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Item Embargo Strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo Province, South africa(2024-09-06) Makhado, Princess Anne-Sheilah; Ndou, N. D.; Shilubane, N. H.; Mafuna, J. L.Background: The nonexistence of parents or adult caregivers in children’s lives is experienced by many children worldwide. Basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and protection from harm are among the many challenges faced by children heading families. Children heading families can be supported and live a quality life beyond the hardships they experience. A holistic approach can alleviate the hardships experienced by children heading families, through embarking on the identification of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted at the homes of children heading families and chief’s kraal of Vhembe and Mopani districts in Limpopo province, South Africa. Phase 1: Research methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design. The population consisted of children heading families, children’s relatives, and community members. A non-probability purposive convenience sampling was used to select children heading families and snowball technique was used to select children’s relatives. Unstructured in-depth interview using an interview guide was used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Central questions were used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from community members. The sample size of participants was determined by data saturation. Data was analyzed using Tech’s eight-step method. Data was transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and kept safe. A clearance certificate was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was requested from the traditional leaders of the villages. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Children who agreed to participate voluntarily signed an assent form, and children’s relatives and community members signed consent forms. Findings: The findings of the study revealed psychological, financial, social, and educational support challenges for children heading families, relatives, and community members. Children’s relatives and community members inadequately support children heading families. vi Phase 2: Development of strategies The researcher's 2020 study on the experiences of children heading families, revealed that children heading families were not receiving enough support from their relatives and community members. The findings prompted the researcher to conduct a study on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Phase 3: Validation of strategies As stated in Chapter One, the study's objective guided the development of strategies. Validation of the strategy employed a qualitative approach using unstructured in-depth interviews. A group of expert panelists validated the results using the e=Delphi method. The expert panelists were retired registered nurses, retired educators, curriculum advisers, psychologists, social workers, pastors, self-employed, registered nurses, educators, traditional leaders, and ex-police. All experts had extensive experience and knowledge of taking care with children. Findings: The study revealed that children heading families face numerous challenges without adequate support from their relatives and community members. The study focused on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Recommendations: Constant monitoring by children’s relatives and community members on the safety of children heading families. Protecting the safety of children heading families should be the Government's top priority and responsibility, especially in villages. Social workers are to visit the homes of children’s heading families regularly to constantly monitor the challenges faced by children. The traditional leaders play a crucial role in the communities and should be more involved in matters involving children heading families in their villages, and ought to have more authority over their roles and responsibilities. Educators should be provided with training on how to deal with children who come from families with no parent or caregiver. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that children heading families experience ineffective psycho-social, educational, financial, religious and spiritual challenges.Item Embargo A communal holistic therapeutic approach for psychosocial health management among Southern African indigenous communities(2024-09-06) Mahlatsi, Khauhelo Success; Pienaar, A. J.; Mulaudzi, M. T.; Malwela, T.Background: Mental health remains on the backseat of the global healthcare system. With more than a third of people suffering from mental health having no access to mental health services. Consequently, this research realizes that communality and Ubuntu are considered the epitomes of living systems in African indigenous communities. Therefore, the aim was to develop, confirm, and validate a Middle-range Theory of psychosocial health management among indigenous Southern African communities. Methods: An explorative sequential mixed methods design was conducted. For the qualitative strand (Phase One), a qualitative approach was used where classical Grounded Theory was employed as a design. Makgotla were used as data collection method, and theoretical sampling was used for participant selection. In Phase Two, a qualitative approach followed where a critical, integrative literature review was conducted. Purposive sampling was employed for the literature collection. Finally, for the quantitative strand, a quantitative approach was used where content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Kappa statistic were used to confirm and validate the emerging theory. Purposive sampling was used, where experts were selected for the confirmation and validation of the emerging theory. Findings: This research presents an emerging Middle-range theory referred to as the ‘Inclusive Holistic Communal Psychosocial Health Management Approach.’ This approach is informed by the shared cultural belief system, co-living system, and communal therapeutic techniques. Fundamental to the emerging Middle-range theory are the five cultural axioms found in this research to be of evidential value to culturally congruent and needs-aligned psychosocial health management. Embedded in the belief that life is a holistic-circlic continuous process independent of living, wherein the point of equilibrium (good health) is the sense of balance between life and living. Furthermore, it has been found that the emerging Middle-range theory expressed through the 40-item instrument is content valid and comprehensive as all the items were found to be relevant and acceptable with I-CVI values greater than 0.79 and Kappa values above 0.74.Item Embargo Guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within a mental health care unit of Limpopo Province, South Africa(2024-09-06) Thandavhathu, Tshinanne Gladys; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.The prevalence of workplace violence is a serious challenge for developed and developing nations, particularly in Africa, putting more workers in danger. Due to the nature of the mental illnesses that patients are admitted with, acute psychiatric wards are stressful places to work in. As members of the frontline workforce, nurses have frequent interactions with patients, which increases their chance of experiencing violent occurrences. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within the acute mental health care unit (MHCU) of Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative approach using descriptive, explorative and contextual design was used in this study. Multiphase sampling was used to sample the districts, hospitals, and participants. Districts were purposively sampled. The hospitals were sampled in two stages, namely, sampling of district hospitals and regional hospitals that were purposively selected. The participants were sampled using convenience sampling. The study population was professional nurses with psychiatric nursing science qualifications who were allocated to the acute MHCU. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one was situational analysis, where multiple theories (The Roy Adaptation Model and Dickoff's six elements of practice) were used to guide the study. Data were analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six steps, and four themes emerged from data generation, namely, management of aggressive patients, care of patients in a seclusion room, challenges faced by professional nurses when managing aggressive patients, and type of support needed by professional nurses when managing aggressive patients. Trustworthiness and ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. The second phase was developing guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within MHCU and validation. Multiple theories were used to develop the guidelines, namely, Dickoff et al., six elements, SWOT analysis, and BOEM action plan. A team of professionals who are experts in mental health and psychiatric nurses who are the end users validated the guidelines according to Chinn and Kramer’s steps. The study recommends that there should be in-service training and workshops that will enhance knowledge and skills to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients.Item Embargo Strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2024-09-06) Makhado, Princess Anne-Sheilah; Ndou, N. D.; Shilubane, N. H.; Mafumo, J. L.Background: The nonexistence of parents or adult caregivers in children’s lives is experienced by many children worldwide. Basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and protection from harm are among the many challenges faced by children heading families. Children heading families can be supported and live a quality life beyond the hardships they experience. A holistic approach can alleviate the hardships experienced by children heading families, through embarking on the identification of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted at the homes of children heading families and chief’s kraal of Vhembe and Mopani districts in Limpopo province, South Africa. Phase 1: Research methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design. The population consisted of children heading families, children’s relatives, and community members. A non-probability purposive convenience sampling was used to select children heading families and snowball technique was used to select children’s relatives. Unstructured in-depth interview using an interview guide was used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Central questions were used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from community members. The sample size of participants was determined by data saturation. Data was analyzed using Tech’s eight-step method. Data was transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and kept safe. A clearance certificate was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was requested from the traditional leaders of the villages. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Children who agreed to participate voluntarily signed an assent form, and children’s relatives and community members signed consent forms. Findings: The findings of the study revealed psychological, financial, social, and educational support challenges for children heading families, relatives, and community members. Children’s relatives and community members inadequately support children heading families. Phase 2: Development of strategies The researcher's 2020 study on the experiences of children heading families, revealed that children heading families were not receiving enough support from their relatives and community members. The findings prompted the researcher to conduct a study on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Phase 3: Validation of strategies As stated in Chapter One, the study's objective guided the development of strategies. Validation of the strategy employed a qualitative approach using unstructured in-depth interviews. A group of expert panelists validated the results using the e=Delphi method. The expert panelists were retired registered nurses, retired educators, curriculum advisers, psychologists, social workers, pastors, self-employed, registered nurses, educators, traditional leaders, and ex-police. All experts had extensive experience and knowledge of taking care with children. Findings: The study revealed that children heading families face numerous challenges without adequate support from their relatives and community members. The study focused on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Recommendations: Constant monitoring by children’s relatives and community members on the safety of children heading families. Protecting the safety of children heading families should be the Government's top priority and responsibility, especially in villages. Social workers are to visit the homes of children’s heading families regularly to constantly monitor the challenges faced by children. The traditional leaders play a crucial role in the communities and should be more involved in matters involving children heading families in their villages, and ought to have more authority over their roles and responsibilities. Educators should be provided with training on how to deal with children who come from families with no parent or caregiver. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that children heading families experience ineffective psycho-social, educational, financial, religious and spiritual challenges.Item Embargo Experiences of student midwives regarding application of Ubuntu principles during provision of midwifery services in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2024-09-06) Munzhedzi, Nthuseni Tiny; Netshisaulu, K. G.; Ramathuba, D. U.Background: Ubuntu is a primordial African philosophical paradigm premised on the fundamental principles of sharing, passionate humanness, respect, caring, compassion, as well as ensuring a qualitative human community in the spiritual life of an individual, family, and community. Poor implementation of Ubuntu in nursing and midwifery services reflects negatively on professional ethics. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of student midwives regarding the application of Ubuntu principles during provision of midwifery services in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Methods: A qualitative approach, with exploratory and descriptive research designs was adopted. The sample was 30 Level 4 midwifery students from both the Thohoyandou Nursing Campus and the Department of Advanced Nursing Science, University of Vendaselected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through individual interviews guided by semi-structured interview guide, and thematically analysed according to Tesch’s eight steps. Results: The study found that student midwives had positive and negative experiences of Ubuntu. The positive experiences were characterised by teamwork, patient support, respect for patients and non-discrimination. The negative experiences were characterised by discrimination, disrespect, psychological and physical abuse, shortage of staff and poor infrastructure. The study also found that Ubuntu was important to ensure quality care provision which was holistic, where midwives advocated for patients and in-service training on Ubuntu should be provided. Ubuntu principles were also significant for the establishment and maintenance of relationships between student midwives and registered midwives. Recommendations: It is recommended that training on Ubuntu aspects should be included in the midwifery curriculum. Moreover, to improve midwifery services Ubuntu principles should be inculcated in midwifery service provision by all healthcare workers in all maternity units.Item Embargo Factors contributing to human dog bite in the Khakhu Madala Local Area in the Thulamela Sub-District of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2023-10-05) Rangolo, Aifheli; Luhalima, T. R.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background: As domestic animals, dogs have frequent interaction with humans, resulting in possible conflicts causing dog bite incidents. Dog bites result in physical injuries to, psychological trauma, emotional damage, and even fatalities. By ignoring human dog bite incidents, society continues to suffer health risks. Purpose of the study: This study aimed to investigate the factors contributing to dogs biting humans in the Khakhu Madala local area in Thulamela, a sub-district of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative approach with an explorative and descriptive design was used to investigate the factors contributing to dogs biting humans in the Khakhu Madala local area. The population comprised dog bite victims registered on the Khakhu Madala Primary Health Care (PHC) facility's dog bite register from January 2018 to December 2019. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The unstructured in-depth face-to-face interviews allowed the participants to respond in the same manner with probing and follow-up questions to obtain thick and rich data. The researcher interviewed 25 participants until data saturation was reached. Tech’s eight steps criteria were used for data management and analysis, namely, data preparation and organisation, initial immersion, coding, and interpretation. Trustworthiness was achieved by ensuring data credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Findings: The following themes emerged: a lack of responsibility in the control of dogs by dog owners, aggression augmentation of dogs by providing them with indigenous plants and other variations, and structural and environmental factors. Recommendations: The recommendations were made based on the findings of the study. Future research is needed to address dog bite incidents; health workers should unite, communities should be informed, and laws should be reviewed to maximise safeItem Embargo Epilepsy life skils education guidelines for primary schools in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa(2023-10-05) Makhado, Thendo Gertie; Lebese, R. T.; Maputle, M. S.Background: The disorder known as epilepsy is characterized by disturbed brain nerve cell activity, which results in seizures. It mostly affects children, especially those in primary school, and may be caused by a genetic condition. Due to not enough knowledge about epilepsy, the majority of people who live with it experience stigma and discrimination. Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop epilepsy life skills education guidelines for primary school learners and teachers in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. By educating them about epilepsy, this study aimed to reduce stigma and discrimination against those who have the condition. Methods: The goal of this study was achieved through the use of a multimethod research strategy. In order to ascertain the primary school teachers’, life skills educational advisors’, and learners' perceptions or opinions regarding the necessity of including epilepsy in life skills education, stages 1 and 2 of the empirical phase (phase 1) employed an exploratory-descriptive study design. Pre-testing was carried out to determine the study's viability and to see if the main questions were sufficiently clear and understood. Individual interviews with life skill education advisors and teachers were used to gather data. Additionally, focus groups with learners from the sampling primary schools in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga were held. Trustworthiness was attained by strengthening dependability, dredibility, conformability and transferability. Atlas.TI and the process of notice-collect-think (NTC) analysis was used to analyse the data. Manuscripts/Articles with brief purpose and findings: The results of the study's first phase showed that epilepsy needed to be covered in lessons on life skills for young children in primary schools. Two manuscripts were published and one that is accepted for publication, and it presented the need from the perspectives of learners, teachers, and life skills educational advisors. The conceptualisation of the Phase 1 results into a conceptual framework was the focus of the study's Phase 2, and the resulting publication is currently being reviewed. The World Health Organization's (2014) widely used guideline development guide and validation process was adapted by the researchers to create the epilepsy life skills guidelines in Phase 3. This work is currently being reviewed. The study complied with both internal and external ethical standards, and suggestions were made in light of the findings.Item Embargo Strategies to enhance professional nurse's participation i continuing professional development at public hospitals of Limpopo Province(2023-10-05) Nyelisani, Maggie; Makhado, L.; Luhalima, T. R.BACKGROUND: Professional Nurses are required continue to actively engage in continuing professional development to maintain high standards of quality nursing care. Enhancing their participation in CPD is crucial for improvement and maintenance of updated knowledge and skills. Professional nurses have a responsibility to make use of CPD opportunities in their hospitals in order to advance their knowledge and skills. This study explored the experiences of professional nurses CPD in the hospitals of Limpopo Province based on findings developed strategies to enhance their participation in CPD. Aim: This study aims to develop strategies to enhance professional nurses’ participation in CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province. The Specific Objectives of the study was to: explore the experiences of professional nurses regarding CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; explore the views of nurse managers regarding CPD in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; develop strategies to enhance participation in CPD by professional nurses in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province; and validate the strategies developed to enhance participation in CPD by professional nurses in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province. Methods: An explorative and descriptive design was used; a qualitative explorative and descriptive design used approach was taken. The study consisted of Phase 1 which involved a scoping review focused on the analyses of experiences of professional nurses as they participated in CPD in other healthcare settings in various countries in different regions of the world. Phase 2 – The empirical phase focused on the experiences of professional nurses and view of nurse managers regarding CPD opportunities in the public hospitals of Limpopo Province and Phase 3 the development of the strategies and the validation of the strategies developed done. The interfaced findings from phase one were analysed using the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). The Build, Overcome, Explore, and Minimise (BOEM) and Dreyfus framework including the CPD process were used to create strategies based on the findings. The researcher used the Nominal Group Technique Method to validate the generated strategies. Results: The strategies to improve CPD for professional nurses in hospitals in the Limpopo Province were developed using a qualitative approach outcome, guided by qualities of a conceptual framework that had been developed. The findings were the following themes Quality nursing care as understood by professional nurses in the hospitals of Limpopo Province findings were: Professional nurses’ understanding of CPD. development; vii Professional nurses’ views related to in-service training being offered and Identified measures to resolve challenges were sought, challenges included shortage of staff, lack of participation in CPD activities, lack of funds and lack of support and improper selection criteria. Professional nurses’ experiences regarding CPD opportunities at public hospitals of Limpopo Province recommended that more effective strategies are needed to address barriers, such as shortage of staff, lack of participation in CPD activities, lack of funds and lack of support and improper selection criteria. Nurse Managers’ views of CPD of professional nurses revealed that management and CPD providers need to plan more effectively for professional nurses’ CPD. The needs of the various age groups must be taken into account while creating CPD strategies, as well as challenges like a lack of funding and resources. Enhancing CPD opportunities for Professional nurses in hospitals of Limpopo Province: A scoping review. This paper presented literature review in the form of a Scoping Review. The paper gave the analyses of experiences of professional nurses as they participate in CPD in other healthcare settings in various countries and in different regions of the world. The result highlighted challenges such as lack of funds and recourses for CPD that health care institutions face which need to be addressed by the management. Conclusions: Six strategies were developed and validated. A strategy to facilitate functional CPD Training programs in hospitals, a strategy to facilitate appointment suitable CPD training managers, a strategy to facilitate nomination master trainers at ward /unit level, a strategy to mobilise training for nurse specialists. A strategy to ensure availability of resources and a strategy to ensure accessibility to institutional policies and guidelines. This study shared valuable information on Continuing Professional Development of professional nurses in health care settings. This study may share valuable information on Continuing Professional Development of professional nurses in health care settings.Item Embargo Training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-10-05) Makhado, Christinah Langanani; Netshikweta, M. L.; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.Introduction: Midwives observe childbirth as a normal physiological process which is, however, associated with risks that may lead to loss of life. Pregnancy and childbirth are socially constructed events that bring joyous moments in the lives of parents because new life has been brought into the family. Unfortunately, maternal mortality is unacceptably high worldwide, especially in developing countries where South Africa is no exception. Approximately 810 women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Improving maternal health was the fifth of eight Millennium Development Goals to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 2015. Much has changed regarding the care that was previously provided during pregnancy and childbirth by elderly women. Elderly women were regarded as expert advisers to pregnant women during pregnancy and childbirth. It is in this light that the researcher explored whether their roles are outdated in improving the reduction of maternal mortality. Purpose: The study intended to develop a training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative approach using descriptive, exploratory, and contextual design. The population included elderly women, pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and midwives, who were purposively sampled. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the districts, clinics, and elderly women, while convenient sampling was used to select pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and midwives. The study was guided by the System Ecological Model (SEM) of human behaviour (Baral, Logie, Grosso, Wirtz & Bevrer, 2013). Data were collected using an unstructured interview with the participants, in-depth individual interviews, and a focus group discussion for elderly women. Data were coded and analysed using the thematic analysis approach described by Tesch. Finally, key themes were extracted and analysed from the collected data. Training programme was done on the basis of six elements of Dickoff et al., (1968), Kolb’s theory of learning guided the development. Chinn and Kramer (2019) guided the validation of training programme. vi Findings: The findings revealed that elderly women are no longer given an opportunity to care for their daughters-in-law during pregnancy and childbirth, and that elderly women lack current knowledge on adequate care and support for pregnant women and childbirth. Furthermore, midwives reported barriers that delay pregnant women from seeking early medical intervention in order to receive prompt, adequate and quality care to avoid common problems encountered in a maternal health facility. The findings from pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers indicated that elderly women lack knowledge of their role regarding the early utilisation of healthcare services and the need for elderly women to be trained on their roles regarding maternal healthcare practices. The study concluded by revealing the usefulness of elderly women as advisers and caregivers during pregnancy and childbirth. Elderly women showed care, compassion, and suggested pregnant women eat small amounts of food to avoid large neonates. Their influences regarding the utilisation of healthcare services using their indigenous knowledge was also found useful. The findings of the study informed the development of a training programme for elderly women to improve the reduction of maternal mortality to advance health outcomes in women and newborns within the maternal healthcare facilities in South Africa and the world at large. Recommendations: The study recommends that the training of elderly women should be implemented by skilled healthcare workers. In addition, a longitudinal study should be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the programme.Item Embargo A model to support adult patients living with diabetes mellitus in their self-care management at community health centres in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-10-05) Motsharine, Selina; Ndou, N. D.; Ramathuba, D. U.; Netshisaulu, K. G.ntroduction: Global management of diabetes mellitus is guided by the World Health Organization and International diabetes guidelines. Global literature revealed different strategies that are used in the management of diabetes mellitus, with diabetes self-care management education, and support as an integral component worldwide. Support of patients living with diabetes mellitus in self-care management is imperative to reduce and delay diabetes complications. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a model to support adult patients living with diabetes mellitus in self-care management at the community health centres of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted in the community health centres of the Vhembe and Mopani Districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Phase 1 - Research Methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, contextual, descriptive design. The study population consisted of patients living with diabetes mellitus, professional nurses, and family members. A non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the community health centres, professional nurses, patients, and family members. A semi-structured in-depth interview, using an interview guide, was used to collect data from the patients. Central questions were used to collect data from the professional nurses and family members. Sample size of participants were determined by data saturation. Data was analysed using Tesch’s open-coding method. Ethical principles and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Findings: The following major themes emerged from data analysis: • Self-care practices, • Challenges experienced by patients living with diabetes mellitus, and • Support expressed by patients living with diabetes mellitus. The findings of the study revealed ineffective support of patients by family members and professional nurses in diabetic self-care management. Phase 2 - Concept Analysis: The concept of ‘‘support’’ was identified from data analysis conducted in Phase 1. The findings of study in Phase 1 revealed the support of patients living with diabetes mellitus as a challenge to professional nurses, and family members. The findings v prompted the researcher to analyse ‘‘support’ ’as fundamental concept of the study guided by Walker and Avant (2019) concept analysis method. Phase 3: Model Development and Validation: Development of a model was guided by the objectives of the study as stated in Chapter 1, analysed concept, and Orem’s self-care deficit theory. Validation of a model employed a qualitative approach, using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Validators included professional nurses, operational managers, family members, patients with diabetes mellitus, and consultation with diabetic educators. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate insufficient support of adult patients living with diabetes mellitus. Challenges such as lack of resources and insufficient information about diabetes mellitus were found as some compounding factors affecting self-care management and support of adult patients living with diabetes mellitus.Item Open Access A strategy to facilitate the implementation of educational nutritional guidelines for caregivers of children in selected rural communities of Vhembe District(2023-05-19) Thabathi, Takalani Eldah; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Despite several developed strategies, policies and guidelines, malnutrition is still an ongoing challenge. According to the District Health Information System (DHIS), 24 of 141 (17%) children in the Kutama Clinic of the Vhembe District were reported to have malnutrition between April 2018 and March 2019. Although there are several interventions in place to promote nutritional feeding practices for growth and development, there are no policies on how to implement these interventions. This study aimed to develop a strategy to implement educational nutritional guidelines for caregivers of children under the age of five years in selected rural communities of the Vhembe District in the Limpopo Province. A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive design was used in the study. The study population was caregivers of children with malnutrition under the age of five years and nurses working with child growth monitoring in two local municipalities in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. Non- probability purposive sampling was used to select the Vhembe District as it has a high fatality rate of severe acute malnutrition in children under five years. Non-probability convenient sampling was used to sample 38 caregivers of children with malnutrition and 13 nurses monitoring children’s growth. In conducting this research, ethical principles were considered. In-depth interviews were used to collect data from nurses, and focus group interviews were used to collect data from caregivers. Data were analysed using Tesch’s eight steps. During phase one, caregivers indicated the kind of food they give children and its contributing factors. They also revealed the type of information they provide regarding nutritional feeding practices. In addition, participants indicated the actions to be taken to facilitate the nutritional feeding practices leading to phase two of developing the strategy. The six elements of practice theory outlined by Dickoff et al., SWOT and BOEM action plan informed the development of the strategy.The study was limited to clinics in the Makhado and Musina Municipalities. The study was contextual as the focus was only on caregivers of children with malnutrition. Most of the participants were mothers; thus, minimal information was obtained from grandmothers or aunts. The study recommends that the district office reinforce the strategy in primary health facilities.Item Open Access Coping strategies for mothers during child sickness in hospitals of Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Mundalamo, Rebecca Nditsheni; Luhalima, T. R.; Ramakuela, N. J.Sickness comes to families unexpectedly and frustrates family members, especially when a child falls ill. The whole family is affected by the experience of sickness and the health care process. Sickness in children happens worldwide and the person most affected is the mother. The purpose of this study was to develop coping strategies for mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of Limpopo Province (LP), South Africa (SA). The study employed an exploratory, sequential, mixed-method design wherein qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used. Phase 1(a) explored and described the challenges of mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of Limpopo Province. Whilst Phase 1(b) was quantitative descriptive surveys. The objectives in phase 1(a) explored and described the experiences of mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of LP, SA. The sample was mothers with critically ill children under five years of age, admitted to the paediatric unit of hospitals during 2018/2019. A non-probability, purposeful sampling technique was used to select 50 participants from seven hospitals in two districts of LP, SA. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and coded and categorised using the eight steps of Tesch’s thematic analysis. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were observed. Saturation was determined when no new information was identified. Phase 1(b) included exploring coping strategies for mothers during child sickness in the hospitals of LP, SA through a quantitative approach. The population was all the health professionals at the hospitals of LP, SA. In the quantitative strand, the sample of districts and hospitals was health professionals. Questionnaires were used for data collection and the data were coded and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26.0. Descriptive statistics based on inferential statistics were used. Results from Phase 1b were interpreted in the form of graphs, charts, and tables. The major findings of this study confirm that mothers were failing to cope during child sickness and hospitalisation. Validity, reliability and ethical considerations were ensured. In Phase 2, coping strategies were developed. Phase 3 validated the coping strategies developed in Phase 2. Conclusions and recommendations were that health professionals should be trained in customer care. The coping status of the mothers should be assessed to provide the necessary care. The results indicated that mothers were failing to cope during child sickness hence the development of strategies may assist mothers to cope.Item Open Access Strategies to mitigate student nurse's absenteeism at specialized psychiatric hospitals in the Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Masutha, Thingahangwi Cecilia; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Tshililo, A. R.Student nurses’ absenteeism has become an ongoing challenge in public and private nursing higher education institutions of learning globally. This study was conducted to develop strategies to mitigate student nurses’ absenteeism at specialized psychiatric hospitals in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. A qualitative approach using explorative, descriptive, and contextual design was employed. The study was conducted in the Evuxakeni, Hayani, and Thabamoopo Hospitals, as they are the only specialized psychiatric hospitals in the Limpopo Province. Ten student nurses were purposively sampled from each hospital for level IV’s focus groups and seven student nurses from each hospital for level III’s focus groups. The total number of focus groups was six; two from each hospital for levels III and IV. The total number of student nurses from all focus groups was fifty-one. In addition, four registered professional nurses from two specialized psychiatric hospitals and three from one specialized psychiatric hospital were purposively sampled, and data saturation was reached on the third professional nurse from the third hospital. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with professional nurses and focus group discussions with student nurses. Data were analysed using a thematic approach. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were also enhanced. Ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. The following four themes with sub-themes emerged from data analysis: student nurses’ perceptions regarding contributory factors of absenteeism, professional nurses’ perceptions regarding contributory factors of absenteeism, views of student nurses on strategies needed to mitigate absenteeism, and views of professional nurses on strategies required to mitigate absenteeism. The six elements of practice theory outlined by Dickoff et al. (1968), SWOT, and BOEM informed the development of strategies. The strategies were validated by a team of expert health care professionals in psychiatric nursing practice in the presence of the study promoters. Recommendations were made for further research to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the developed strategies to mitigate student nurses’ absenteeism during Psychiatric Nursing Science placement in the Limpopo Province.Item Open Access A model to enhance lifestyle modification for patients with hypertension in Limpopo Province, South Africa(2023-05-19) Nemabaka, Ndifelani; Luhalima, T. R.; Netshandama,V. O.; Nemathaga, L. H.Background: Lifestyle modification is fundamental in the management of hypertension. Although there is a wealth of literature in this regard, most patients are failing to comply with lifestyle modification guidelines. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop a model to enhance lifestyle modification for patients with hypertension in Limpopo Province whose population is predominantly classified as the rural poor. Methodology: An exploratory sequential mixed method was used. The study was descriptive, exploratory, and contextual. The study setting was Limpopo Province in Vhembe and Mopani Districts in Primary Health Care facilities. The study was done in phases. Phase 1 was comprised of phase 1a, which was qualitative strand where semi-structured interviews with clients diagnosed with hypertension. Purposive sampling was used to select participants. Tesch’s 8 steps of data analysis were used to analyse the qualitative data. Phase1b entailed completion of questionnaires by 369 professional nurses experienced with caring for hypertensive clients, following a multi-stage random sampling technique. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.0 was used to analyse the quantitative data. Development of the model was done following the six elements of practice orientated by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach. Results: In qualitative strand, five themes identified which were lifestyle of clients with hypertension, expression of benefits of lifestyle modification, expression of comlications of non-adherence to lifestyle modification, challenges related to adherence to lifestyle modification and suggestion related to enhancement of lifestyle modification to clients with lifestyle modification. Results of quantitative strand showed that 90.5% of nurses confirmed that clients with hypertension did not adhere to lifestyle modification, 42.2% of nurses gave health talk daily and 31.3% managed to do campaign per year on lifestyle modification of clients with hypertension. Recommendation: The study recommended support from family, community and health care professionals through encouraging patient disclosure to family members, empowerment of community members and collaborative primary health care team-based approach on lifestyle modification of patients with hypertensionItem Embargo Self-destructive behaviours among secondary school learners at Mopani District, Limpopo Province(2023-05-19) Ntimbana, Brammy Neil; Shilubane, N. H.; Mulondo, S. A.South African secondary school children and adolescents are important members of society, and their knowledge and attitude about self-destructive behaviours could be highly influential in their lives. Recent social media trends have encouraged children and adolescents in schools to cause instability, bully each other, disrespect teachers and display bizarre behaviour. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude of secondary school learners regarding self-destructive behaviour. The study was conducted in the Mopani District in the Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality at Nkowankowa educational circuit in the Limpopo Province. All the ten secondary schools with 8,772 learners within the circuit were targeted for the research study. Based on the sampling frame of 8,772, a sample size of 383 was calculated using Slovin’s formula. A stratified sampling selection process was employed using schools as strata, and then, within each stratum, simple random sampling was performed to select participants. The researcher randomly selected one secondary school from the educational circuit for the purposes of a pre-test of the instrument. After the pre-test, an adapted questionnaire from the ‘risky, impulsive, and self-destructive behaviour and Youth Risk Behaviour Survey Tool’ was used to confirm the validity of the instrument. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect and analyse data for the study. It was discovered that up to 68.3 per cent of secondary school students that participated were aware of self-destructive behaviour, while 73.4 per cent had a positive attitude towards self-destructive behaviour. In addition, correlation analysis found that knowledge of self-destructive behaviour was significantly positively related to the attitude. Moreover, the study established significant differences between knowledge of and attitude towards self-destructive behaviour between male and female participants. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that the department of basic education needs to strengthen awareness levels on the nature of self-destructive behaviour and its implications on school-going learners.Item Open Access Professional nurse's knowledge of tuberculosis prophylaxis in people living with HIV at Collins Chabane Municipality, Vhembe District of Limpopo Province(2023-05-19) Nemafhohoni, Mulalo Godfrey; Mulondo, S. A.; Luhalima, T. R.Background: Tuberculosis is constantly regarded as a major global health problem. Globally, tuberculosis is regarded as one of the causes of death among people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and ranks alongside the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, one of the top infectious diseases. Professional nurses are pivotal in preventing tuberculosis among people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, providing tuberculosis prophylaxis, and monitoring adherence. Professional nurses’ knowledge of tuberculosis prophylaxis in people living with the Human immune-deficiency virus is key to preventing tuberculosis among people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Purpose of the study: The study sought to assess the knowledge of professional nurses regarding tuberculosis prophylaxis in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Collins Chabane district clinics. Methodology: A quantitative approach and descriptive research design were used on the selected population of professional nurses from 30 Collins Chabane clinics. Non-probability, purposive sampling was employed to sample all 160 professional nurses. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data, and a pre-test was done with 22 professional nurses at three health centres which were part of the main study. To ensure instrument validity content, face and construct validity were maintained. Statistic Package for Social Science version 26 was used to analyse data; to get frequency and percentages, presented in distribution tables and graphs. The researcher adhered to all the ethical considerations, including permission, informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity. The study respondents had an average of three years of working experience with people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Only a few have been trained specifically for tuberculosis prophylaxis, which resulted in low knowledge of evaluating Tuberculosis prophylaxis eligibility. Results: This study showed professional nurses’ knowledge about tuberculosis prophylaxis and some areas where they are not knowledgeable. The majority (n=138/86%) of respondents know about tuberculosis prophylaxis, and the minority (n=9/5.6%) show low knowledge of tuberculosis prophylaxis. The majority (n=150/94%) have low knowledge of the tuberculosis screening symptoms combination used to identify who is eligible for Tuberculosis prophylaxis; the majority (n=123/77%) of the study respondents indicated that Tuberculosis prophylaxis reduces the risk of Tuberculosis infection for people living with the Human immunodeficiency virus and the majority of about (n=56/35%) respondents know that all people living with the Human immunodeficiency virus who don’t have active Tuberculosis are eligible. The major barriers to the successful implementation of Tuberculosis prophylaxis revealed by this study were poor professional training of nurses on Tuberculosis prophylaxis (n=47/29%) and the effects of the current cough, which is Covid-19 (38/24%). The study showed several obstacles to the implementation of Tuberculosis prophylaxis. The majority identify a lack of specific training for professional nurses regarding Tuberculosis prophylaxis, Tuberculosis resistance, and lack of clarity on the Tuberculosis guidelines (85%, 44.4%) and 60.6%), respectively. Recommendations: The study recommended in-service training of professional nurses, specifically on Tuberculosis prophylaxis, and the revisions of Tuberculosis treatment guidelines for a better understanding by the health caresItem Open Access Knowledge of pregnant women regarding effects of anaemia on pregnancy outcomes in Vhembe District, South Africa(2023-05-19) Maumela, Rudzani; Malwela, T.; Maputle, M.S.; BerggrenIntroduction: Over the past 30 years, anaemia in pregnancy has remained a major problem worldwide, mostly in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2015) defines anaemia as a condition in which the number of red blood cells or haemoglobin concentration is lower than normal. The normal Hb level for men is considered 13.2 g/dl and above and 11.6 g/dl and more in women. In pregnancy, Hb between 8-9.9 g/dl is considered mild anaemia and Hb less than 7.9 g/dl is considered moderate to severe anaemia. Methods: A quantitative research approach with a descriptive and cross-sectional design was used to conduct the study. This research was conducted in the health care facilities in Vhembe district within certain geographic areas, so the findings may differ if the sample is transformed. Consequently, the study was conducted at the selected clinics of Vhembe district, so the results may also change if the research was conducted at some other areas. The target population was pregnant women. Slovin’s formula was used to recruit 133 respondents from the selected health facilities. A self-developed structured questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. The Statistical Programme for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 was used to analyse collected data, while frequencies and percentages were used to present the data in tabular format. Validity and reliability were ensured by pre-testing the tool and any necessary modifications were carried out with the assistance of the supervisors. The significance of the study was to determine the knowledge of pregnant women regarding effects of anaemia on pregnancy outcomes. Results: The results of the study showed that more than 50% of pregnant women who participated in the study did not have sufficient knowledge regarding the effects of anaemia on pregnancy outcomes. Recommendations: Through the recommendations offered, the study’s findings may help mothers understand how anaemia affects the course of their pregnancies. The debarment of health may get new evidence to include in the drafting and updating policies addressing the management anaemia in pregnancy.Item Open Access Factors associated with anaemia in pregnancy: a case study of Matibidi Village, Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga, South Africa(2023-05-19) Mathebula, Present Tresure; Malwela, T.; Maputle, M. S.Pregnant women who have anaemia are more likely to experience preterm birth, low birth weight, perinatal and n eonatal mortality, which is one of the major public health issues. In the South African province of Mpumalanga, in the Matibidi Village of the Ehlanzeni District , the study's goal was to explore and identify risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy. It was do ne using a qualitative approach that combined descriptive and exploratory designs. The population consisted of pregnant women of age 18 years years and above. A Non probability purposive sampling method was used because the participants were aware of the risks associated with pregnancy. Immediately after receiving permission from the U niversity of Venda Research Ethics C ommittee ( UVREC), the researcher sought permission to access the villages from the Ch ief and Ward Councillor of Matibiti Village . I n depth one to one interview s were conducted using a semi structured approach . D ata saturation was reached at participant number 16, however, the researcher continued to interview a total of 20 participants. Fo ur criteria , dependability, conf i rmability, transferability, and credibility were used to ensure trustworthiness. Te s ch's six steps were applied to analyze the qualitative data . The findings showed that various factors in Matibiti Village contribut e to anaemia in pregnant women. These included the socio economic status, pre existing maternal chronic conditions, and religious and traditional beliefs and cultural practices of the participants R ecommendations were made based on the study's findings. R ecommendations included the need to start administering intravenous supplements like Ferramed to pregnant women who are anaemic to help improve their haemoglobin levels; health workers should be aware of religious and cultural practices interfering with a dherence to the proper pregnant health care so that they emphasi z e the ir urgency during health talks.Item Open Access Knowledge among childbearing-age women regarding preconception healthcare services in the rural areas of Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District(2023-05-19) Kubayi, Refiloe Precious; Netshikweta, M. L.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background: Although Preconception Care (PCC) and Reproductive Life Planning (RLP) programmes were established by the National Department of Health (NDoH) for all women of childbearing age, most women do not receive the services. Although PCC is free throughout South Africa, including the area where the current study focused, majority of childbearing women still persistently miss this freely provided indispensable services. Thus, infant, and maternal morbidity and mortality rates are rising among this age group. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge among childbearing-age women regarding preconception healthcare services in the rural area of Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe district. Methods: A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional survey was adopted as the design followed for this study. The population for the study comprised all women of childbearing age who met the inclusion criteria and were willing to participate from rural area of Thulamela municipality in Vhembe district. Purposive sampling method was used in this study. 117 respondents were available and willing to participate in this study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Venda, permission to access facilities from the province, and consent from the respondent was sought. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 27, was used for data analysis. The data analysis and summaries employed descriptive statistics, frequencies, and percentages. Results: The findings showed that respondents (70,9%) were not aware of PCC in the Rural area of Thulamela municipality, Vhembe district while a minority (31.62%) reported that they could access PCC. Conclusion: In this study, the use of PCC services was shown to be poor. The study recommends strengthening information sharing, health education and communication activities. Awareness towards childbearing women regarding PCC should be increased.Item Open Access A model to support non-psychiatric trained nurses rendering care to mental health care users in acute psychiatric wards in Limpopo Province(2023-05-19) Rangwaneni, Mphedziseni Esther; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.Background: Mental health care users are admitted to an acute psychiatric ward to receive nursing care, treatment, and rehabilitation services (Mental Health Care Ac 17 of 2002). Nurses in an acute psychiatric ward render speciality care to mental health care users according to their scope of practice. Caring for mental health care uses and working in an acute psychiatric ward led to many challenges among non-psychiatric trained nurses. They expressed feeling challenged in caring for mental health care users and distancing themselves from mental health care users. Aim: This study aimed to develop and validate a model to support non-psychiatric trained nurses rendering care to mental health care users in acute psychiatric wards in Limpopo province, South Africa. Method: Qualitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual research designs were used to develop the model. Roy's Adaptation Model guided the study. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase one was situational analysis, which included study settings, sample, trustworthiness, and ethical consideration. This study was conducted in four acute psychiatric wards of the four selected public hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Three districts were selected namely: Capricorn, Waterberg, and Mopani Districts. The pre-test was done on three non-psychiatric trained nurses who were not part of the study. A convenience sampling technique was used to select the 20 male and female non-psychiatric trained nurses, six Enrolled nurses , and 14 Enrolled Nursing Assistance who participated in the study. Unstructured interviews were used to collect data until saturation occurred, all interviews were audio recorded. Participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the study. Data were analyed using Tesch's eight steps. The concept support emerged from the findings. Phase two was concept analysis of the concept support using Walker and Avant guidelines. Phase three entailed model development and validation, led by Dickoff, James, and Wiedenbach's theory employing six practice theory elements: the context, agent, recipient, dynamic, process, and outcome. In addition, Chinn and Kramer guided validation of the model. Results: The following themes emerged: experiencing different emotional reactions, unsafe working environment, inadequate resources, lack of staff wellness services, knowledge and competencies deficit in mental health nursing, and support needs for non-psychiatric trained nurses in acute psychiatric wards. Conclusion: Inadequate support of non-psychiatric trained nurses leads to compromised quality patient care to mental health care users placing the community in danger as mental health care users will not be rehabilitated, which may lead to litigations by the community members. The model as a reference framework could comprehensively assist non-psychiatric trained nurses in rendering care to mental health care users