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Item Embargo Factors contributing to the utilisation of cultural remedies by pregnant women in selected villages of Mopani District, South Africa(2026-05-19) Mashige, Mbidzo; Malwela, T.; Chewe, V. M.Cultural remedies remain an integral component of maternal health care globally, particularly in African societies where they are commonly used alongside or in preference to modern medical services, and this study aimed to determine the factors contributing to their utilisation amongst pregnant women in selected villages of the Mopani District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. A quantitative and descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected from one hundred and fifty (150) multigravida women between the ages of twenty-five (25) and fifty-five (55) years. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information. The questionnaire was tested before the main study to ensure clarity and consistency. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel. The results were presented in tables and graphs. The findings showed that the use of cultural remedies is still common. Most women used herbal mixtures and believed they were effective. Cultural beliefs, accessibility, affordability, and trust in traditional knowledge were the main reasons for use. Elderly family members and community expectations played a strong role in guiding pregnant women. The study also found that some women experienced risks such as delayed medical care and early labour. Many women did not disclose the use of remedies to health workers because they feared being judged. The study recommends stronger collaboration between traditional healers and health professionals. It also calls for culturally sensitive maternal care programmes, public health education, and more research on the safety of the herbal remedies used by pregnant women.Item Embargo Perceptions of young mothers regarding preterm births in selected hospitals in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Ramashia, Takalani; Simane-Netshisaulu, K. G.; Mulondo, S. A.Preterm babies are at high risk of medical problems, which makes it hard and stressful for mothers to care for them, thereby predisposing them to psychological problems. The purpose of the study was to determine young mothers' perceptions of preterm births in selected hospitals in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province. A qualitative approach, with exploratory descriptive design, was used. The population involved all mothers who delivered premature babies in the regional and district hospitals of Thulamela municipality. A regional hospital and a district hospital were sampled using non-probability purposive sampling. Participants were sampled using total population sampling, in which 12 young mothers aged 19 to 35 years were selected. Individual interviews were conducted, each session lasted for about 30 to 45 minutes. Interviews were guided by one central question, which states, “May you please share your perceptions regarding preterm births?” A voice recorder was used to capture responses, with participants’ permission and probing was done to get deep responses. Data were analyzed using Tesch’s eight steps of qualitative data analysis. Ethical considerations were observed. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were applied through credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability. The findings presented using themes and subthemes. Themes that emerged were young mothers preterm perceived causes on their preterm birth experience, Mothers' emotional well-being negatively affected by preterm birth, Adaptations to preterm birth and Mothers' post-delivery trauma experience. Recommendations included empowerment of pregnant women and midwives regarding prematurity. Mothers who gave birth to premature babies should receive psychological counselling. Future research should be conducted focusing on the mental health of parents and close family members faced with prematurity.Item Embargo The Impact of Grief on Youth’s Mental Health during COVID-19 in Mopani District(2026-05-19) Shingange, Mano; Baloyi, V.; Shilubane, N. H.Loss of a loved one to death is a tragic experience, and the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) exacerbated the death toll. To curb the massive increase in the death toll, the South African government introduced various regulations to regulate the burial process. However, these COVID-19 regulations have caused distress in the way bereaved families observe and practice cultural rituals and practices after death in African contexts. People have a hard time complying, and funerals have been called viral ‘super-spreaders’. Hence, the current study aimed at exploring the impact of grief on youth mental health during COVID-19 in the Mopani District. This study employed a qualitative approach guided by an explorative design. A sample of 15 participants was selected purposefully. An unstructured interview guide was used to collect data, and the analysis employed a thematic approach. The results revealed that the psychological effects of grief on youth mental health during COVID-19 include emotional distress, depression, denial, and fear. The results further showed that the social effects of grief on the youth were social isolation, poor academic performance, and financial strain. Strategies used to cope with grief by youth during the pandemic include counselling, exercising, social media, and acceptance of death. The study recommends the need for targeted mental health interventions for grieving youth in rural communities. There is a clear demand for accessible, culturally sensitive, and youth-friendly mental health services to help young people navigate grief and build resilience.Item Embargo Nutrition knowledge, dietary practice and vitamin B12 levels in patients living with type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin in Thulamela Municipality(2026-05-19) Khorommbi, Tshifhiwa; Motadi, S. A.Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is a recognized complication of long-term metformin use in patients with type 2 diabetes, yet data on its prevalence and dietary determinants in South African populations are limited. Objective: This study assessed the plasma vitamin B12 status and dietary intake of patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin in Thulamela Municipality, South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 339 patients. Socio-demographic data, anthropometric measurements, clinical history, and dietary intake were collected using structured questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recalls. Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured using standard laboratory methods. Descriptive statistics, BMI classification, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed to examine associations between vitamin B12 status, dietary intake, and socio-demographic variables. Results: Among participants, 32.8% were vitamin B12 deficient, 35.7% had borderline levels, and 31.5% had normal concentrations. Overweight and obesity were prevalent, affecting 46.7% and 26.0% of participants, respectively. Dietary assessment showed high consumption of grains (100%), meat (95.3%), vegetables (87.6%), and fruits (83.5%), but lower intake of milk, eggs, seafood, legumes, and micronutrients such as folate, vitamin C, D, and E. Plasma vitamin B12 was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, and employment status, and inversely associated with household income, while no significant correlations were observed with dietary diversity or nutrient intake. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency is common among metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in Thulamela Municipality. Socio-demographic factors appear to influence vitamin B12 status more than dietary intake, highlighting the need for regular monitoring and potential supplementation in this population. Public health interventions should address both nutritional adequacy and the clinical management of diabetes.Item Embargo Factors contributing to sexually transmitted infections amongst adolescent on contraceptives in Mopani District, Limpopo Province(2026-05-19) Bvukeya, Jonny; Ramathuba, D. U.; Shirindza, K. J.Background: Sexually transmitted infections are the greatest concern to the health system, nationally and internationally. The age group that is at the highest risk of acquiring all types of STIs is the adolescents. The study aims to determine the factors that contribute to sexually transmitted infections amongst adolescents on contraceptives in the Mopani district of Limpopo Province. Methods: A Quantitative approach, which is a descriptive and cross-sectional design, was utilized; the population was adolescents aged between 13 and 19 years who were on contraceptives. Probability sampling was used to select both facilities and respondents for the study. Simple random sampling was employed to select respondents and the facilities where the study was conducted. Data collection was conducted using structured questionnaires; data analysis was completed using SPSS version 26 for descriptive analysis and cross-tabulation of questionnaire results; validity and reliability have been ensured throughout this study. Ethical considerations, such as the right to confidentiality, informed consent, and respect for respondents, guided the study. Findings: The findings have brought to light that adolescents had selective awareness (70%) regarding STI prevention and could not translate the prevention benefits, resulting in a notably low (45%) long-term health impact. Awareness of STIs was higher amongst older respondents (17 to 19 years) at 45% than amongst their younger counterparts. Forty-five percent (45%) of adolescents do not have equal access to the youth-friendly health service, which deprives them of getting the necessary knowledge related to sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: The study outcome highlighted that adolescents have little knowledge about STIs and have many stigma concerns in relation to STIs. Therefore, these adolescents act without understanding the results of their sexual behavior and decisions. Recommendations: The study outcome recommended that there should be the integration of the STI and sexuality education into contraceptive services. The development of age-appropriate educational tools for adolescents to have comprehensive sexual health information and be able to negotiate safe sex practices through condom use. There must be improved access to adolescent- and youth-friendly services. If healthcare facilities are far from users, school health programs and outreach should be scheduled to visit adolescents and provide them with the necessary knowledge.Item Embargo Culturally Congruent Interventions for People Living with Epilepsy in Selected Rural Communities of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces(2025-09-05) Nemathaga, Muofheni; Maputle, M. S.; Makhado, L.; Mashau, N. S.Background: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures. It affects millions of people worldwide and significantly impacts their quality of life. Most people living with epilepsy, particularly those in rural areas, do not receive adequate treatment to control their seizures. Traditional healers and faith-based healers are usually given first preference, and healthcare practitioners are considered later, causing unnecessary delays in early diagnosis and treatment. Aim: This study aimed to develop culturally congruent interventions for people living with epilepsy in selected rural communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. The goal was for these interventions to bridge the gap between faith-based, traditional, and modern healthcare practices, ensuring that individuals receive the necessary care and support while respecting their cultural values and beliefs. Methods: A multi-method research approach was used to achieve the study’s objectives. Data collection was performed through in-depth individual interviews. Data was analysed using Tesch’s method of qualitative data analysis. Findings: A series of articles was generated from the findings: 1. Global availability of epilepsy interventions: A systematic review. Fifteen articles were reviewed and appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme rating tool. Four themes emerged from the findings: cultural interventions, faith-based interventions, Western interventions, and intervention programmes. 2. Diagnosis of epilepsy by traditional healers and its implications on management in selected rural communities of Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces: A qualitative study. Findings from this study revealed that traditional healers have varied beliefs and misconceptions regarding the causes and diagnosis of epilepsy, hence greatly influencing the management. The misconceptions on the causes include a calling by ancestors, urine contents, snake in the stomach, contaminated digestive system, and witchcraft. The management included using herbal plants, insects, foam excreted during seizures and urine of the person living with epilepsy. 3. Views of traditional healers collaborating with health professionals when managing epilepsy in selected rural areas of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces (South Africa). The study's findings revealed two themes: a perspective on collaboration in epilepsy treatment and strategies to enhance its implementation. Most traditional healers were unaware of the official collaboration in managing epilepsy. When they found out about it, most of them were willing to collaborate with health professionals. 4. Experiences of people living with epilepsy regarding treatment and interventions in selected rural communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa. Three themes emerged from the data: experiences with care by traditional healers, experiences with care by faith-based healers, and experiences of care by professional nurses at local clinics. The findings revealed that the majority of people living with epilepsy preferred care provided by traditional healers and faith-based healers over modern medical treatment from the local clinics, even though they were not always effective. Modern treatment was usually considered later, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment. 5. Professional nurses’ experiences of managing epilepsy at limited resource rural facilities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, South Africa. Four themes emerged from the data: experiences of professional nurses during the management of epilepsy, inadequate training in the management of epilepsy, insufficient supply of antiepileptic drugs, and late presentation to local clinics. 6. Which way to go? Exploring faith-based healers’ practices regarding the management of epilepsy in selected rural communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. This study found that faith-based healers had varied beliefs and misconceptions regarding the causes of epilepsy, significantly influencing the diagnosis and management of the condition. Misconceptions regarding the causes of epilepsy included evil spirits, demonic possession, difficulty breathing, and foam in the lungs. Traditional and faith-based management involved prayer, fasting, and consuming fresh milk and weak tea. However, no scientific evidence regarding this traditional management approach's potential anticonvulsive properties or pharmacokinetics could be provided. 7. Conceptual framework to provide culturally congruent care to people living with epilepsy in selected rural communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, South Africa. The study found that many patients were not receiving the necessary interventions because treatment preferences were greatly influenced by their cultural beliefs. 8. Development of culturally congruent interventions for people living with epilepsy in rural communities Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, South Africa. This study developed culturally congruent interventions that are sensitive and acceptable to the community members of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. Conclusion: Cultural beliefs, values, and practices significantly impact how epilepsy is perceived and managed in rural communities. Healthcare professionals must comprehend and honour these cultural norms when developing interventions for people with epilepsy. Healthcare professionals can enhance patient outcomes and increase acceptance of medical interventions by implementing culturally appropriate practices, such as engaging with community leaders or traditional healers to incorporate traditional healing practices into treatment interventions.Item Embargo Development of Strategies for Implementation of Preconception Care: A Tool to Improve Perinatal Outcomes in Selected Districts of Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Ndou, Ntombizodwa Paulinah; Malwela, T.; Maputle, M. S.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Preconception care (PCC) is the provision of biomedical, behavioural, and social health interventions to women and couples before they fall pregnant. The purpose of PCC is to lessen factors leading to maternal conditions; thus, reducing maternal and perinatal mortality rates. PCC focuses on the following elements: nutrition, vaccines for preventable diseases, treatment of chronic and infectious diseases, genetic counselling, prevention of too early or unwanted and rapid successive pregnancies, infertility, mental health, human immunodeficiency syndrome, and prevention of tobacco and psychoactive substance use. There is evidence that provision of PCC can improve maternal health and perinatal outcomes. The implementation of PCC can assist in promoting positive perinatal outcomes; thus, a reduction in maternal and perinatal mortality. PCC have been successfully implemented in high income countries like China and Netherlands, while countries like UK are still struggling to get it established, though they have PCC policies and guidelines. The purpose of the study was to develop strategies for implementing PCC recommendations to improve perinatal outcomes in selected districts of the Limpopo Province. An exploratory sequential mixed method approach was utilized, wherein the researcher employed the qualitative and quantitative research techniques, methods, approaches, and concepts in a single study. Participants for the qualitative study were professional nurses who have worked at the clinics and community health centers (CHCs) in the selected districts of the Limpopo Province for a period of three years or more, and women of childbearing age (WCBA) aged 19-35 years visiting clinics and CHCs. Both groups of participants were purposively sampled. The study was conceptualized within Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) and was conducted in three phases. In phase one, qualitative data were collected from 29 professional nurses working at clinics and CHCs through in-depth interviews and 51 WCBA through eight focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using Tesch’s eight steps of data analysis. The qualitative results guided the development of an instrument to collect data quantitatively in phase two. Participants in phase three were 180 professional nurses selected through simple random sampling, and a questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data. SPSS version 25 was employed to analyze quantitative data. The inclusion criteria for professional nurses required that they had worked at a clinic or CHC for three or more years and for the WCBA to be 19-35 years old and utilizing those clinics or CHCs. Ethical research principles and measures of trustworthiness were adhered to. Reliability and validity were also ensured. Findings: The qualitative findings revealed the partial implementation of PCC, knowledge gap, task shifting among professional nurses, lack of awareness about preconception, good perception of preconception, lack of support from spouse, fear of knowing about HIV status, and cultural practices surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. The quantitative results revealed that professional nurses knew some PCC aspects, though inadequate, had a good perception of the role of PCC in improving maternal health, and had a positive attitude towards PCC. This study followed the Chartered Management Institute steps of strategy development modified from Hunt’s strategy development model during the development of the strategy in Phase 3 stage 2. The following are some of the strategies that were developed: Increase the number of professional nurses in clinics and CHCs so that they can be able to cope with the workload. Capacity building of professional nurses working at the clinics and CHCs regarding PCC recommendations, empowering of the lower categories of nurses with PCC-related information in order to help professional nurses with health education, training of Mother mentors should also be empowered with PCC-related information Managers to monitor the implementation of PCC recommendations, community awareness regarding PCC and addressing cultural issues with respect and sensitivity. The developed strategies were validated using the Delphi technique. Conclusion: There is a partial implementation of the preconception recommendations in the districts selected related to the knowledge gap and lack of awareness by WCBA. Both professional nurses and WCBA perceived preconception as a valuable service in improving maternal health before conception, hence, positive pregnancy outcomes. Recommendations: The study has proposed the following recommendations: Empowering professional nurses with PCC recommendations to enhance implementation and raising awareness of PCC among WCBA and the community at large to enhance the implementation of the PCC recommendations.Item Open Access The domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province in South Africa(2007-05-14) Madzimbalale, Fikile Crescent; Khoza, L. B.The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe district. The research design was qualitative, descriptive and exploratory. The study population included all women who experienced domestic violence in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of 12 women who were abused by their husbands and admitted to unit A in a particular hospital. Participation in this study was voluntary. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained by using code numbers on participants' responses. Participants' responses were tape-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. The research question used read as follows: Share with me your lived experience of domestic violence. In-depth individual interviews were used to collect data from the participants. Data analysis was carried out using an open-coding method consisting of eight steps provided by Tesch. The findings of the study revealed that the following categories appeared to be most frequently experienced by participants: • physical violence such as battering, being scarred, burning, suffering fractures and stab wounds; • psychological/emotional violence including being sworn at, yelled at, mocked, and called names; • economic violence revealed by money being withheld; • social violence including isolation, not being allowed to visit or be visited; • sexual violence such as rape and unprotected sex. Community information and education programmes regarding the nature and unacceptability of domestic violence should be developed. Such programmes should address cultural aspects of behaviour that uphold male aggression, beating and abuse of women as acceptable. Women need to be empowered through education, employment opportunities, legal literacy, and right to inheritance. In conclusion, the findings of the study provided valuable information on the domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe district.Item Embargo Understanding the influence of comprehensive sexual education interventions on teenage pregnancies amongst adolescent girls in Bolebedu, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mkhonto, Tlangelani Noisy; Ramathuba, D. U.; Mbedzi, T. E.Background: Improving teenagers’ knowledge on sexual health and reproductive health is essential to prevent unintended pregnancies. Purpose: The study aimed to understand the influence of comprehensive sexual education intervention programs on teenage pregnancies, amongst adolescent girls in Bolobedu, Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative research approach and an explorative descriptive research design was followed in this study. The targeted population in this study was adolescent girls, between the ages of 14 to 21 years. A non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the participants, and fifth teen (15) teenage girls were sampled. Sampling was determined by saturation of data, and data saturation was reached on participants nine (9) were interviewed. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide. The interviews were audio-taped, field notes were taken; afterwards the voice recording was transcribed, and inductive coding was used for data analysis. Measures to ensure trustworthiness in a qualitative study which is credibility, transferability, dependability, conformability and triangulation were followed. Ethical considerations, such as the right to confidentiality, informed consent, and respect for participants -were adhered to. The recommendations made at the end were based on the study's findings. Findings: Findings revealed that adolescent girls had insufficient information on different sexual intervention programs, hence, were ignorant about the different SHE programs, which contributed to their inability to exploit available knowledge for their self-development. Furthermore – non-awareness of their right to self-determination, lack of comprehension of available sexual education literature, and poor under-developed decision-making skills – had contributed to their attitudes toward accessing sexual health information. This state of affairs was indicated as arising from, no sexual education at home and limited exposure to the topic in schools. Recommendations: Implementing of sexual health programs should be intensified, using a multi-sectoral approach by government and non-governmental organizations. The Departments of Health and Education should work together to ensure effective sexual education interventions.Item Embargo Experiences of people diagnosed with Malaria at a selected village of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Kwinda, Wavhudi; Luhalima, T. R.; Mudzweda, A. D.Background: There have been extreme cases of Malaria worldwide, nationally as well as regionally, in the Vhembe District. Malaria is a serious health issue despite current efforts and several advancements to control vectors and bite prevention to minimise its burden. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the experiences of people diagnosed with Malaria at Mhinga Village in the Vhembe District. Methodology: A qualitative approach method was used with exploratory, descriptive and contextual designs to get an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. The setting was at the participants’ homes at Mhinga Village, Collins Chabane Municipality, Vhembe District in Limpopo province. A pre-test was conducted with two individuals who were not part of the main study. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select about 26 participants. However, the final number of participants was determined by data saturation. The data collection tool used was semi-structured individual interviews. Trustworthiness and authenticity were ensured by following the criteria of credibility, dependability, conformability and transferability. Data was analysed through descriptive and interpretive codes to categorise data. The research was conducted ethically following principles of respect, beneficence, justice, confidentiality, and informed consent. Results: The findings described and expressed the experiences of people diagnosed with malaria at Mhinga village, Vhembe District. The findings have resulted in five themes: experiences with signs and symptoms, circumstances prompting immediate consultation, experiences with reaching the healthcare facility, experiences with treatment given in the clinic and hospital, post discharge experience from Mhinga clinic and the hospital Conclusion: The study concluded that the participants still experienced symptoms of malaria before and after obtaining treatment from the clinic and hospital. Contribution: The study adds knowledge about malaria prevention to the participants, reducing its spread and relieving the Department of Health from enormous admissions. Recommendations: The recommendations determined by the study findings are related to implementing measures for eliminating the spread of Malaria.Item Embargo Factors contributing to poor utilization of public health facilities for maternity care Services at Mpumalanga Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Usinga, Sibusiso; Mulondo, S. A.; Chewe, V. M.Utilizing maternity care services as soon as possible will guarantee maternal health and ensure that babies have the best possible start in life. Around 75% of births occur outside of a health facility worldwide which means that it is rare for experienced midwives to be present in these situations. Despite all the efforts the Department of Health makes to implement standards and develop programs like the South African Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Health Policy, Basic Antenatal Care Approach, traditional approach, and updating standards to minimise maternal mortality rate and complications, poor utilization of public health facilities for maternity care services remains high in rural based health facilities of Ehlanzeni district. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying and describing factors that contribute to poor utilization of public health facilities for maternity care services at Thulamahashe local region, Bushbuckridge local municipality of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive design was employed for this study. A questionnaire was employed and simple random probability was used to select 204 pregnant women from the six selected primary health facilities of Thulamahashe local region. The sample size was calculated using Slovin’s formula. A pre-test of the data collection instrument was done on 22 respondents from one of the selected health facilities. The researcher used Excel and the statistics program SPSS version 30.0. This software produces tables, charts, and numerical statistical measures with the click of a mouse. Validity and reliability were maintained. Ethical standards such as permission to conduct the study, informed consent, confidentiality and privacy, principle of beneficiary, respect and human rights and justice were taken into consideration. The study indicated that core barriers for maternity care service utilisation listed by respondents were that they were waiting for too long in the healthcare facility, fear of being scolded by midwives, distance from home to the health facility and lack of education. The conclusion drawn from this study is that awareness to maternity care services utilisation needs to be consistently raised so that utilisation might increase. Pregnant women are encouraged to initiate ANC services as soon as they find out they are pregnant and Nurses’ attitude should be addressed through trainings on interpersonal communication skills.Item Embargo Barriers to utilization of primary health care facilities by pregnant women during labour in Mopani District, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mbedzi, Phathutshedzo; Netshisaulu, K. G.; Tshililo, A. R.Background: Facilities of primary health care were with intent to increase accessibility to health care services by communities in the facilities’ locality, with higher priority for previously disadvantaged communities. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine barriers to the utilization of PHC facilities by pregnant women during labour in Mopani District, Limpopo Province. Methodology: Qualitative approach following exploratory, descriptive, and contextual designs was used. The study was conducted in Greater Giyani Local Municipality. All post-natal women consulting at primary health care facilities in the Greater Giyani Local Municipality were for the study. Convenience sampling was used to select 30 post-natal women from selected facilities. Purposive sampling was used to select one Community Health Centres and four clinics. Data was collected using unstructured individual. Ethical principles were adhered to, and trustworthiness was ensured through dependability, consistency, credibility, and confirmability. Findings: This study revealed barriers to the utilization of PHC facilities by pregnant women during labour in Mopani District as described according to the following themes: Patient-related barriers to giving birth in clinics, service-related barriers to giving birth in clinics, resource-related barriers to giving birth in clinics, as well as participants’ views on addressing barriers to giving birth in clinics. Recommendations: The Department of Health should invest in human resources through the employment and training of competent health care service providers to provide quality care in the facilities for 24 hours. The department should further invest in physical resources through the procurement of medical equipment to support health care workers in providing quality, safe and sufficient care in these facilities.Item Embargo Exploring the impact of the shortage of resources in the midwifery units of the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mukwevho, Fhedzisani Glacia; Netshisaulu, K. G.; Mulondo, S. A.Background: Healthcare facilities in many countries worldwide face a shortage of resources in midwifery units those in South African district healthcare facilities. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the impact of the shortage of resources in the midwifery units of the Blouberg local municipality in the Capricorn district, Limpopo province. Methodology: The study was conducted in the Blouberg local municipality of the Capricorn district, Limpopo province, and follows a qualitative research approach A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit a total of 16 midwives, each with a minimum of 2 years’ experience working in the midwifery units. Additionally, two community health centers and two clinics with high delivery rates were purposefully selected as study sites. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide and recorded using an audio recorder. Data analysis was done thematically to identify key terms and patterns. Findings: The study resulted in five themes. These were (1) the impact of the shortage of staff on midwives’ performance, (2) midwives’ emotional well-being negatively affected, (3) patients’ dissatisfaction caused by lack of human and material resources, (4) the value of adequate staff members in the midwifery units and (5) availability of material resources is vital in the midwifery units. Conclusion: The shortage of resources has a negative impact on the provision of adequate healthcare in the midwifery units of the Capricorn District. Better workforce planning, improved working conditions, and strategies to retain experienced midwives while supporting skill development for newer staff in the midwifery units should be considered. Recommendations: It was recommended that the Department of Health in the Limpopo province should be accountable and provide all PHC facilities in the Capricorn District with adequate human and material resources.Item Embargo Development of an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care by registered professional nurses in selected regional hospitals in Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Raliphaswa, Munyadziwa Reginah; Luhalima, T. R.; Mafumo, J. L.; Netshandama, V. O.Background: Supervision is a practical method for advancing nurses' professional growth, creating advanced independent practitioners, supporting nursing personnel, and raising the standard of patient care. An educational programme in supervision positively impacted nurses’ ability to provide high-quality nursing care aimed at reducing patient complaints and improving patient outcomes. However, it seems that this is not happening as expected because there were continuous complaints from the patients about the poor quality of care. This study aimed at development of an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care by registered professional nurses in the selected regional hospitals of Limpopo Province. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted using an explorative, descriptive, and contextual research design, the 5D phases of Appreciative inquiry design. The nonprobability purposive sample was used, where twenty-four (24) registered professional nurses and thirty (37) registered staff and registered assistant nurses were selected, of which eighteen (18) were registered staff nurses and nineteen (19) were registered assistant nurses. Participants were recruited from Paediatric, Maternity, and Casualty units of the selected regional hospitals. Semi-structured individual face-to-face interviews were used to collect data from registered professional nurses, whereas focus group interviews were used to collect data from registered staff nurses and registered assistant nurses. The focus group was also used to collect data from registered professional nurses, registered staff nurses, and registered assistant nurses using an interview guide. The nominal group technique was used to develop and validate an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care. Data Analysis: Data was analysed according to Tesch’s eight steps. Trustworthiness was ensured by following the principles of credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and authenticity. Ethical considerations were ensured by requesting permission before conducting the study and observing human rights principles, including informed consent, voluntary participation, and avoidance of harm. Findings: The findings from the data collection were administrative challenges, Shortage of resources, organisational challenges and education and training challenges. The findings were validated using the Nominal group technique method. The findings after Nominal group Technique were the need to address the shortage of resources, the need to address organizational challenges, the need to address staff attitude, the need to address professional growth and development, and the need for role modelling. These findings assisted with the development of an educational programme to improve the supervision of nursing care by registered professional nurses. Recommendations: The study recommends that there is a need for future research in other provinces to check if the findings could be the same. The incorporation of intensive training on supervision in the training of nurses from the beginning. The need to develop a supervision policy was identified. Conclusions: Supervision of nursing care is mandatory for the purpose of improving quality patient care outcomes, reducing patients’ complaints and litigationsItem Embargo Strategies to promote safety of staff members in a selected Forenscic Psychiatric Ward, Limpopo Province(2025-09-05) Mulaudzi, Mulatedzi Precious; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background: Staff members in Forensic Psychiatric Wards (FPW) around the world are faced with serious risk of physical injuries, psychological and emotional harm inflicted by Mental Health Care Users (MHCU) during their call of duty. The risk of working in these units are experienced on daily basis to an extent that even death can occur. Efforts have been implemented to minimize these risks, but violence continue to occur. In developed countries, body worn cameras have been used but this did not reduce the occurrences of incidences. Staff members of different categories remain unsafe in the FPW. Objectives: To develop strategies to promote safety of staff members in a selected Forensic Psychiatric ward in Limpopo Province. Method: The study was conducted in the selected FPW of a specialized hospital. An explorative, descriptive, and contextual design was employed in a qualitative manner. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one of the study consisted of exploration of the experiences of staff members regarding their safety and the kind of security measures that can be developed to promote their safety. In phase two the strategies were developed and validated. Data collection: The data collection process was piloted using two staff members who met the inclusion requirement but were not part of the study. Techs’ eight steps of analysis were applied as the data analysis method. Results: Seven main themes emerged from the analyzed data that is: MHCUs are aggressive, MHCUs’ behavior, environmental factors, effective teamwork, criminal history of patients, insufficient resources and support needed by staff members. Conclusion: More studies can be conducted in future to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the developed strategies from this study. Ethics approval was granted by the Higher Degrees Committee of the University of Venda.Item Embargo Development of Aftercare Guidelines to Support and Prevent Relapse of Rehabiltated Substance Abusers in Madibeng Sub-District, North West Province, South Africa(2025-09-05) Moeketsi, Menki Annida; Maluleke, M.; Raliphaswa, N. S.Background Substance abuse is a challenge that prevails across all ages globally today. Different drugs like cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, morphine, and alcohol are abused. Research studies have indicated an increase in relapse of rehabilitated substance abusers. Some studies revealed that 20% of admissions at rehabilitation centres are readmissions. This study aimed to develop guidelines to prevent rehabilitated substance abusers from relapsing in North West Province, South Africa. Methodology An interpretive paradigm informed the study; thus, a qualitative approach using explorative, descriptive, and contextual designs was adopted. This study was conducted at the Beethoven Rehabilitation Centre (BRC), North West Province, South Africa. The study population was relapsed rehabilitated substance abusers readmitted at BRC and professional nurses (PNs) caring for them. In this study, purposive sampling was used to select participants who met the selection criteria. Data were generated using unstructured, in-depth individual interviews with participants and analysed using Tesch’s eight steps of analysis. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were employed. Ethical considerations were adhered to throughout the study. The six elements of practice theory; as well as the SWOT and BOEM action plan, informed the development of the guidelines. The developed guidelines were validated following Chinn and Kramer's five critical questions. Results Two themes and 10 sub-themes emerged from the analysed data, namely factors contributing to relapse, such as a lack of family support, physical abuse, financial abuse, peer pressure, defaulting, and hopelessness. Secondly, factors minimising relapse include motivation, positive support, medication, and aftercare. Finally, the aftercare guidelines to prevent rehabilitated substance abusers from relapsing in North West Province, South Africa, were developed and validated. Recommendations It is recommended that further research be conducted to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of the developed guidelines to mitigate relapse of rehabilitated substance abusers in North West Province.Item Embargo Climate change and potential impacts on birth outcome: A correlational study in Musina Hospital at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province(2025-05-16) Mudau, Rolivhuwa Sibongile Millet; Malwela, T.; Maputle, M. S.Introduction: Climate change continues to pose a life-threatening risk to human health, particularly affecting pregnant mothers and the elderly. As a result, these groups are experiencing heightened harm. Climate change impacts both foetal and maternal health, leading to complications such as prematurity, low birth weight, stillbirth, neonatal jaundice, and hearing loss. On the maternal side, climate change contributes to pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and gestational diabetes. These are some of the complications that many studies dwell on regarding climate change and its impact on pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: To determine climate change and its potential impact on birth outcomes in Musina Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, and to investigate the seasonal temperature changes and birth weight of infants. Methods: Data were collected on patient medical records from 2019 to 2022 in the Musina Hospital in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, using a checklist book to tick all information related to the study. Results Article 1: The study revealed that climate change significantly impacts pregnancy outcomes. Ambient temperature exposure was found to be associated with adverse pregnancy effects such as premature delivery, low birth weight, and stillborn. However, on the maternal side, pregnant mothers were found to be affected by various conditions such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, pré-eclampsia, and eclampsia. Neonates experience neonatal jaundice, cardiovascular diseases, developmental problems, hearing loss, etc. Article 2: The study revealed a negative correlation with successive years. Throughout successive years, the results showed that the majority of mothers are suffering from pregnancy-induced hypertension compared to other maternal conditions. On the neonatal side, the high premature rate was noted compared to other neonatal conditions. Article 3: The results show a negative and positive correlation between ambient seasonal temperature and birth weight. Birth weight was less affected in milder temperatures compared to harsher temperatures. Seasonal ambient temperature showed an impact on pregnant women and the weight of their babies growing inside the uterus. Recommendations and Conclusion: An awareness campaign should be launched that gathers all community members and educates them about the health risks associated with ambient temperature exposure during pregnancy. Healthcare providers should ensure that every healthcare facility has cooling resilience, such as air conditioners and fans. The Department of Health should ensure that expectant mothers receive education on the risks of high ambient temperatures on pregnancy outcomes and the strategies to mitigate these risks. Climate change puts pregnant women at risk of experiencing heat-related illness, which in turn affects their pregnancy and unborn babies. Strategies that mitigate high temperature exposure will help the next generation of expectant mothers to carry their pregnancies to term without facing any complications.Item Open Access Strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo Province, South africa(2024-09-06) Makhado, Princess Anne-Sheilah; Ndou, N. D.; Shilubane, N. H.; Mafuna, J. L.Background: The nonexistence of parents or adult caregivers in children’s lives is experienced by many children worldwide. Basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, medical care, and protection from harm are among the many challenges faced by children heading families. Children heading families can be supported and live a quality life beyond the hardships they experience. A holistic approach can alleviate the hardships experienced by children heading families, through embarking on the identification of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to improve support for children heading families in Limpopo province, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted at the homes of children heading families and chief’s kraal of Vhembe and Mopani districts in Limpopo province, South Africa. Phase 1: Research methodology: This study employed a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design. The population consisted of children heading families, children’s relatives, and community members. A non-probability purposive convenience sampling was used to select children heading families and snowball technique was used to select children’s relatives. Unstructured in-depth interview using an interview guide was used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Central questions were used to collect data from children heading families and children’s relatives. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from community members. The sample size of participants was determined by data saturation. Data was analyzed using Tech’s eight-step method. Data was transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and kept safe. A clearance certificate was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee. Permission to conduct the study was requested from the traditional leaders of the villages. Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered. Children who agreed to participate voluntarily signed an assent form, and children’s relatives and community members signed consent forms. Findings: The findings of the study revealed psychological, financial, social, and educational support challenges for children heading families, relatives, and community members. Children’s relatives and community members inadequately support children heading families. Phase 2: Development of strategies The researcher's 2020 study on the experiences of children heading families, revealed that children heading families were not receiving enough support from their relatives and community members. The findings prompted the researcher to conduct a study on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Phase 3: Validation of strategies As stated in Chapter One, the study's objective guided the development of strategies. Validation of the strategy employed a qualitative approach using unstructured in-depth interviews. A group of expert panelists validated the results using the e=Delphi method. The expert panelists were retired registered nurses, retired educators, curriculum advisers, psychologists, social workers, pastors, self-employed, registered nurses, educators, traditional leaders, and ex-police. All experts had extensive experience and knowledge of taking care with children. Findings: The study revealed that children heading families face numerous challenges without adequate support from their relatives and community members. The study focused on the development of strategies to improve support for children heading families. Recommendations: Constant monitoring by children’s relatives and community members on the safety of children heading families. Protecting the safety of children heading families should be the Government's top priority and responsibility, especially in villages. Social workers are to visit the homes of children’s heading families regularly to constantly monitor the challenges faced by children. The traditional leaders play a crucial role in the communities and should be more involved in matters involving children heading families in their villages, and ought to have more authority over their roles and responsibilities. Educators should be provided with training on how to deal with children who come from families with no parent or caregiver. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that children heading families experience ineffective psycho-social, educational, financial, religious and spiritual challenges.Item Open Access A communal holistic therapeutic approach for psychosocial health management among Southern African indigenous communities(2024-09-06) Mahlatsi, Khauhelo Success; Pienaar, A. J.; Mulaudzi, M. T.; Malwela, T.Background: Mental health remains on the backseat of the global healthcare system. With more than a third of people suffering from mental health having no access to mental health services. Consequently, this research realizes that communality and Ubuntu are considered the epitomes of living systems in African indigenous communities. Therefore, the aim was to develop, confirm, and validate a Middle-range Theory of psychosocial health management among indigenous Southern African communities. Methods: An explorative sequential mixed methods design was conducted. For the qualitative strand (Phase One), a qualitative approach was used where classical Grounded Theory was employed as a design. Makgotla were used as data collection method, and theoretical sampling was used for participant selection. In Phase Two, a qualitative approach followed where a critical, integrative literature review was conducted. Purposive sampling was employed for the literature collection. Finally, for the quantitative strand, a quantitative approach was used where content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and Kappa statistic were used to confirm and validate the emerging theory. Purposive sampling was used, where experts were selected for the confirmation and validation of the emerging theory. Findings: This research presents an emerging Middle-range theory referred to as the ‘Inclusive Holistic Communal Psychosocial Health Management Approach.’ This approach is informed by the shared cultural belief system, co-living system, and communal therapeutic techniques. Fundamental to the emerging Middle-range theory are the five cultural axioms found in this research to be of evidential value to culturally congruent and needs-aligned psychosocial health management. Embedded in the belief that life is a holistic-circlic continuous process independent of living, wherein the point of equilibrium (good health) is the sense of balance between life and living. Furthermore, it has been found that the emerging Middle-range theory expressed through the 40-item instrument is content valid and comprehensive as all the items were found to be relevant and acceptable with I-CVI values greater than 0.79 and Kappa values above 0.74.Item Open Access Guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within a mental health care unit of Limpopo Province, South Africa(2024-09-06) Thandavhathu, Tshinanne Gladys; Raliphaswa, N. S.; Maluleke, M.The prevalence of workplace violence is a serious challenge for developed and developing nations, particularly in Africa, putting more workers in danger. Due to the nature of the mental illnesses that patients are admitted with, acute psychiatric wards are stressful places to work in. As members of the frontline workforce, nurses have frequent interactions with patients, which increases their chance of experiencing violent occurrences. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within the acute mental health care unit (MHCU) of Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative approach using descriptive, explorative and contextual design was used in this study. Multiphase sampling was used to sample the districts, hospitals, and participants. Districts were purposively sampled. The hospitals were sampled in two stages, namely, sampling of district hospitals and regional hospitals that were purposively selected. The participants were sampled using convenience sampling. The study population was professional nurses with psychiatric nursing science qualifications who were allocated to the acute MHCU. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one was situational analysis, where multiple theories (The Roy Adaptation Model and Dickoff's six elements of practice) were used to guide the study. Data were analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s six steps, and four themes emerged from data generation, namely, management of aggressive patients, care of patients in a seclusion room, challenges faced by professional nurses when managing aggressive patients, and type of support needed by professional nurses when managing aggressive patients. Trustworthiness and ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. The second phase was developing guidelines to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients within MHCU and validation. Multiple theories were used to develop the guidelines, namely, Dickoff et al., six elements, SWOT analysis, and BOEM action plan. A team of professionals who are experts in mental health and psychiatric nurses who are the end users validated the guidelines according to Chinn and Kramer’s steps. The study recommends that there should be in-service training and workshops that will enhance knowledge and skills to support professional nurses in managing aggressive patients.