampling was determined by saturation of data, and data saturation was reached on participants nine (9) were interviewed. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide. The interviews were audio-taped, field notes were taken; afterwards the voice recording was transcribed, and inductive coding was used for data analysis. Measures to ensure trustworthiness in a qualitative study which is credibility, transferability, dependability, conformability and triangulation were followed. Ethical considerations, such as the right to confidentiality, informed consent, and respect for participants -were adhered to. The recommendations made at the end were based on the study's findings. Findings: Findings revealed that adolescent girls had insufficient information on different sexual intervention programs, hence, were ignorant about the different SHE programs, which contributed to their inability to exploit available knowledge for their self-development. Furthermore – non-awareness of their right to self-determination, lack of comprehension of available sexual education literature, and poor under-developed decision-making skills – had contributed to their attitudes toward accessing sexual health information. This state of affairs was indicated as arising from, no sexual education at home and limited exposure to the topic in schools. Recommendations: Implementing of sexual health programs should be intensified, using a multi-sectoral approach by government and non-governmental organizations. The Departments of Health and Education should work together to ensure effective sexual education interventions.Item Embargo Experiences of people diagnosed with Malaria at a selected village of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Kwinda, Wavhudi; Luhalima, T. R.; Mudzweda, A. D.Background: There have been extreme cases of Malaria worldwide, nationally as well as regionally, in the Vhembe District. Malaria is a serious health issue despite current efforts and several advancements to control vectors and bite prevention to minimise its burden. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the experiences of people diagnosed with Malaria at Mhinga Village in the Vhembe District. Methodology: A qualitative approach method was used with exploratory, descriptive and contextual designs to get an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. The setting was at the participants’ homes at Mhinga Village, Collins Chabane Municipality, Vhembe District in Limpopo province. A pre-test was conducted with two individuals who were not part of the main study. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select about 26 participants. However, the final number of participants was determined by data saturation. The data collection tool used was semi-structured individual interviews. Trustworthiness and authenticity were ensured by following the criteria of credibility, dependability, conformability and transferability. Data was analysed through descriptive and interpretive codes to categorise data. The research was conducted ethically following principles of respect, beneficence, justice, confidentiality, and informed consent. Results: The findings described and expressed the experiences of people diagnosed with malaria at Mhinga village, Vhembe District. The findings have resulted in five themes: experiences with signs and symptoms, circumstances prompting immediate consultation, experiences with reaching the healthcare facility, experiences with treatment given in the clinic and hospital, post discharge experience from Mhinga clinic and the hospital Conclusion: The study concluded that the participants still experienced symptoms of malaria before and after obtaining treatment from the clinic and hospital. Contribution: The study adds knowledge about malaria prevention to the participants, reducing its spread and relieving the Department of Health from enormous admissions. Recommendations: The recommendations determined by the study findings are related to implementing measures for eliminating the spread of Malaria.Item Embargo Factors contributing to poor utilization of public health facilities for maternity care Services at Mpumalanga Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Usinga, Sibusiso; Mulondo, S. A.; Chewe, V. M.Utilizing maternity care services as soon as possible will guarantee maternal health and ensure that babies have the best possible start in life. Around 75% of births occur outside of a health facility worldwide which means that it is rare for experienced midwives to be present in these situations. Despite all the efforts the Department of Health makes to implement standards and develop programs like the South African Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Health Policy, Basic Antenatal Care Approach, traditional approach, and updating standards to minimise maternal mortality rate and complications, poor utilization of public health facilities for maternity care services remains high in rural based health facilities of Ehlanzeni district. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying and describing factors that contribute to poor utilization of public health facilities for maternity care services at Thulamahashe local region, Bushbuckridge local municipality of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive design was employed for this study. A questionnaire was employed and simple random probability was used to select 204 pregnant women from the six selected primary health facilities of Thulamahashe local region. The sample size was calculated using Slovin’s formula. A pre-test of the data collection instrument was done on 22 respondents from one of the selected health facilities. The researcher used Excel and the statistics program SPSS version 30.0. This software produces tables, charts, and numerical statistical measures with the click of a mouse. Validity and reliability were maintained. Ethical standards such as permission to conduct the study, informed consent, confidentiality and privacy, principle of beneficiary, respect and human rights and justice were taken into consideration. The study indicated that core barriers for maternity care service utilisation listed by respondents were that they were waiting for too long in the healthcare facility, fear of being scolded by midwives, distance from home to the health facility and lack of education. The conclusion drawn from this study is that awareness to maternity care services utilisation needs to be consistently raised so that utilisation might increase. Pregnant women are encouraged to initiate ANC services as soon as they find out they are pregnant and Nurses’ attitude should be addressed through trainings on interpersonal communication skills.Item Embargo Barriers to utilization of primary health care facilities by pregnant women during labour in Mopani District, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mbedzi, Phathutshedzo; Netshisaulu, K. G.; Tshililo, A. R.Background: Facilities of primary health care were with intent to increase accessibility to health care services by communities in the facilities’ locality, with higher priority for previously disadvantaged communities. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine barriers to the utilization of PHC facilities by pregnant women during labour in Mopani District, Limpopo Province. Methodology: Qualitative approach following exploratory, descriptive, and contextual designs was used. The study was conducted in Greater Giyani Local Municipality. All post-natal women consulting at primary health care facilities in the Greater Giyani Local Municipality were for the study. Convenience sampling was used to select 30 post-natal women from selected facilities. Purposive sampling was used to select one Community Health Centres and four clinics. Data was collected using unstructured individual. Ethical principles were adhered to, and trustworthiness was ensured through dependability, consistency, credibility, and confirmability. Findings: This study revealed barriers to the utilization of PHC facilities by pregnant women during labour in Mopani District as described according to the following themes: Patient-related barriers to giving birth in clinics, service-related barriers to giving birth in clinics, resource-related barriers to giving birth in clinics, as well as participants’ views on addressing barriers to giving birth in clinics. Recommendations: The Department of Health should invest in human resources through the employment and training of competent health care service providers to provide quality care in the facilities for 24 hours. The department should further invest in physical resources through the procurement of medical equipment to support health care workers in providing quality, safe and sufficient care in these facilities.Item Embargo Exploring the impact of the shortage of resources in the midwifery units of the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mukwevho, Fhedzisani Glacia; Netshisaulu, K. G.; Mulondo, S. A.Background: Healthcare facilities in many countries worldwide face a shortage of resources in midwifery units those in South African district healthcare facilities. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the impact of the shortage of resources in the midwifery units of the Blouberg local municipality in the Capricorn district, Limpopo province. Methodology: The study was conducted in the Blouberg local municipality of the Capricorn district, Limpopo province, and follows a qualitative research approach A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit a total of 16 midwives, each with a minimum of 2 years’ experience working in the midwifery units. Additionally, two community health centers and two clinics with high delivery rates were purposefully selected as study sites. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide and recorded using an audio recorder. Data analysis was done thematically to identify key terms and patterns. Findings: The study resulted in five themes. These were (1) the impact of the shortage of staff on midwives’ performance, (2) midwives’ emotional well-being negatively affected, (3) patients’ dissatisfaction caused by lack of human and material resources, (4) the value of adequate staff members in the midwifery units and (5) availability of material resources is vital in the midwifery units. Conclusion: The shortage of resources has a negative impact on the provision of adequate healthcare in the midwifery units of the Capricorn District. Better workforce planning, improved working conditions, and strategies to retain experienced midwives while supporting skill development for newer staff in the midwifery units should be considered. Recommendations: It was recommended that the Department of Health in the Limpopo province should be accountable and provide all PHC facilities in the Capricorn District with adequate human and material resources.Item Embargo Development of an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care by registered professional nurses in selected regional hospitals in Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Raliphaswa, Munyadziwa Reginah; Luhalima, T. R.; Mafumo, J. L.; Netshandama, V. O.Background: Supervision is a practical method for advancing nurses' professional growth, creating advanced independent practitioners, supporting nursing personnel, and raising the standard of patient care. An educational programme in supervision positively impacted nurses’ ability to provide high-quality nursing care aimed at reducing patient complaints and improving patient outcomes. However, it seems that this is not happening as expected because there were continuous complaints from the patients about the poor quality of care. This study aimed at development of an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care by registered professional nurses in the selected regional hospitals of Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted using an explorative, descriptive, and contextual research design, the 5D phases of Appreciative inquiry design. The nonprobability purposive sample was used, where twenty-four (24) registered professional nurses and thirty (37) registered staff and registered assistant nurses were selected, of which eighteen (18) were registered staff nurses and nineteen (19) were registered assistant nurses. Participants were recruited from Paediatric, Maternity, and Casualty units of the selected regional hospitals. Semi-structured individual face-to-face interviews were used to collect data from registered professional nurses, whereas focus group interviews were used to collect data from registered staff nurses and registered assistant nurses. The focus group was also used to collect data from registered professional nurses, registered staff nurses, and registered assistant nurses using an interview guide. The nominal group technique was used to develop and validate an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care. Data Analysis: Data was analysed according to Tesch’s eight steps. Trustworthiness was ensured by following the principles of credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and authenticity. Ethical considerations were ensured by requesting permission before conducting the study and observing human rights principles, including informed consent, voluntary participation, and avoidance of harm. Findings: The findings from the data collection were administrative challenges, Shortage of resources, organisational challenges and education and training challenges. The findings were validated using the Nominal group technique method. The findings after Nominal group Technique were the need to address the shortage of resources, the need to address organizational challenges, the need to address staff attitude, the need to address professional growth and development, and the need for role modelling. These findings assisted with the development of an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care by registered professional nurses. Recommendations: The study recommends that there is a need for future research in other provinces to check if the findings could be the same. The incorporation of intensive training on supervision in the training of nurses from the beginning. The need to develop a supervision policy was identified. Conclusions: Supervision of nursing care is mandatory for the purpose of improving quality patient care outcomes, reducing patients’ complaints and litigationsItem Embargo Strategies to promote safety of staff members in a selected Forenscic Psychiatric Ward, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mulaudzi, Mulatedzi Precious; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background: Staff members in Forensic Psychiatric Wards (FPW) around the world are faced with serious risk of physical injuries, psychological and emotional harm inflicted by Mental Health Care Users (MHCU) during their call of duty. The risk of working in these units are experienced on daily basis to an extent that even death can occur. Efforts have been implemented to minimize these risks, but violence continue to occur. In developed countries, body worn cameras have been used but this did not reduce the occurrences of incidences. Staff members of different categories remain unsafe in the FPW. Objectives: To develop strategies to promote safety of staff members in a selected Forensic Psychiatric ward in Limpopo Province. Method: The study was conducted in the selected FPW of a specialized hospital. An explorative, descriptive, and contextual design was employed in a qualitative manner. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one of the study consisted of exploration of the experiences of staff members regarding their safety and the kind of security measures that can be developed to promote their safety. In phase two the strategies were developed and validated. Data collection: The data collection process was piloted using two staff members who met the inclusion requirement but were not part of the study. Techs’ eight steps of analysis were applied as the data analysis method. Results: Seven main themes emerged from the analyzed data that is: MHCUs are aggressive, MHCUs’ behavior, environmental factors, effective teamwork, criminal history of patients, insufficient resources and support needed by staff members. Conclusion: More studies can be conducted in future to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the developed strategies from this study. Ethics approval was granted by the Higher Degrees Committee of the University of Venda.Item Embargo Development of Aftercare Guidelines to Support and Prevent Relapse of Rehabiltated Substance Abusers in Madibeng Sub-District, North West Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Moeketsi, Menki Annida; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background Substance abuse is a challenge that prevails across all ages globally today. Different drugs like cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, morphine, and alcohol are abused. Research studies have indicated an increase in relapse of rehabilitated substance abusers. Some studies revealed that 20% of admissions at rehabilitation centres are readmissions. This study aimed to develop guidelines to prevent rehabilitated substance abusers from relapsing in North West Province, South Africa. Methodology An interpretive paradigm informed the study; thus, a qualitative approach using explorative, descriptive, and contextual designs was adopted. This study was conducted at the Beethoven Rehabilitation Centre (BRC), North West Province, South Africa. The study population was relapsed rehabilitated substance abusers readmitted at BRC and professional nurses (PNs) caring for them. In this study, purposive sampling was used to select participants who met the selection criteria. Data were generated using unstructured, in-depth individual interviews with participants and analysed using Tesch’s eight steps of analysis. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were employed. Ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. The six elements of practice theory; as well as the SWOT and BOEM action plan, informed the development of the guidelines. The developed guidelines were validated following Chinn and Kramer's five critical questions. Results Two themes and 10 sub-themes emerged from the analysed data, namely factors contributing to relapse, such as a lack of family support, physical abuse, financial abuse, peer pressure, defaulting, and hopelessness. Secondly, factors minimising relapse include motivation, positive support, medication, and aftercare. Finally, the aftercare guidelines to prevent rehabilitated substance abusers from relapsing in North West Province, South Africa, were developed and validated. Recommendations It is recommended that further research be conducted to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of the developed guidelines to mitigate relapse of rehabilitated substance abusers in North West Province.Item Embargo Climate change and potential impacts on birth outcome: A correlational study in Musina Hospital at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2025-05-16) Mudau, Rolivhuwa Sibongile Millet; Malwela, T.; Maputle, M. S.Introduction: Climate change continues to pose a life-threatening risk to human health, particularly affecting pregnant mothers and the elderly. As a result, these groups are experiencing heightened harm. Climate change impacts both foetal and maternal health, leading to complications such as prematurity, low birth weight, stillbirth, neonatal jaundice, and hearing loss. On the maternal side, climate change contributes to pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes. These are some of the complications that many studies dwell on regarding climate change and its impact on pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: To determine climate change and its potential impact on birth outcomes in Musina Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, and to investigate the seasonal temperature changes and birth weight of infants. Methods: Data were collected on patient medical records from 2019 to 2022 in the Musina Hospital in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, using a checklist book to tick all information related to the study. Results Article 1: The study revealed that climate change significantly impacts pregnancy outcomes. Ambient temperature exposure was found to be associated with adverse pregnancy effects such as premature delivery, low birth weight, and stillborn. However, on the maternal side, pregnant mothers were found to be affected by various conditions such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, pré-eclampsia, and eclampsia. Neonates experience neonatal jaundice, cardiovascular diseases, developmental problems, hearing loss, etc. Article 2: The study revealed a negative correlation with successive years. Throughout successive years, the results showed that the majority of mothers are suffering from pregnancy-induced hypertension compared to other maternal conditions. On the neonatal side, the high premature rate was noted compared to other neonatal conditions. Article 3: The results show a negative and positive correlation between ambient seasonal temperature and birth weight. Birth weight was less affected in milder temperatures compared to harsher temperatures. Seasonal ambient temperature showed an impact on pregnant women and the weight of their babies growing inside the uterus. Recommendations and Conclusion: An awareness campaign should be launched that gathers all community members and educates them about the health risks associated with ambient temperature exposure during pregnancy. Healthcare providers should ensure that every healthcare facility has cooling resilience, such as air conditioners and fans. The Department of Health should ensure that expectant mothers receive education on the risks of high ambient temperatures on pregnancy outcomes and the strategies to mitigate these risks. Climate change puts pregnant women at risk of experiencing heat-related illness, which in turn affects their pregnancy and unborn babies. Strategies that mitigate high temperature exposure will help the next generation of expectant mothers to carry their pregnancies to term without facing any complications.Item Open Access Strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo Province, South africa(2024-09-06) Makhado, Princess Anne-Sheilah; Ndou, N. D.; Shilubane, N. H.; Mafuna, J. L.Background: The nonexistence of parents or adult caregivers in children’s lives is experienced by many children worldwide. Basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and protection from harm are among the many challenges faced by children heading families. Children heading families can be supported and live a quality life beyond the hardships they experience. A holistic approach can alleviate the hardships experienced by children heading families, through embarking on the identification of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted at the homes of children heading families and chief’s kraal of Vhembe and Mopani districts in Limpopo province, South Africa. Phase 1: Research methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design. The population consisted of children heading families, children’s relatives, and community members. A non-probability purposive convenience sampling was used to select children heading families and snowball technique was used to select children’s relatives. Unstructured in-depth interview using an interview guide was used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Central questions were used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from community members. The sample size of participants was determined by data saturation. Data was analyzed using Tech’s eight-step method. Data was transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and kept safe. A clearance certificate was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was requested from the traditional leaders of the villages. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Children who agreed to participate voluntarily signed an assent form, and children’s relatives and community members signed consent forms. Findings: The findings of the study revealed psychological, financial, social, and educational support challenges for children heading families, relatives, and community members. Children’s relatives and community members inadequately support children heading families. Phase 2: Development of strategies The researcher's 2020 study on the experiences of children heading families, revealed that children heading families were not receiving enough support from their relatives and community members. The findings prompted the researcher to conduct a study on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Phase 3: Validation of strategies As stated in Chapter One, the study's objective guided the development of strategies. Validation of the strategy employed a qualitative approach using unstructured in-depth interviews. A group of expert panelists validated the results using the e=Delphi method. The expert panelists were retired registered nurses, retired educators, curriculum advisers, psychologists, social workers, pastors, self-employed, registered nurses, educators, traditional leaders, and ex-police. All experts had extensive experience and knowledge of taking care with children. Findings: The study revealed that children heading families face numerous challenges without adequate support from their relatives and community members. The study focused on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Recommendations: Constant monitoring by children’s relatives and community members on the safety of children heading families. Protecting the safety of children heading families should be the Government's top priority and responsibility, especially in villages. Social workers are to visit the homes of children’s heading families regularly to constantly monitor the challenges faced by children. The traditional leaders play a crucial role in the communities and should be more involved in matters involving children heading families in their villages, and ought to have more authority over their roles and responsibilities. Educators should be provided with training on how to deal with children who come from families with no parent or caregiver. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that children heading families experience ineffective psycho-social, educational, financial, religious and spiritual challenges.Item Open Access A communal holistic therapeutic approach for psychosocial health management among Southern African indigenous communities(2024-09-06) Mahlatsi, Khauhelo Success; Pienaar, A. J.; Mulaudzi, M. T.; Malwela, T.Background: Mental health remains on the backseat of the global healthcare system. With more than a third of people suffering from mental health having no access to mental health services. Consequently, this research realizes that communality and Ubuntu are considered the epitomes of living systems in African indigenous communities. Therefore, the aim was to develop, confirm, and validate a Middle-range Theory of psychosocial health management among indigenous Southern African communities. Methods: An explorative sequential mixed methods design was conducted. For the qualitative strand (Phase One), a qualitative approach was used where classical Grounded Theory was employed as a design. Makgotla were used as data collection method, and theoretical sampling was used for participant selection. In Phase Two, a qualitative approach followed where a critical, integrative literature review was conducted. Purposive sampling was employed for the literature collection. Finally, for the quantitative strand, a quantitative approach was used where content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Kappa statistic were used to confirm and validate the emerging theory. Purposive sampling was used, where experts were selected for the confirmation and validation of the emerging theory. Findings: This research presents an emerging Middle-range theory referred to as the ‘Inclusive Holistic Communal Psychosocial Health Management Approach.’ This approach is informed by the shared cultural belief system, co-living system, and communal therapeutic techniques. Fundamental to the emerging Middle-range theory are the five cultural axioms found in this research to be of evidential value to culturally congruent and needs-aligned psychosocial health management. Embedded in the belief that life is a holistic-circlic continuous process independent of living, wherein the point of equilibrium (good health) is the sense of balance between life and living. Furthermore, it has been found that the emerging Middle-range theory expressed through the 40-item instrument is content valid and comprehensive as all the items were found to be relevant and acceptable with I-CVI values greater than 0.79 and Kappa values above 0.74.Item Open Access Guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within a mental health care unit of Limpopo Province, South Africa(2024-09-06) Thandavhathu, Tshinanne Gladys; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.The prevalence of workplace violence is a serious challenge for developed and developing nations, particularly in Africa, putting more workers in danger. Due to the nature of the mental illnesses that patients are admitted with, acute psychiatric wards are stressful places to work in. As members of the frontline workforce, nurses have frequent interactions with patients, which increases their chance of experiencing violent occurrences. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within the acute mental health care unit (MHCU) of Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative approach using descriptive, explorative and contextual design was used in this study. Multiphase sampling was used to sample the districts, hospitals, and participants. Districts were purposively sampled. The hospitals were sampled in two stages, namely, sampling of district hospitals and regional hospitals that were purposively selected. The participants were sampled using convenience sampling. The study population was professional nurses with psychiatric nursing science qualifications who were allocated to the acute MHCU. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one was situational analysis, where multiple theories (The Roy Adaptation Model and Dickoff's six elements of practice) were used to guide the study. Data were analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six steps, and four themes emerged from data generation, namely, management of aggressive patients, care of patients in a seclusion room, challenges faced by professional nurses when managing aggressive patients, and type of support needed by professional nurses when managing aggressive patients. Trustworthiness and ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. The second phase was developing guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within MHCU and validation. Multiple theories were used to develop the guidelines, namely, Dickoff et al., six elements, SWOT analysis, and BOEM action plan. A team of professionals who are experts in mental health and psychiatric nurses who are the end users validated the guidelines according to Chinn and Kramer’s steps. The study recommends that there should be in-service training and workshops that will enhance knowledge and skills to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients.Item Open Access Strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2024-09-06) Makhado, Princess Anne-Sheilah; Ndou, N. D.; Shilubane, N. H.; Mafumo, J. L.Background: The nonexistence of parents or adult caregivers in children’s lives is experienced by many children worldwide. Basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and protection from harm are among the many challenges faced by children heading families. Children heading families can be supported and live a quality life beyond the hardships they experience. A holistic approach can alleviate the hardships experienced by children heading families, through embarking on the identification of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted at the homes of children heading families and chief’s kraal of Vhembe and Mopani districts in Limpopo province, South Africa. Phase 1: Research methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design. The population consisted of children heading families, children’s relatives, and community members. A non-probability purposive convenience sampling was used to select children heading families and snowball technique was used to select children’s relatives. Unstructured in-depth interview using an interview guide was used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Central questions were used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from community members. The sample size of participants was determined by data saturation. Data was analyzed using Tech’s eight-step method. Data was transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and kept safe. A clearance certificate was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was requested from the traditional leaders of the villages. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Children who agreed to participate voluntarily signed an assent form, and children’s relatives and community members signed consent forms. Findings: The findings of the study revealed psychological, financial, social, and educational support challenges for children heading families, relatives, and community members. Children’s relatives and community members inadequately support children heading families. Phase 2: Development of strategies The researcher's 2020 study on the experiences of children heading families, revealed that children heading families were not receiving enough support from their relatives and community members. The findings prompted the researcher to conduct a study on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Phase 3: Validation of strategies As stated in Chapter One, the study's objective guided the development of strategies. Validation of the strategy employed a qualitative approach using unstructured in-depth interviews. A group of expert panelists validated the results using the e=Delphi method. The expert panelists were retired registered nurses, retired educators, curriculum advisers, psychologists, social workers, pastors, self-employed, registered nurses, educators, traditional leaders, and ex-police. All experts had extensive experience and knowledge of taking care with children. Findings: The study revealed that children heading families face numerous challenges without adequate support from their relatives and community members. The study focused on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Recommendations: Constant monitoring by children’s relatives and community members on the safety of children heading families. Protecting the safety of children heading families should be the Government's top priority and responsibility, especially in villages. Social workers are to visit the homes of children’s heading families regularly to constantly monitor the challenges faced by children. The traditional leaders play a crucial role in the communities and should be more involved in matters involving children heading families in their villages, and ought to have more authority over their roles and responsibilities. Educators should be provided with training on how to deal with children who come from families with no parent or caregiver. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that children heading families experience ineffective psycho-social, educational, financial, religious and spiritual challenges.Item Open Access Experiences of student midwives regarding application of Ubuntu principles during provision of midwifery services in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2024-09-06) Munzhedzi, Nthuseni Tiny; Netshisaulu, K. G.; Ramathuba, D. U.Background: Ubuntu is a primordial African philosophical paradigm premised on the fundamental principles of sharing, passionate humanness, respect, caring, compassion, as well as ensuring a qualitative human community in the spiritual life of an individual, family, and community. Poor implementation of Ubuntu in nursing and midwifery services reflects negatively on professional ethics. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of student midwives regarding the application of Ubuntu principles during provision of midwifery services in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Methods: A qualitative approach, with exploratory and descriptive research designs was adopted. The sample was 30 Level 4 midwifery students from both the Thohoyandou Nursing Campus and the Department of Advanced Nursing Science, University of Vendaselected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through individual interviews guided by semi-structured interview guide, and thematically analysed according to Tesch’s eight steps. Results: The study found that student midwives had positive and negative experiences of Ubuntu. The positive experiences were characterised by teamwork, patient support, respect for patients and non-discrimination. The negative experiences were characterised by discrimination, disrespect, psychological and physical abuse, shortage of staff and poor infrastructure. The study also found that Ubuntu was important to ensure quality care provision which was holistic, where midwives advocated for patients and in-service training on Ubuntu should be provided. Ubuntu principles were also significant for the establishment and maintenance of relationships between student midwives and registered midwives. Recommendations: It is recommended that training on Ubuntu aspects should be included in the midwifery curriculum. Moreover, to improve midwifery services Ubuntu principles should be inculcated in midwifery service provision by all healthcare workers in all maternity units.Item Open Access Factors contributing to human dog bite in the Khakhu Madala Local Area in the Thulamela Sub-District of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2023-10-05) Rangolo, Aifheli; Luhalima, T. R.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background: As domestic animals, dogs have frequent interaction with humans, resulting in possible conflicts causing dog bite incidents. Dog bites result in physical injuries to, psychological trauma, emotional damage, and even fatalities. By ignoring human dog bite incidents, society continues to suffer health risks. Purpose of the study: This study aimed to investigate the factors contributing to dogs biting humans in the Khakhu Madala local area in Thulamela, a sub-district of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative approach with an explorative and descriptive design was used to investigate the factors contributing to dogs biting humans in the Khakhu Madala local area. The population comprised dog bite victims registered on the Khakhu Madala Primary Health Care (PHC) facility's dog bite register from January 2018 to December 2019. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The unstructured in-depth face-to-face interviews allowed the participants to respond in the same manner with probing and follow-up questions to obtain thick and rich data. The researcher interviewed 25 participants until data saturation was reached. Tech’s eight steps criteria were used for data management and analysis, namely, data preparation and organisation, initial immersion, coding, and interpretation. Trustworthiness was achieved by ensuring data credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Findings: The following themes emerged: a lack of responsibility in the control of dogs by dog owners, aggression augmentation of dogs by providing them with indigenous plants and other variations, and structural and environmental factors. Recommendations: The recommendations were made based on the findings of the study. Future research is needed to address dog bite incidents; health workers should unite, communities should be informed, and laws should be reviewed to maximise safeItem Open Access Epilepsy life skils education guidelines for primary schools in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa(2023-10-05) Makhado, Thendo Gertie; Lebese, R. T.; Maputle, M. S.Background: The disorder known as epilepsy is characterized by disturbed brain nerve cell activity, which results in seizures. It mostly affects children, especially those in primary school, and may be caused by a genetic condition. Due to not enough knowledge about epilepsy, the majority of people who live with it experience stigma and discrimination. Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop epilepsy life skills education guidelines for primary school learners and teachers in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. By educating them about epilepsy, this study aimed to reduce stigma and discrimination against those who have the condition. Methods: The goal of this study was achieved through the use of a multimethod research strategy. In order to ascertain the primary school teachers’, life skills educational advisors’, and learners' perceptions or opinions regarding the necessity of including epilepsy in life skills education, stages 1 and 2 of the empirical phase (phase 1) employed an exploratory-descriptive study design. Pre-testing was carried out to determine the study's viability and to see if the main questions were sufficiently clear and understood. Individual interviews with life skill education advisors and teachers were used to gather data. Additionally, focus groups with learners from the sampling primary schools in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga were held. Trustworthiness was attained by strengthening dependability, dredibility, conformability and transferability. Atlas.TI and the process of notice-collect-think (NTC) analysis was used to analyse the data. Manuscripts/Articles with brief purpose and findings: The results of the study's first phase showed that epilepsy needed to be covered in lessons on life skills for young children in primary schools. Two manuscripts were published and one that is accepted for publication, and it presented the need from the perspectives of learners, teachers, and life skills educational advisors. The conceptualisation of the Phase 1 results into a conceptual framework was the focus of the study's Phase 2, and the resulting publication is currently being reviewed. The World Health Organization's (2014) widely used guideline development guide and validation process was adapted by the researchers to create the epilepsy life skills guidelines in Phase 3. This work is currently being reviewed. The study complied with both internal and external ethical standards, and suggestions were made in light of the findings.Item Open Access Strategies to enhance professional nurse's participation i continuing professional development at public hospitals of Limpopo Province(2023-10-05) Nyelisani, Maggie; Makhado, L.; Luhalima, T. R.BACKGROUND: Professional Nurses are required continue to actively engage in continuing professional development to maintain high standards of quality nursing care. Enhancing their participation in CPD is crucial for improvement and maintenance of updated knowledge and skills. Professional nurses have a responsibility to make use of CPD opportunities in their hospitals in order to advance their knowledge and skills. This study explored the experiences of professional nurses CPD in the hospitals of Limpopo Province based on findings developed strategies to enhance their participation in CPD. Aim: This study aims to develop strategies to enhance professional nurses’ participation in CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province. The Specific Objectives of the study was to: explore the experiences of professional nurses regarding CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; explore the views of nurse managers regarding CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; develop strategies to enhance participation in CPD by professional nurses in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; and validate the strategies developed to enhance participation in CPD by professional nurses in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province. Methods: An explorative and descriptive design was used; a qualitative explorative and descriptive design used approach was taken. The study consisted of Phase 1 which involved a scoping review focused on the analyses of experiences of professional nurses as they participated in CPD in other healthcare settings in various countries in different regions of the world. Phase 2 – The empirical phase focused on the experiences of professional nurses and view of nurse managers regarding CPD opportunities in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province and Phase 3 the development of the strategies and the validation of the strategies developed done. The interfaced findings from phase one were analysed using the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). The Build, Overcome, Explore, and Minimise (BOEM) and Dreyfus framework including the CPD process were used to create strategies based on the findings. The researcher used the Nominal Group Technique Method to validate the generated strategies. Results: The strategies to improve CPD for professional nurses in hospitals in the Limpopo Province were developed using a qualitative approach outcome, guided by qualities of a conceptual framework that had been developed. The findings were the following themes Quality nursing care as understood by professional nurses in the hospitals of Limpopo Province findings were: Professional nurses’ understanding of CPD. development; vii Professional nurses’ views related to in-service training being offered and Identified measures to resolve challenges were sought, challenges included shortage of staff, lack of participation in CPD activities, lack of funds and lack of support and improper selection criteria. Professional nurses’ experiences regarding CPD opportunities at public hospitals of Limpopo Province recommended that more effective strategies are needed to address barriers, such as shortage of staff, lack of participation in CPD activities, lack of funds and lack of support and improper selection criteria. Nurse Managers’ views of CPD of professional nurses revealed that management and CPD providers need to plan more effectively for professional nurses’ CPD. The needs of the various age groups must be taken into account while creating CPD strategies, as well as challenges like a lack of funding and resources. Enhancing CPD opportunities for Professional nurses in hospitals of Limpopo Province: A scoping review. This paper presented literature review in the form of a Scoping Review. The paper gave the analyses of experiences of professional nurses as they participate in CPD in other healthcare settings in various countries and in different regions of the world. The result highlighted challenges such as lack of funds and recourses for CPD that health care institutions face which need to be addressed by the management. Conclusions: Six strategies were developed and validated. A strategy to facilitate functional CPD Training programs in hospitals, a strategy to facilitate appointment suitable CPD training managers, a strategy to facilitate nomination master trainers at ward /unit level, a strategy to mobilise training for nurse specialists. A strategy to ensure availability of resources and a strategy to ensure accessibility to institutional policies and guidelines. This study shared valuable information on Continuing Professional Development of professional nurses in health care settings. This study may share valuable information on Continuing Professional Development of professional nurses in health care settings.Item Open Access Training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-10-05) Makhado, Christinah Langanani; Netshikweta, M. L.; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.Introduction: Midwives observe childbirth as a normal physiological process which is, however, associated with risks that may lead to loss of life. Pregnancy and childbirth are socially constructed events that bring joyous moments in the lives of parents because new life has been brought into the family. Unfortunately, maternal mortality is unacceptably high worldwide, especially in developing countries where South Africa is no exception. Approximately 810 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Improving maternal health was the fifth of eight Millennium Development Goals to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 2015. Much has changed regarding the care that was previously provided during pregnancy and childbirth by elderly women. Elderly women were regarded as expert advisers to pregnant women during pregnancy and childbirth. It is in this light that the researcher explored whether their roles are outdated in improving the reduction of maternal mortality. Purpose: The study intended to develop a training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative approach using descriptive, exploratory, and contextual design. The population included elderly women, pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and midwives, who were purposively sampled. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the districts, clinics, and elderly women, while convenient sampling was used to select pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and midwives. The study was guided by the System Ecological Model (SEM) of human behaviour (Baral, Logie, Grosso, Wirtz & Bevrer, 2013). Data were collected using an unstructured interview with the participants, in-depth individual interviews, and a focus group discussion for elderly women. Data were coded and analysed using the thematic analysis approach described by Tesch. Finally, key themes were extracted and analysed from the collected data. Training programme was done on the basis of six elements of Dickoff et al., (1968), Kolb’s theory of learning guided the development. Chinn and Kramer (2019) guided the validation of training programme. vi Findings: The findings revealed that elderly women are no longer given an opportunity to care for their daughters-in-law during pregnancy and childbirth, and that elderly women lack current knowledge on adequate care and support for pregnant women and childbirth. Furthermore, midwives reported barriers that delay pregnant women from seeking early medical intervention in order to receive prompt, adequate and quality care to avoid common problems encountered in a maternal health facility. The findings from pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers indicated that elderly women lack knowledge of their role regarding the early utilisation of healthcare services and the need for elderly women to be trained on their roles regarding maternal healthcare practices. The study concluded by revealing the usefulness of elderly women as advisers and caregivers during pregnancy and childbirth. Elderly women showed care, compassion, and suggested pregnant women eat small amounts of food to avoid large neonates. Their influences regarding the utilisation of healthcare services using their indigenous knowledge was also found useful. The findings of the study informed the development of a training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality to advance health outcomes in women and newborns within the maternal healthcare facilities in South Africa and the world at large. Recommendations: The study recommends that the training of elderly women should be implemented by skilled healthcare workers. In addition, a longitudinal study should be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programme.Item Open Access A model to support adult patients living with diabetes mellitus in their self-care management at community health centres in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-10-05) Motsharine, Selina; Ndou, N. D.; Ramathuba, D. U.; Netshisaulu, K. G.ntroduction: Global management of diabetes mellitus is guided by the World Health Organization and International diabetes guidelines. Global literature revealed different strategies that are used in the management of diabetes mellitus, with diabetes self-care management education, and support as an integral component worldwide. Support of patients living with diabetes mellitus in self-care management is imperative to reduce and delay diabetes complications. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a model to support adult patients living with diabetes mellitus in self-care management at the community health centres of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted in the community health centres of the Vhembe and Mopani Districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Phase 1 - Research Methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, contextual, descriptive design. The study population consisted of patients living with diabetes mellitus, professional nurses, and family members. A non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the community health centres, professional nurses, patients, and family members. A semi-structured in-depth interview, using an interview guide, was used to collect data from the patients. Central questions were used to collect data from the professional nurses and family members. Sample size of participants were determined by data saturation. Data was analysed using Tesch’s open-coding method. Ethical principles and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Findings: The following major themes emerged from data analysis: • Self-care practices, • Challenges experienced by patients living with diabetes mellitus, and • Support expressed by patients living with diabetes mellitus. The findings of the study revealed ineffective support of patients by family members and professional nurses in diabetic self-care management. Phase 2 - Concept Analysis: The concept of ‘‘support’’ was identified from data analysis conducted in Phase 1. The findings of study in Phase 1 revealed the support of patients living with diabetes mellitus as a challenge to professional nurses, and family members. The findings v prompted the researcher to analyse ‘‘support’ ’as fundamental concept of the study guided by Walker and Avant (2019) concept analysis method. Phase 3: Model Development and Validation: Development of a model was guided by the objectives of the study as stated in Chapter 1, analysed concept, and Orem’s self-care deficit theory. Validation of a model employed a qualitative approach, using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Validators included professional nurses, operational managers, family members, patients with diabetes mellitus, and consultation with diabetic educators. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate insufficient support of adult patients living with diabetes mellitus. Challenges such as lack of resources and insufficient information about diabetes mellitus were found as some compounding factors affecting self-care management and support of adult patients living with diabetes mellitus.