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Item Factors contributing to human dog bite in the Khakhu Madala Local Area in the Thulamela Sub-District of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2023-10-05) Rangolo, Aifheli; Luhalima, T. R.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background: As domestic animals, dogs have frequent interaction with humans, resulting in possible conflicts causing dog bite incidents. Dog bites result in physical injuries to, psychological trauma, emotional damage, and even fatalities. By ignoring human dog bite incidents, society continues to suffer health risks. Purpose of the study: This study aimed to investigate the factors contributing to dogs biting humans in the Khakhu Madala local area in Thulamela, a sub-district of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative approach with an explorative and descriptive design was used to investigate the factors contributing to dogs biting humans in the Khakhu Madala local area. The population comprised dog bite victims registered on the Khakhu Madala Primary Health Care (PHC) facility's dog bite register from January 2018 to December 2019. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The unstructured in-depth face-to-face interviews allowed the participants to respond in the same manner with probing and follow-up questions to obtain thick and rich data. The researcher interviewed 25 participants until data saturation was reached. Tech’s eight steps criteria were used for data management and analysis, namely, data preparation and organisation, initial immersion, coding, and interpretation. Trustworthiness was achieved by ensuring data credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Findings: The following themes emerged: a lack of responsibility in the control of dogs by dog owners, aggression augmentation of dogs by providing them with indigenous plants and other variations, and structural and environmental factors. Recommendations: The recommendations were made based on the findings of the study. Future research is needed to address dog bite incidents; health workers should unite, communities should be informed, and laws should be reviewed to maximise safeItem Epilepsy life skils education guidelines for primary schools in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa(2023-10-05) Makhado, Thendo Gertie; Lebese, R. T.; Maputle, M. S.Background: The disorder known as epilepsy is characterized by disturbed brain nerve cell activity, which results in seizures. It mostly affects children, especially those in primary school, and may be caused by a genetic condition. Due to not enough knowledge about epilepsy, the majority of people who live with it experience stigma and discrimination. Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop epilepsy life skills education guidelines for primary school learners and teachers in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. By educating them about epilepsy, this study aimed to reduce stigma and discrimination against those who have the condition. Methods: The goal of this study was achieved through the use of a multimethod research strategy. In order to ascertain the primary school teachers’, life skills educational advisors’, and learners' perceptions or opinions regarding the necessity of including epilepsy in life skills education, stages 1 and 2 of the empirical phase (phase 1) employed an exploratory-descriptive study design. Pre-testing was carried out to determine the study's viability and to see if the main questions were sufficiently clear and understood. Individual interviews with life skill education advisors and teachers were used to gather data. Additionally, focus groups with learners from the sampling primary schools in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga were held. Trustworthiness was attained by strengthening dependability, dredibility, conformability and transferability. Atlas.TI and the process of notice-collect-think (NTC) analysis was used to analyse the data. Manuscripts/Articles with brief purpose and findings: The results of the study's first phase showed that epilepsy needed to be covered in lessons on life skills for young children in primary schools. Two manuscripts were published and one that is accepted for publication, and it presented the need from the perspectives of learners, teachers, and life skills educational advisors. The conceptualisation of the Phase 1 results into a conceptual framework was the focus of the study's Phase 2, and the resulting publication is currently being reviewed. The World Health Organization's (2014) widely used guideline development guide and validation process was adapted by the researchers to create the epilepsy life skills guidelines in Phase 3. This work is currently being reviewed. The study complied with both internal and external ethical standards, and suggestions were made in light of the findings.Item Strategies to enhance professional nurse's participation i continuing professional development at public hospitals of Limpopo Province(2023-10-05) Nyelisani, Maggie; Makhado, L.; Luhalima, T. R.BACKGROUND: Professional Nurses are required continue to actively engage in continuing professional development to maintain high standards of quality nursing care. Enhancing their participation in CPD is crucial for improvement and maintenance of updated knowledge and skills. Professional nurses have a responsibility to make use of CPD opportunities in their hospitals in order to advance their knowledge and skills. This study explored the experiences of professional nurses CPD in the hospitals of Limpopo Province based on findings developed strategies to enhance their participation in CPD. Aim: This study aims to develop strategies to enhance professional nurses’ participation in CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province. The Specific Objectives of the study was to: explore the experiences of professional nurses regarding CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; explore the views of nurse managers regarding CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; develop strategies to enhance participation in CPD by professional nurses in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; and validate the strategies developed to enhance participation in CPD by professional nurses in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province. Methods: An explorative and descriptive design was used; a qualitative explorative and descriptive design used approach was taken. The study consisted of Phase 1 which involved a scoping review focused on the analyses of experiences of professional nurses as they participated in CPD in other healthcare settings in various countries in different regions of the world. Phase 2 – The empirical phase focused on the experiences of professional nurses and view of nurse managers regarding CPD opportunities in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province and Phase 3 the development of the strategies and the validation of the strategies developed done. The interfaced findings from phase one were analysed using the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). The Build, Overcome, Explore, and Minimise (BOEM) and Dreyfus framework including the CPD process were used to create strategies based on the findings. The researcher used the Nominal Group Technique Method to validate the generated strategies. Results: The strategies to improve CPD for professional nurses in hospitals in the Limpopo Province were developed using a qualitative approach outcome, guided by qualities of a conceptual framework that had been developed. The findings were the following themes Quality nursing care as understood by professional nurses in the hospitals of Limpopo Province findings were: Professional nurses’ understanding of CPD. development; vii Professional nurses’ views related to in-service training being offered and Identified measures to resolve challenges were sought, challenges included shortage of staff, lack of participation in CPD activities, lack of funds and lack of support and improper selection criteria. Professional nurses’ experiences regarding CPD opportunities at public hospitals of Limpopo Province recommended that more effective strategies are needed to address barriers, such as shortage of staff, lack of participation in CPD activities, lack of funds and lack of support and improper selection criteria. Nurse Managers’ views of CPD of professional nurses revealed that management and CPD providers need to plan more effectively for professional nurses’ CPD. The needs of the various age groups must be taken into account while creating CPD strategies, as well as challenges like a lack of funding and resources. Enhancing CPD opportunities for Professional nurses in hospitals of Limpopo Province: A scoping review. This paper presented literature review in the form of a Scoping Review. The paper gave the analyses of experiences of professional nurses as they participate in CPD in other healthcare settings in various countries and in different regions of the world. The result highlighted challenges such as lack of funds and recourses for CPD that health care institutions face which need to be addressed by the management. Conclusions: Six strategies were developed and validated. A strategy to facilitate functional CPD Training programs in hospitals, a strategy to facilitate appointment suitable CPD training managers, a strategy to facilitate nomination master trainers at ward /unit level, a strategy to mobilise training for nurse specialists. A strategy to ensure availability of resources and a strategy to ensure accessibility to institutional policies and guidelines. This study shared valuable information on Continuing Professional Development of professional nurses in health care settings. This study may share valuable information on Continuing Professional Development of professional nurses in health care settings.Item Training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-10-05) Makhado, Christinah Langanani; Netshikweta, M. L.; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.Introduction: Midwives observe childbirth as a normal physiological process which is, however, associated with risks that may lead to loss of life. Pregnancy and childbirth are socially constructed events that bring joyous moments in the lives of parents because new life has been brought into the family. Unfortunately, maternal mortality is unacceptably high worldwide, especially in developing countries where South Africa is no exception. Approximately 810 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Improving maternal health was the fifth of eight Millennium Development Goals to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 2015. Much has changed regarding the care that was previously provided during pregnancy and childbirth by elderly women. Elderly women were regarded as expert advisers to pregnant women during pregnancy and childbirth. It is in this light that the researcher explored whether their roles are outdated in improving the reduction of maternal mortality. Purpose: The study intended to develop a training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative approach using descriptive, exploratory, and contextual design. The population included elderly women, pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and midwives, who were purposively sampled. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the districts, clinics, and elderly women, while convenient sampling was used to select pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and midwives. The study was guided by the System Ecological Model (SEM) of human behaviour (Baral, Logie, Grosso, Wirtz & Bevrer, 2013). Data were collected using an unstructured interview with the participants, in-depth individual interviews, and a focus group discussion for elderly women. Data were coded and analysed using the thematic analysis approach described by Tesch. Finally, key themes were extracted and analysed from the collected data. Training programme was done on the basis of six elements of Dickoff et al., (1968), Kolb’s theory of learning guided the development. Chinn and Kramer (2019) guided the validation of training programme. vi Findings: The findings revealed that elderly women are no longer given an opportunity to care for their daughters-in-law during pregnancy and childbirth, and that elderly women lack current knowledge on adequate care and support for pregnant women and childbirth. Furthermore, midwives reported barriers that delay pregnant women from seeking early medical intervention in order to receive prompt, adequate and quality care to avoid common problems encountered in a maternal health facility. The findings from pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers indicated that elderly women lack knowledge of their role regarding the early utilisation of healthcare services and the need for elderly women to be trained on their roles regarding maternal healthcare practices. The study concluded by revealing the usefulness of elderly women as advisers and caregivers during pregnancy and childbirth. Elderly women showed care, compassion, and suggested pregnant women eat small amounts of food to avoid large neonates. Their influences regarding the utilisation of healthcare services using their indigenous knowledge was also found useful. The findings of the study informed the development of a training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality to advance health outcomes in women and newborns within the maternal healthcare facilities in South Africa and the world at large. Recommendations: The study recommends that the training of elderly women should be implemented by skilled healthcare workers. In addition, a longitudinal study should be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programme.Item A model to support adult patients living with diabetes mellitus in their self-care management at community health centres in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-10-05) Motsharine, Selina; Ndou, N. D.; Ramathuba, D. U.; Netshisaulu, K. G.ntroduction: Global management of diabetes mellitus is guided by the World Health Organization and International diabetes guidelines. Global literature revealed different strategies that are used in the management of diabetes mellitus, with diabetes self-care management education, and support as an integral component worldwide. Support of patients living with diabetes mellitus in self-care management is imperative to reduce and delay diabetes complications. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a model to support adult patients living with diabetes mellitus in self-care management at the community health centres of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted in the community health centres of the Vhembe and Mopani Districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Phase 1 - Research Methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, contextual, descriptive design. The study population consisted of patients living with diabetes mellitus, professional nurses, and family members. A non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the community health centres, professional nurses, patients, and family members. A semi-structured in-depth interview, using an interview guide, was used to collect data from the patients. Central questions were used to collect data from the professional nurses and family members. Sample size of participants were determined by data saturation. Data was analysed using Tesch’s open-coding method. Ethical principles and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Findings: The following major themes emerged from data analysis: • Self-care practices, • Challenges experienced by patients living with diabetes mellitus, and • Support expressed by patients living with diabetes mellitus. The findings of the study revealed ineffective support of patients by family members and professional nurses in diabetic self-care management. Phase 2 - Concept Analysis: The concept of ‘‘support’’ was identified from data analysis conducted in Phase 1. The findings of study in Phase 1 revealed the support of patients living with diabetes mellitus as a challenge to professional nurses, and family members. The findings v prompted the researcher to analyse ‘‘support’ ’as fundamental concept of the study guided by Walker and Avant (2019) concept analysis method. Phase 3: Model Development and Validation: Development of a model was guided by the objectives of the study as stated in Chapter 1, analysed concept, and Orem’s self-care deficit theory. Validation of a model employed a qualitative approach, using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Validators included professional nurses, operational managers, family members, patients with diabetes mellitus, and consultation with diabetic educators. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate insufficient support of adult patients living with diabetes mellitus. Challenges such as lack of resources and insufficient information about diabetes mellitus were found as some compounding factors affecting self-care management and support of adult patients living with diabetes mellitus.Item A strategy to facilitate the implementation of educational nutritional guidelines for caregivers of children in selected rural communities of Vhembe District(2023-05-19) Thabathi, Takalani Eldah; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Despite several developed strategies, policies and guidelines, malnutrition is still an ongoing challenge. According to the District Health Information System (DHIS), 24 of 141 (17%) children in the Kutama Clinic of the Vhembe District were reported to have malnutrition between April 2018 and March 2019. Although there are several interventions in place to promote nutritional feeding practices for growth and development, there are no policies on how to implement these interventions. This study aimed to develop a strategy to implement educational nutritional guidelines for caregivers of children under the age of five years in selected rural communities of the Vhembe District in the Limpopo Province. A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive design was used in the study. The study population was caregivers of children with malnutrition under the age of five years and nurses working with child growth monitoring in two local municipalities in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. Non- probability purposive sampling was used to select the Vhembe District as it has a high fatality rate of severe acute malnutrition in children under five years. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to sample 38 caregivers of children with malnutrition and 13 nurses monitoring children’s growth. In conducting this research, ethical principles were considered. In-depth interviews were used to collect data from nurses, and focus group interviews were used to collect data from caregivers. Data were analysed using Tesch’s eight steps. During phase one, caregivers indicated the kind of food they give children and its contributing factors. They also revealed the type of information they provide regarding nutritional feeding practices. In addition, participants indicated the actions to be taken to facilitate the nutritional feeding practices leading to phase two of developing the strategy. The six elements of practice theory outlined by Dickoff et al., SWOT and BOEM action plan informed the development of the strategy.The study was limited to clinics in the Makhado and Musina Municipalities. The study was contextual as the focus was only on caregivers of children with malnutrition. Most of the participants were mothers; thus, minimal information was obtained from grandmothers or aunts. The study recommends that the district office reinforce the strategy in primary health facilities.Item Coping strategies for mothers during child sickness in hospitals of Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Mundalamo, Rebecca Nditsheni; Luhalima, T. R.; Ramakuela, N. J.Sickness comes to families unexpectedly and frustrates family members, especially when a child falls ill. The whole family is affected by the experience of sickness and the health care process. Sickness in children happens worldwide and the person most affected is the mother. The purpose of this study was to develop coping strategies for mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of Limpopo Province (LP), South Africa (SA). The study employed an exploratory, sequential, mixed-method design wherein qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used. Phase 1(a) explored and described the challenges of mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of Limpopo Province. Whilst Phase 1(b) was quantitative descriptive surveys. The objectives in phase 1(a) explored and described the experiences of mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of LP, SA. The sample was mothers with critically ill children under five years of age, admitted to the paediatric unit of hospitals during 2018/2019. A non-probability, purposeful sampling technique was used to select 50 participants from seven hospitals in two districts of LP, SA. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and coded and categorised using the eight steps of Tesch’s thematic analysis. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were observed. Saturation was determined when no new information was identified. Phase 1(b) included exploring coping strategies for mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of LP, SA through a quantitative approach. The population was all the health professionals at the hospitals of LP, SA. In the quantitative strand, the sample of districts and hospitals was health professionals. Questionnaires were used for data collection and the data were coded and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26.0. Descriptive statistics based on inferential statistics were used. Results from Phase 1b were interpreted in the form of graphs, charts, and tables. The major findings of this study confirm that mothers were failing to cope during child sickness and hospitalisation. Validity, reliability and ethical considerations were ensured. In Phase 2, coping strategies were developed. Phase 3 validated the coping strategies developed in Phase 2. Conclusions and recommendations were that health professionals should be trained in customer care. The coping status of the mothers should be assessed to provide the necessary care. The results indicated that mothers were failing to cope during child sickness hence the development of strategies may assist mothers to cope.Item Strategies to mitigate student nurse's absenteeism at specialized psychiatric hospitals in the Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Masutha, Thingahangwi Cecilia; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Tshililo, A. R.Student nurses’ absenteeism has become an ongoing challenge in public and private nursing higher education institutions of learning globally. This study was conducted to develop strategies to mitigate student nurses’ absenteeism at specialized psychiatric hospitals in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. A qualitative approach using explorative, descriptive, and contextual design was employed. The study was conducted in the Evuxakeni, Hayani, and Thabamoopo Hospitals, as they are the only specialized psychiatric hospitals in the Limpopo Province. Ten student nurses were purposively sampled from each hospital for level IV’s focus groups and seven student nurses from each hospital for level III’s focus groups. The total number of focus groups was six; two from each hospital for levels III and IV. The total number of student nurses from all focus groups was fifty-one. In addition, four registered professional nurses from two specialized psychiatric hospitals and three from one specialized psychiatric hospital were purposively sampled, and data saturation was reached on the third professional nurse from the third hospital. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with professional nurses and focus group discussions with student nurses. Data were analysed using a thematic approach. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were also enhanced. Ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. The following four themes with sub-themes emerged from data analysis: student nurses’ perceptions regarding contributory factors of absenteeism, professional nurses’ perceptions regarding contributory factors of absenteeism, views of student nurses on strategies needed to mitigate absenteeism, and views of professional nurses on strategies required to mitigate absenteeism. The six elements of practice theory outlined by Dickoff et al. (1968), SWOT, and BOEM informed the development of strategies. The strategies were validated by a team of expert health care professionals in psychiatric nursing practice in the presence of the study promoters. Recommendations were made for further research to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the developed strategies to mitigate student nurses’ absenteeism during Psychiatric Nursing Science placement in the Limpopo Province.Item A model to enhance lifestyle modification for patients with hypertension in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Nemabaka, Ndifelani; Luhalima, T. R.; Netshandama,V. O.; Nemathaga, L. H.Background: Lifestyle modification is fundamental in the management of hypertension. Although there is a wealth of literature in this regard, most patients are failing to comply with lifestyle modification guidelines. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop a model to enhance lifestyle modification for patients with hypertension in Limpopo Province whose population is predominantly classified as the rural poor. Methodology: An exploratory sequential mixed method was used. The study was descriptive, exploratory, and contextual. The study setting was Limpopo Province in Vhembe and Mopani Districts in Primary Health Care facilities. The study was done in phases. Phase 1 was comprised of phase 1a, which was qualitative strand where semi-structured interviews with clients diagnosed with hypertension. Purposive sampling was used to select participants. Tesch’s 8 steps of data analysis were used to analyse the qualitative data. Phase1b entailed completion of questionnaires by 369 professional nurses experienced with caring for hypertensive clients, following a multi-stage random sampling technique. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0 was used to analyse the quantitative data. Development of the model was done following the six elements of practice orientated by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach. Results: In qualitative strand, five themes identified which were lifestyle of clients with hypertension, expression of benefits of lifestyle modification, expression of comlications of non-adherence to lifestyle modification, challenges related to adherence to lifestyle modification and suggestion related to enhancement of lifestyle modification to clients with lifestyle modification. Results of quantitative strand showed that 90.5% of nurses confirmed that clients with hypertension did not adhere to lifestyle modification, 42.2% of nurses gave health talk daily and 31.3% managed to do campaign per year on lifestyle modification of clients with hypertension. Recommendation: The study recommended support from family, community and health care professionals through encouraging patient disclosure to family members, empowerment of community members and collaborative primary health care team-based approach on lifestyle modification of patients with hypertensionItem Self-destructive behaviours among secondary school learners at Mopani District, Limpopo Province(2023-05-19) Ntimbana, Brammy Neil; Shilubane, N. H.; Mulondo, S. A.South African secondary school children and adolescents are important members of society, and their knowledge and attitude about self-destructive behaviours could be highly influential in their lives. Recent social media trends have encouraged children and adolescents in schools to cause instability, bully each other, disrespect teachers and display bizarre behaviour. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude of secondary school learners regarding self-destructive behaviour. The study was conducted in the Mopani District in the Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality at Nkowankowa educational circuit in the Limpopo Province. All the ten secondary schools with 8,772 learners within the circuit were targeted for the research study. Based on the sampling frame of 8,772, a sample size of 383 was calculated using Slovin’s formula. A stratified sampling selection process was employed using schools as strata, and then, within each stratum, simple random sampling was performed to select participants. The researcher randomly selected one secondary school from the educational circuit for the purposes of a pre-test of the instrument. After the pre-test, an adapted questionnaire from the ‘risky, impulsive, and self-destructive behaviour and Youth Risk Behaviour Survey Tool’ was used to confirm the validity of the instrument. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect and analyse data for the study. It was discovered that up to 68.3 per cent of secondary school students that participated were aware of self-destructive behaviour, while 73.4 per cent had a positive attitude towards self-destructive behaviour. In addition, correlation analysis found that knowledge of self-destructive behaviour was significantly positively related to the attitude. Moreover, the study established significant differences between knowledge of and attitude towards self-destructive behaviour between male and female participants. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that the department of basic education needs to strengthen awareness levels on the nature of self-destructive behaviour and its implications on school-going learners.Item Professional nurse's knowledge of tuberculosis prophylaxis in people living with HIV at Collins Chabane Municipality, Vhembe District of Limpopo Province(2023-05-19) Nemafhohoni, Mulalo Godfrey; Mulondo, S. A.; Luhalima, T. R.Background: Tuberculosis is constantly regarded as a major global health problem. Globally, tuberculosis is regarded as one of the causes of death among people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and ranks alongside the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, one of the top infectious diseases. Professional nurses are pivotal in preventing tuberculosis among people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, providing tuberculosis prophylaxis, and monitoring adherence. Professional nurses’ knowledge of tuberculosis prophylaxis in people living with the Human immune-deficiency virus is key to preventing tuberculosis among people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Purpose of the study: The study sought to assess the knowledge of professional nurses regarding tuberculosis prophylaxis in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Collins Chabane district clinics. Methodology: A quantitative approach and descriptive research design were used on the selected population of professional nurses from 30 Collins Chabane clinics. Non-probability, purposive sampling was employed to sample all 160 professional nurses. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data, and a pre-test was done with 22 professional nurses at three health centres which were part of the main study. To ensure instrument validity content, face and construct validity were maintained. Statistic Package for Social Science version 26 was used to analyse data; to get frequency and percentages, presented in distribution tables and graphs. The researcher adhered to all the ethical considerations, including permission, informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity. The study respondents had an average of three years of working experience with people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Only a few have been trained specifically for tuberculosis prophylaxis, which resulted in low knowledge of evaluating Tuberculosis prophylaxis eligibility. Results: This study showed professional nurses’ knowledge about tuberculosis prophylaxis and some areas where they are not knowledgeable. The majority (n=138/86%) of respondents know about tuberculosis prophylaxis, and the minority (n=9/5.6%) show low knowledge of tuberculosis prophylaxis. The majority (n=150/94%) have low knowledge of the tuberculosis screening symptoms combination used to identify who is eligible for Tuberculosis prophylaxis; the majority (n=123/77%) of the study respondents indicated that Tuberculosis prophylaxis reduces the risk of Tuberculosis infection for people living with the Human immunodeficiency virus and the majority of about (n=56/35%) respondents know that all people living with the Human immunodeficiency virus who don’t have active Tuberculosis are eligible. The major barriers to the successful implementation of Tuberculosis prophylaxis revealed by this study were poor professional training of nurses on Tuberculosis prophylaxis (n=47/29%) and the effects of the current cough, which is Covid-19 (38/24%). The study showed several obstacles to the implementation of Tuberculosis prophylaxis. The majority identify a lack of specific training for professional nurses regarding Tuberculosis prophylaxis, Tuberculosis resistance, and lack of clarity on the Tuberculosis guidelines (85%, 44.4%) and 60.6%), respectively. Recommendations: The study recommended in-service training of professional nurses, specifically on Tuberculosis prophylaxis, and the revisions of Tuberculosis treatment guidelines for a better understanding by the health caresItem Knowledge of pregnant women regarding effects of anaemia on pregnancy outcomes in Vhembe District, South Africa(2023-05-19) Maumela, Rudzani; Malwela, T.; Maputle, M.S.; BerggrenIntroduction: Over the past 30 years, anaemia in pregnancy has remained a major problem worldwide, mostly in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2015) defines anaemia as a condition in which the number of red blood cells or haemoglobin concentration is lower than normal. The normal Hb level for men is considered 13.2 g/dl and above and 11.6 g/dl and more in women. In pregnancy, Hb between 8-9.9 g/dl is considered mild anaemia and Hb less than 7.9 g/dl is considered moderate to severe anaemia. Methods: A quantitative research approach with a descriptive and cross-sectional design was used to conduct the study. This research was conducted in the health care facilities in Vhembe district within certain geographic areas, so the findings may differ if the sample is transformed. Consequently, the study was conducted at the selected clinics of Vhembe district, so the results may also change if the research was conducted at some other areas. The target population was pregnant women. Slovin’s formula was used to recruit 133 respondents from the selected health facilities. A self-developed structured questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. The Statistical Programme for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 was used to analyse collected data, while frequencies and percentages were used to present the data in tabular format. Validity and reliability were ensured by pre-testing the tool and any necessary modifications were carried out with the assistance of the supervisors. The significance of the study was to determine the knowledge of pregnant women regarding effects of anaemia on pregnancy outcomes. Results: The results of the study showed that more than 50% of pregnant women who participated in the study did not have sufficient knowledge regarding the effects of anaemia on pregnancy outcomes. Recommendations: Through the recommendations offered, the study’s findings may help mothers understand how anaemia affects the course of their pregnancies. The debarment of health may get new evidence to include in the drafting and updating policies addressing the management anaemia in pregnancy.Item Factors associated with anaemia in pregnancy: a case study of Matibidi Village, Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga, South Africa(2023-05-19) Mathebula, Present Tresure; Malwela, T.; Maputle, M. S.Pregnant women who have anaemia are more likely to experience preterm birth, low birth weight, perinatal and n eonatal mortality, which is one of the major public health issues. In the South African province of Mpumalanga, in the Matibidi Village of the Ehlanzeni District , the study's goal was to explore and identify risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy. It was do ne using a qualitative approach that combined descriptive and exploratory designs. The population consisted of pregnant women of age 18 years years and above. A Non probability purposive sampling method was used because the participants were aware of the risks associated with pregnancy. Immediately after receiving permission from the U niversity of Venda Research Ethics C ommittee ( UVREC), the researcher sought permission to access the villages from the Ch ief and Ward Councillor of Matibiti Village . I n depth one to one interview s were conducted using a semi structured approach . D ata saturation was reached at participant number 16, however, the researcher continued to interview a total of 20 participants. Fo ur criteria , dependability, conf i rmability, transferability, and credibility were used to ensure trustworthiness. Te s ch's six steps were applied to analyze the qualitative data . The findings showed that various factors in Matibiti Village contribut e to anaemia in pregnant women. These included the socio economic status, pre existing maternal chronic conditions, and religious and traditional beliefs and cultural practices of the participants R ecommendations were made based on the study's findings. R ecommendations included the need to start administering intravenous supplements like Ferramed to pregnant women who are anaemic to help improve their haemoglobin levels; health workers should be aware of religious and cultural practices interfering with a dherence to the proper pregnant health care so that they emphasi z e the ir urgency during health talks.Item Knowledge among childbearing-age women regarding preconception healthcare services in the rural areas of Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District(2023-05-19) Kubayi, Refiloe Precious; Netshikweta, M. L.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background: Although Preconception Care (PCC) and Reproductive Life Planning (RLP) programmes were established by the National Department of Health (NDoH) for all women of childbearing age, most women do not receive the services. Although PCC is free throughout South Africa, including the area where the current study focused, majority of childbearing women still persistently miss this freely provided indispensable services. Thus, infant, and maternal morbidity and mortality rates are rising among this age group. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge among childbearing-age women regarding preconception healthcare services in the rural area of Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe district. Methods: A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional survey was adopted as the design followed for this study. The population for the study comprised all women of childbearing age who met the inclusion criteria and were willing to participate from rural area of Thulamela municipality in Vhembe district. Purposive sampling method was used in this study. 117 respondents were available and willing to participate in this study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Venda, permission to access facilities from the province, and consent from the respondent was sought. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 27, was used for data analysis. The data analysis and summaries employed descriptive statistics, frequencies, and percentages. Results: The findings showed that respondents (70,9%) were not aware of PCC in the Rural area of Thulamela municipality, Vhembe district while a minority (31.62%) reported that they could access PCC. Conclusion: In this study, the use of PCC services was shown to be poor. The study recommends strengthening information sharing, health education and communication activities. Awareness towards childbearing women regarding PCC should be increased.Item A model to support non-psychiatric trained nurses rendering care to mental health care users in acute psychiatric wards in Limpopo Province(2023-05-19) Rangwaneni, Mphedziseni Esther; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.Background: Mental health care users are admitted to an acute psychiatric ward to receive nursing care, treatment, and rehabilitation services (Mental Health Care Ac 17 of 2002). Nurses in an acute psychiatric ward render speciality care to mental health care users according to their scope of practice. Caring for mental health care uses and working in an acute psychiatric ward led to many challenges among non-psychiatric trained nurses. They expressed feeling challenged in caring for mental health care users and distancing themselves from mental health care users. Aim: This study aimed to develop and validate a model to support non-psychiatric trained nurses rendering care to mental health care users in acute psychiatric wards in Limpopo province, South Africa. Method: Qualitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual research designs were used to develop the model. Roy's Adaptation Model guided the study. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase one was situational analysis, which included study settings, sample, trustworthiness, and ethical consideration. This study was conducted in four acute psychiatric wards of the four selected public hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Three districts were selected namely: Capricorn, Waterberg, and Mopani Districts. The pre-test was done on three non-psychiatric trained nurses who were not part of the study. A convenience sampling technique was used to select the 20 male and female non-psychiatric trained nurses, six Enrolled nurses , and 14 Enrolled Nursing Assistance who participated in the study. Unstructured interviews were used to collect data until saturation occurred, all interviews were audio recorded. Participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the study. Data were analyed using Tesch's eight steps. The concept support emerged from the findings. Phase two was concept analysis of the concept support using Walker and Avant guidelines. Phase three entailed model development and validation, led by Dickoff, James, and Wiedenbach's theory employing six practice theory elements: the context, agent, recipient, dynamic, process, and outcome. In addition, Chinn and Kramer guided validation of the model. Results: The following themes emerged: experiencing different emotional reactions, unsafe working environment, inadequate resources, lack of staff wellness services, knowledge and competencies deficit in mental health nursing, and support needs for non-psychiatric trained nurses in acute psychiatric wards. Conclusion: Inadequate support of non-psychiatric trained nurses leads to compromised quality patient care to mental health care users placing the community in danger as mental health care users will not be rehabilitated, which may lead to litigations by the community members. The model as a reference framework could comprehensively assist non-psychiatric trained nurses in rendering care to mental health care usersItem Strategies to promote sexuality education for caregivers of primary school learners in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Munyai, Humbulani Sarah; Makhado, L.; Ramathuba, D. U.; Lebese, R. T.Background: Sexuality education is a worldwide health issue that has been neglected over the past decade despite the sexual health concerns that countries face as a result. 3% of HIV-positive individuals are younger than 25 years old. Adolescent pregnancy is on the rise in the Vhembe and Mopani District, which has a negative impact on the lives of young people by increasing their susceptibility to sexual health issues. Aim/ purpose This study sought to develop strategies to promote sexuality education for care givers of primary school learners. The research objectives were to explore and describe the experiences of the learners on sexuality education at home and school, to explore and describe the views of parents regarding promotion of sexuality education, to explore and describe the experiences of Life Orientation teachers on providing sexuality education for the learner, to conceptualise the findings into a conceptual framework that will guide the development of strategies, to develop and validate the strategies to promote sexuality education for caregivers of primary school learners. Method: This research was conducted in two phases. The first phase employed qualitative approach. The findings from the qualitative were merged through a comparison of three. Findings of different participant groups. The second phase focused on developing and validating strategies to improve sexuality education for caregivers of primary school learners who have a role in adolescents' development and sexual experiences. The study of strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities, and threats was applied to phase one’s merged findings. The Basic Logic Model and Build, Overcome, Eliminate and Minimise model were utilised to design plans based on the SWOT findings plans based on the SWOT findings plans. The generated solutions were validated by the application of the Delphi method and distribution of a check list to the participants to provide feedback on the developed strategies, and this feedback were incorporated into the final versions of the strategies. The results: Through a qualitative inquiry, key attributes, and concerns of promoting sexuality education were identified. Implementation of these strategies could facilitate collaboration between the department of health and the department of education in promoting sex. Enhance parent –learner and teacher learner communication. Enhance continues capacity building for parent and teachers to empower them with knowledge and skills. Conclusion: The study revealed that sexual health education is lacking in schools and at home. There is role shifting taking place between teacher, parents, and religious leaders. The study findings highlighted that learners require information on matters such as pregnancy, menstruation and contraception but communication is not happening effectively.Item Strategy to optimize the transition of adolescents living with HIV to Adulthood at selected districts in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Mukwevho, Azwinndini Cecilia; Ramathuba, D. U.; Maputle, M. S.Background: Babies born with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the first decade of the epidemic have reached adolescents stage. As they are growing up, they experience events like all adolescents, irrespective of routines imposed on them by living with the virus. These Adolescents Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (ALWHIV) need specialized care to cope with illnesses which could result from the side effects of the medications. Purpose: This study sought to develop a strategy to optimize the transition of ALWHIV to adulthood at selected districts in Limpopo Province. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 was empirical with the following objectives: to explore and describe the knowledge of ALWHIV during transition to adulthood, to describe challenges faced by parents/guardians during the transition to adulthood, to explore the support given to ALWHIV by parents/guardians during the transition to adulthood. Phase 2 focused on strategy development, i.e., to develop a strategy to optimize the transition of ALWHIV to adulthood and phase 3 focused on validation strategy, i.e. to conduct validation of the developed strategy. Methods: The study took a qualitative research approach which involved exploratory, descriptive, and contextual designs. The population comprised of ALWHIV and parents or guardians who live with and care for these children. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to sample ALWHIV and their parents or guardians. The sample size was 27 participants who enrolled for antiretroviral therapy (ART) care and 18 parents or guardians of these children. Measures to ensure trustworthiness articulated in Lincoln and Guba’s criteria and ethical considerations were adhered to. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with both groups and analysed through Tesch’s open-coding method. Findings: The following 5 themes emerged from the qualitative data analysis: Descriptions of the experiences of ALWHIV; Challenges experienced from childhood to adolescence period; Descriptions of existing support experiences by ALWHIV and their parents; Knowledge related to HIV+ status and disease progression; and Suggestions made to promote quality of life by ALWHIV. Upon further analysis, these five themes yielded 24 sub-themes. The findings of the empirical (phase 1) were used to develop a strategy using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis (phase 2). From the SWOT analysis, SWOT matrix emerged and strategy (actionable plans) classified in Building on the strengths, Overcoming weaknesses, Exploring the opportunities and Minimizing the threats (BOEM) was developed. The developed strategy was validated by professional nurses using a qualitative design. Results of validation: The developed strategy was considered to be good and easy to implement in order to optimize the transition of ALWHIV, but will not be generalized because the study could not cover the whole of Limpopo Province. The strategy will be implemented in the primary health care (PHC) facilities where the study was conducted in the selected districts of Limpopo. The developed strategy could contribute greatly when preparing ALWHIV for transition so that they remain in care until a cure is found. Recommendations: The study recommendations were made with reference to nursing practice, nursing education and research. The recommendations may contribute and assist NIMART nurses during the preparations for transition of ALWHIV to adulthood and policymakers in the district or province during the updates of adolescents on HIV guidelines or policies.Item Impact of pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS co-infection in self-management among adult patients at the primary health care facilities in Bojanala District of North-West Province(2023-05-19) Nematahe, Munei Nillivence; Ndou, N. D.; Luhalima, T. R.HIV/AIDS and PTB co-infection rate among adult patients at Bojanala in North-West province is very high (Statistics South Africa, 2019). HIV/AIDS and PTB remains the main cause of death in the North-West province. The study purpose was to explore the impact of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome co-infection in self-management among adult patients at the selected primary health care facilities in Bojanala district of North-West Province, South Africa. The study was conducted in the selected primary health care facilities where participants collect treatment, within Bojanala district of North-West province. The researcher used qualitative approach with descriptive phenomenological design. Population was adult patients between the ages 25-45 who are co-infected with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Unstructured face-to-face interviews were used to collect data from the participants. Non-probability purposive sampling was utilised to select participants. The researcher interviewed 8 adult patients until data saturation. Tesch’s eight steps criteria were used to analyse data. Measures to ensure trustworthiness and ethical principles were maintained throughout the study. The recommendations were developed based on the findings of the study.Item Strategies to Enhance Utilization of Victim Empowernment Services by Men in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2022-11-10) Neshunzhi, Ntshengedzeni Dorothy; Nemathaga, L. H.; Ramathuba, D. U.; Tshililo, A. R.Title: Strategies to enhance the utilization of Victim Empowerment Services by men in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Introduction: Utilization of Victim Empowerment Services by men appears to be a challenge nationwide and worldwide due to few men who seek professional assistance about abuse. It is therefore significant that strategies to enhance the utilization of Victim Empowerment Services be put in place to provide a baseline of supervision and support of abused men. Purpose: The study’s purpose was to develop strategies to enhance the utilization of Victim Empowerment Services by men in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted in the selected villages of the four municipalities (Collins Chabane, Makhado, Musina, and Thulamela) and two selected Victim Empowerment Services of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Research Design: A convergent-parallel mixed method design was be utilized. The study was explanatory, exploratory descriptive. Research Methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches were utilized as research methodologies. Population: The population for the quantitative method were selected from men of 25 years and older in all four municipalities, namely, Collins-Chabane, Makhado, Musina, and Thulamela. The population for the qualitative method was selected from abused men and directors, programme managers, programme coordinators, social workers, and lay counsellors from the two selected Victim Empowerment Services of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Sampling: Both probability and non-probability sampling methods were utilized. The probability sampling method employed cluster random sampling for the quantitative approach. The non-probability sampling method employed a convenience sampling technique for the qualitative approach. Data Collection: Data collection in the quantitative approach, structured close-ended self-developed questions were utilized for all men between ages 25 and above at selected chief’s kraals during gatherings (khoro or imbizo) and selected wards in villages in Vhembe District. Data collection in the qualitative approach utilized open-ended structured in-depth face-to-face interviews on abused men and focus groups on directors, programme managers, programme coordinators, counsellors (social workers and lay counsellors) at selected Victim Empowerment Services of Vhembe District. Data Analysis: Data were analyzed separately. Data analysis in the quantitative strand utilized the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 27.0. Data gathered in the qualitative study were analyzed through Thematic Coding Analysis method to develop themes and sub-themes. Validity and reliability were ensured in the quantitative design by conducting a pilot study. Measures to ensure trustworthiness in the qualitative design were achieved through critical peer review of the research instrument by the supervisors who are experts in their research field. Strategies were developed and validated through the Validation Tool Survey Checklist Questionnaires which were handed to the panel of research experts who are directors, programme managers, programme coordinators, social workers, and lay counsellors from the Victim Empowerment Services for obtaining judgments. Ethical Principles: Ethical principles were adhered to in this study. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee (UVREC) and permission to conduct the study from the Limpopo Province Provincial Department of Health and Vhembe District Department of Health Office. Findings: The findings of this study formed the basis for strategies development. Findings revealed that 63.3% of respondents believed all the killings between spouses and intimate partners are contributed by abuse from a spouse or intimate partner. Currently, there is a trend of many incidences of killings between spouses and intimate partners reported by the media in South Africa. Of the respondents, 83.3% agreed that cases of men abuse are increasing in their community. Although abused men do not often report abuse to the authorities due to fear that nobody will believe them and fear of stigmatization by family, friends, community and fear of victimization by the service providers, for example, harassment from police officers leading to poor utilization of Victim Empowerment Services as they will be reluctant to seek professional assistance. Phase 2 dealt with the development of strategies to enhance utilization of Victim Empowerment Services by men in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, utilizing the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis recognized from the collected data. Phase 3 comprised the validation of the developed strategies which was conducted utilizing a quantitative research design. Appointments were secured with the Victim Empowerment Centres Directors and meetings were held with the Directors, Programme Managers, Programmes Coordinators, Social Workers and Lay Counsellors working at the selected Victim Empowerment Services Facilities of Vhembe District. Self-developed questionnaires were administered to the respondents for completion and data were analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis. All (100%) respondents agreed that the developed strategies were applicable and pertinent for social service and health care practice. Both the Directors, Programme Managers, Programme Coordinators, Social Workers and Lay Counsellors made additions, inputs and suggestions that enhanced the developed strategies. Recommendations: The Government, together with the Victim Empowerment Services should ensure implementation of strategies to curb the problem of men abuse and enhance them to utilize these services when facing challenges. Health talks, awareness campaigns and outreach programmes should be strengthened regarding contributory factors of abuse, types of abuse, consequences of abuse as well as the importance of utilization of Victim Empowerment Services by men.Item Indigenous practices for the management of epilepsy by traditional and faith-based healers: A case study in selected rural communities of Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces(2022-11-10) Chabangu, Qolile; Maputle, M. S.; Lebese, R. T.Background: The prevalence of epilepsy is high in low- and medium-income countries, but more so in rural areas. There are efforts to assist people suffering of epilepsy at government hospitals, clinics, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Despite these efforts, studies have shown that there is less uptake of anti- epilepsy medication and more reliance on cultural and religious practices to manage the condition. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the indigenous practices used by traditional healers and faith-based healers in the selected rural communities of Mpumalanga and Limpopo Provinces. Methodology: Manuscript 1 represents a systematic review was conducted to analyze the gaps regarding the management of epilepsy in Africa. The literature search was conducted electronically from 2000 to 2021. Manuscripts 2 and 3 were informed from the study findings of the systematic review. The reseach project adopted a qualitative, ethnographical approach that was exploratory and descriptive. Non-probability purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to sample 17 traditional healers and seven faith-based healers in the selected rural communities of Mpumalanga and Limpopo. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data by using six steps as outlined in Creswell (2014) and eight steps in forming codes by Tesch (1990). Trustworthiness was ensured using four criteria: dependability, confirmability, transferability, and credibility. Ethical considerations were adhered to, and the ethical clearance was received from the Ethics Committee of the University of Venda, then permission from the chief or ward counsellor to access the villages where data collection took place. Findings of Manuscript 1: The findings for the systematic review demonstrated that there are two methods used to manage epilepsy in Africa, namely, a Western approach by using anti-epilepsy drugs, or a traditional approach through consultation with traditional doctors. Many people believe that epilepsy is spiritual and management should be traditional, resulting in less uptake of anti-epilepsy medication. Findings of Manuscript 2: The findings show that traditional healers have a different perspective on the origins of epilepsy, and their treatment plans are based on their knowledge of the disease. Traditional healers use plants and alternative measures to treat epilepsy, in addition to Western medicine. Findings of Manuscript 3: The findings revealed that faith-based healers use light tea, prayer, and fasting to manage epilepsy and have good collaboration with primary health care professionals. Recommendations: Training in all aspects of epilepsy diagnosis and management is required for all health care workers. This includes epilepsy management knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours in the community. Health care providers should inform persons with epilepsy about the potential side effects of epilepsy drugs before they start taking them. Furthermore, health care providers must recognize the significance of indigenous religious beliefs in epilepsy management. They should urge primary and secondary health care personnel to interact with indigenous practitioners and encourage persons with epilepsy to seek Western medicine. They should accept non- harmful indigenous medicines while insisting on using biomedicine.