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Open Access
Low-Income Workers Perceptions About a Living Wage in the Tshwane Municipality
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Maleka, M.; Mpofu, M.; Hlatywayo, K.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane T. (Quest Editor)
A living wage is predicted as one of the panaceas to take low-remuneration workers out of the poverty trap, to empower and sustain them to live a dignified life. In the literature it is argued that low-remuneration workers work in precarious jobs globally. Theoretically a living wage is predicted by many factors, but for the purpose of this study the focus was on gender, the economic sector, benefits and employment status. With the exception of economic sector, the other factors and living wage are associated with these United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals: 1 (poverty reduction), 8 (decent wage) and 10 (gender parity). In terms of the former, it is argued that the wage gap is a reality in the workplaces because males still earn higher than females. Research show that low-remuneration workers still earn wages that still traps them in poverty, and their working condition are not conducive. A quantitative cross-sectional survey approach was adopted while convenience sampling was used to select respondents (n=205), since the researcher did not have a sampling frame. A validated questionnaire was used to collect the data. Logistic regression was deemed appropriate to use, since the perception of a living wage was binary. The main finding showed a positive relationship between employment status and a living wage while the variables of benefits and economic sector decreased the likelihood of low-income workers to perceive their remuneration as a living wage by 46% and 40% respectively. Additionally, low-income workers who were employed on a permanent basis, were 3.8 times more likely to perceive their remuneration as a living wage. Findings from the study are key for policy makers and researchers as we benchmark the tipping point between paying reasonable wage and profits. The implication is that organisations should offer employees benefits, like medical aid, education, and training, so that they can have medical aid and improve their skills or competency levels; ensure that non-permanent employees work hours that will allow them to afford basic needs while perception studies should be done prior to the implementation of a living wage that is determined by calculating labour economic variables
Open Access
The Impact of Supervisor-Supervisee Relationship on Organisational Job Performance: An Analysis of the South African Government Employee Relations
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ngomane, T. S.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The relationship between supervisors and their subordinates is crucial in determining attainment of organisational goals. Supervisors have a responsibility of assisting organisations to meet their goals, since they are the front drivers of employee job satisfaction. Skilled supervisors assist organisations in meeting their goals, as they are able to clarify organisational goals, manage workplace relationships and motivate employees, set targets and time frames for the achievement of goals. It is thus important that supervisors have the necessary job and people skills. A positive perception of supervisors by junior employees goes a long way in ensuring the achievement of organisational goals through performance management systems. This paper is a desktop analysis of the role of supervisor-supervisee relationships and the impact of such relationships on job performance and the achievement of organisational goals. The results of this study indicate that unskilled supervisors have a negative impact on employees job satisfaction and are costly to organisations as they negatively affect organisational goals.
Open Access
Exploring the Practical Application of Course Drawing Among High School Engineering and Graphics and Design Learner
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Zwane, T. T.; Simelane - Mnisi, S.; Skosana, N. M.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The aim of this paper is to analyse the practical application of course drawing in Engineering Graphics and Drawing in education. Various data bases and scholarly search engines were used to use relevant literature. In the review of the literature the focus was based the discussion on Engineering Graphics and Drawing (EGD) curriculum. This was followed by the explanation of EGD aims. In addition, the examples of various drawings in EGD were provided. The assessments used in EGD were identified and discussed in line with the purpose and type of assessment as well as how assessments were conducted in this subject. The explanation of the subject knowledge of EGD is presented. Furthermore, the description of the Pedagogical Content Knowledge of EGD is also provided. Finally, the description of the challenges encountered with teaching and learning of EGD are presented. It was found from the literature that the importance of Engineering Graphics and Drawing (EGD) curriculum is to teach specific fundamental knowledge, various drawing techniques and skills. It was also, mentioned that several challenges were encountered with the delivery of the subject relating to learner's academic performance in Assembly Drawing (AD) is usually poor. Literature shows that the reason for a low performance is because most teachers failed to develop visual, spatial skills in the learners, and that teachers apply the traditional method of teaching in course drawing which hinders the learner's active involvement in the drawing.
Open Access
Assessment of Household Waste Minimisation Practices in Orange Farm: Effects and Opportunities for Low Income Households
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Thabethe, Z. S.; Mzini, L. B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The study is founded on the premise of waste management with reference to waste minimisation. Waste minimisation is undertaken either at the point of purchase, or within the home by re-using or repairing products rather than replacing them. The researchers assess waste minimisation practices at household level in Orange Farm, City of Johannesburg. Municipal waste minimisation at household level has been relatively neglected as compared to industrial waste minimisation. The Gauteng province is classified as the most economical dominant province in the country. However, there are concerns about the lack of managing waste from the source. Effective waste management determines the sustainability of the environment and ensures the health of the society. The study observed disorderly disposal of waste. The households in Orange Farm rarely practice other means of waste minimization such as to reuse, recycle, and compost. The respondents' knowledge on waste minimisation is relatively poor. The main problem expressed by respondents with respect to waste disposal is that collection schedules are not adhered to by the collectors. The role of waste minimisation and public participation programmes in educating the community so that the latter can play their role effectively is very crucial. A qualitative approach and a questionnaire was preferred to understand the context of household waste minimisation. The study found that waste management has changed to more sustainable waste minimisation methods. Despite the innovations created, the households still dispose waste illegally and this put strain on the landfills as they become too full than anticipated. In addition, the news ways of recycling were introduced even though the households remain unenthusiastic about sustainable measures. We recommend that a Waste Stream Analysis or Waste Audit may be effective in minimizing household waste when waste is disposed at household level. We further recommend for the sorting and of household waste.
Open Access
The Effect of Mayor's Quality and Municipal Size on Financial Condition in Metropolitan Municipalities: A Case of South Africa
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Nzama, L.; Sebola, M. P.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
This study aims to explore the impact of the mayoral quality and the municipal population size on the financial conditions of the metropolitan municipalities. The case study method was followed to explore eight cases of South African metropolitan municipalities. The quality of the mayor is represented by the mayor's age, educational background, experience, race, and political affiliation, whilst the financial condition is represented by the property tax, service tax and total expenditure per municipality. The last local government elections took place in 2016, the five years of the local government administration will be analysed. Thus, the data is from a South African metropolitan municipality and refers to 2015/16 to 2019/20 financial years. The study findings indicate that the mayor's quality does not significantly impact the financial conditions of the municipalities. Most of the mayoral qualities within the eight municipalities have similar characteristics but have different financial performance conditions. Although the study also found that the municipality's population size does impact the financial conditions of the municipality as municipalities with a large population have the highest financial performance management index. The findings from this study will add value to literature in performance management and use to the regulators and policymakers, the local government, as they justify efforts to appoint suitable mayors and improve the entities' financial conditions. The study will also contribute to the new administration of the local government since there will be local government elections in November 2021.
Open Access
Covid-19 Outbreak and its Contradictions in World Politics: The Cases of Tanzania and South Africa
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Adunimay, A. W.; Niyitunga, E. B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus pandemic, widely referred to as COVID-19, in January 2020, took the world by surprise. Things fell apart, as socio-economic and poltical interactions were pertubed, as both developed and developing countries were affected. The COVID-19 crisis also heightened the need for reliable information and existing concerns about the growth of contradictions. The contradictions, therefore, influenced some policymakers to come up with policies on how to deal with the pandemic. For instance, in the case of South Africa, the leadership and governance structures therein developed policies to help curb the spread, thereby avoiding any socio-economic consequences or effects between the people and that state (shutting downing and opening in stages). Nonetheless recorded high infection and death rates. On the other hand, Tanzania assumed a more liberal posture by not shutting down and recorded low infection and dead rates. Thus, both South Africa and Tanzania policymakers saw the spread of this deadly pandemic from two perspectives. These two perspectives have posed serious contradictions to the existence of the COVID-19 as South Africa witnessed a high rate of infection under a serious lockdown of the economy, while Tanzania witnessed a relatively low rate of infection and dead under an open economy. The aim of this paper is to investigate the outbreak of COVID-19 and its contradiction in global politics using South Africa and Tanzania as case studies. While being cognizant of this sharp divide and contradictions in policies, the question therefore is what could be the reasons behind such approaches. Was it as a result of the fact that state leadership and governance was under some external influence in one case and was not in the other? The paper adopts a qualitative research design with a case study approach.
Open Access
Strengthening Leadership Capacity Building Among Secondary Schools Principals: A Case of Ekurhuleni South District
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Thlakanelo, B. Z.; Mzini, L. B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Despite increased attention to capacity building, there is still limited understanding of the role capacity plays in ensuring adequate performance in the public sector. School Principals are regarded as strategic, instructional, executive, organisational and cultural leaders. Experience suggests that achieving better education outcomes requires both an injection of resources and adequate local capacity to use those resources effectively. There are innumerable changes that principals must contend with, and these necessitate them to have the necessary skills, knowledge, and attitudes to manage and lead schools effectively and efficiently. This study was undertaken to explore how leadership capacity is strengthened for secondary school Principals with reference to the Ekurhuleni South District. It also aims to understand leadership development framework for school leadership. A qualitative research approach was selected to investigate the role principals play in building leadership capacity in post level one teachers. The population of the study comprised ten principals in public secondary schools in Ekurhuleni South District. Semi-structured individual telephone surveys were conducted. The questionnaire comprised Likert scale questions. The researchers obtained written permission from the GDE before commencement of any communication with the employees of the organisation. It is therefore important that capacity building programmes are put in place to strengthen the management and leadership of school principals. A set of recommendations including a capability audit and the use of successorship to build leadership capacity are offered for effective implementation of leadership capacity building in a school
Open Access
Performance Assessment of Public Funded School Food Gardens Projects in the Sedibeng District Municipality
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Mantenta, Z. I.; Mzini, L. B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Performance assessment forms part of the performance management function in organisations. This research study was aimed at assessing the performance of public funded school food garden projects to determine their relevance and fulfilment towards poverty alleviation in Sedibeng District Municipality (SDM). The school food garden projects are led by the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD). The GDARD is responsible for agricultural affairs, environmental protection and nature conservation within Gauteng. The department has also established various projects in Gauteng. This study is prompted by the poor performance of some public funded community projects aimed to alleviate poverty and the creation of income earning opportunities. Some established projects are discontinued due to lack of participation. This study assesses the performance of school gardens projects in the selected schools. It also analyses the impact of these projects towards improving the lives of the community and enhancing food security. A qualitative research approach was used where a set of questionnaires containing open ended questions were designed and issued to the six selected schools in the SMD respectively to collect data. Literature review was considered to understand the concepts and a content of the study. The results show that there are different forms of performance measurement and assessments that can be used to assess school food gardens. The researchers found that performance assessment is vital to determine the relevance and fulfilment of objectives. We recommend a development of performance measurement systems and indicators for school gardens and integrating food gardens into the curriculum
Open Access
Velocity of Money and Financial Development in BRICS Countries
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ncanywa, T.; Mpatane, L.; Sebola,M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokane, T. (Quest Editor)
The manner in which the velocity of money behaves is very influential when determining how much financial resources an economy can produce. An unpredicted velocity of money and unstable demand for money results in a spineless and ineffective management and control of monetary policy. The study determined the "impact of financial development on the velocity of money in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries for the period 1996 to 2019". The study employed a panel autoregressive distributive lag (PARDL) to estimate the relationship between financial development and velocity of money in BRICS countries. In addition, "panel fully modified least squares and panel dynamic least squares were employed to supplement PARDL". A long run relationship between financial development and the velocity of money in BRICS countries was confirmed. A positive and statistically significant long run relationship was found between liquid liabilities to GDP and velocity of money, while a negative and statistically significant relationship was found with stock market capitalisation. The speed of adjustment indicted that about 68.5% of disequilibrium would be rectified in the next year in the BRICS countries. It can be concluded that financial development has a strong significant impact on the velocity of money particularly when liquid liabilities were considered. Therefore, financial institutions should promote people to hold liquid portfolios such as a savings or checking account at their local bank or credit union, a money market account or/ and short-term certificates of deposit. The study therefore, makes recommendations that since stable financial development, both globally and within countries, have the potential to generate jobs and improve productivity more should be done in ensuring an effective and sound developed financial sector system as it can influence the velocity of money channel.
Open Access
Can Investing in Information Systems Boost Economic Complexity in South Africa: Movement Towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution?
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ncanywa, T.; Sebola, M. T. (Chief editor); Molokwane, T. (Guest editor)
Countries need to accelerate the growth and development of their economies by increasing the productive capacity for better living conditions of their citizens. For countries to improve their economies, they need to boost their economic complexity by producing and exporting commodities that embody sophisticated characteristics. The economic complexity index measures how diverse products are and include their ubiquity when they are exported. Economic complexity provides reasons why some countries progress very slowly by studying the characteristics of countries export baskets. This study seeks to find out if the investment in information systems can influence the South African economic complexity. The set objective employs the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) methodology. Results of the ARDL bounds test gave an F-statistic of 7.17 greater than the upper bound and this indicated a long run relationship in the series. Furthermore, investment in information systems had a significant positive relationship to economic complexity with a speed of adjustment of 87%. Investing in information system has proved to be innovative and contribute to firm output and labour productivity. Furthermore, information technology improves organizational performance, reduce production cost and improve the production of all personnel and ultimately increase the efficiency of human capital. The positive relationship between information systems and economic complexity is a good indicator that South Africa can enhance its complexity through information systems activities. It is therefore, recommended that the government of South African invest in information systems as this could yield a faster route towards the fourth industrial revolution.
Open Access
How Do Urban Cities Manage Road Traffic Congestion?
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Netshisaulu, M. S.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Traffic Congestion transpires the minute the demand for transport surpasses supply at an exact point in time and in a particular section of the transport system. South African cities are facing traffic congestion characterised by dense origins and destinations with activities located in different cities. The roads and streets have congestion within the areas where individuals are attracted and benefit from economic prosperity. Congestion is the main restriction in operation because it affects the middle class and could drive changes in an urban location and movement patterns more quickly. This paper explores how urban cities manage road traffic congestion in South Africa. The paper is based on a theoretical analytical review of traffic congestion in national cities. Based on the current review, the cities such as Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Tshwane, Pietermaritzburg, Port Elizabeth, East London, Bloemfontein and Vanderbiljpark are relatively experiencing a high congestion level. The paper also reviews the policies and regulations employed to monitor traffic matters and mitigate road traffic congestion in South African roads.
Open Access
Monitoring Remote Workers Productivity in Institutions of Higher Learning: A Case of the University of Venda
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Dzaga, T. V.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
This study evaluates the process of monitoring the performance and productivity of staff working remotely amid the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has profound impact on how different institutions operate, especially on ensuring effective performance management of employees working remotely. Despite all odds, some workers continue working remotely during these extraordinary circumstances. There is a need to acknowledge that the world has changed and that these changes could last for some time, and perhaps even more permanently. A sample of 80 and 10 participants for quantitative and qualitative, respectively, was chosen to fully represent the staff. The data collection methods included interviews and questionnaires with selected staff. The Convenience Sampling Method was used to select respondents amongst staff members assigned to work remotely based on the fact that they were either sharing office with colleagues or had capacity to work remotely. The questionnaires were physically administered by the Researcher, whereas interviews were conducted with individual staff. Quantitative data was analysed through SPSS software, and qualitative data was analysed through themes and coding. The study revealed that some staff members are not ethical when working from home with minimal supervision. The study also revealed that when staff are not closely monitored, they tend not to focus and spend some time performing non-work-related activities which negatively affects the performance and productivity of the institution. The study further revealed that remote working led to poor quality of reports and missing of deadlines, signifying lack of proper planning.
Open Access
Conceptualising Online Operations to Transition Student Governance in Higher Education Amid Covid-19: A Turbulent Experience
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Sebake, B. K.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the normal and traditional operations of many organised sectors of the global societies. This paper intends to introspect the experience of student governance during this period of a forceful use of e-governance – force majeure. Most student organisations from historically disadvantaged institutions and digital struggles are not fully addressed as the result of developments brought by the various stages of Industrial Revolutions. This impacts mostly student movements who emerged ideologically from previous and current underprivileged group in the society. This deprived group through observation demonstrated to have no trust on any technological transmissions regarding sensitive student governance issues. It is arguable that these historic facts have contributed to turbulence for transitioning students to the online platforms. The interest of this paper is to pen down various experiences from observation and conceptual point of view as part of literature review. It also intends to provide more substance to the knowledge production and scholarship, using both (complexity and change management theories). In addition, this paper highlights that some student movements are detached from their own constituencies and have no mandate to govern in the institutions they were elected to lead. The paper remains qualitative and intends to conclude on desktop issues which could be recommended for radical shift in the narrative of student governance in higher education. The findings must intend to open more areas for research in student governance in the era of disaster and introduction of embedded e-governance services through digital means and the post-COVID-19 higher education.
Open Access
Is Accountability in the Management of Public Finances a Myth? The Case of the West Rand District Municipality
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Sambo, V.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T, (Quest Editor)
Several South African municipalities, including West Rand District Municipality (WRDM) had deposited funds into VBS Mutual Bank, which they subsequently lost because of the severe illiquidity that the bank experienced. On 11 March 2018, the then Minister of Finance, Mr Nhlanhla Nene placed the VBS mutual Bank under curatorship due the liquidity crisis, as explained above. This liquidity crisis was caused by amongst others what has been reported as grand theft of the bank's funds and fraud by allegedly amongst others, the bank's directors. The VBS theft and fraud case is currently being heard in court, and some of those who are alleged to have benefitted have been charged. Section 7(3)(b) of the Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) 56 of 2003 requires municipalities to only open bank accounts such as investment accounts with banks registered in terms of the Banks Act 94 of 1990. Investments in mutual banks such as VBS are as such prohibited by the MFMA. As described above, the WRDM is one of the 14 municipalities, which were found to have illegally deposited money into VBS, whereby municipal officials and political office bearers are alleged to have personally benefitted for making such deposits. A forensic report by audit firm Deloitte, published in 2019 indicates that the WRDM may have lost as much as R224.5 million after illegally investing in the now-defunct VBS bank. The paper used the qualitative methodology wherein the materials used consisted of documents in the public domain. Through a careful analysis of both primary and secondary sources of information and statutes on local government finance, the researcher provides an in-depth and objective description of the case. The paper considered the necessary prerequisites that need to be in place to ensure accountability in the management of public finances at the WRDM, and come up with a framework that will highlight these prerequisites. The paper highlights three broad prerequisites in this regard, that is, following an accountability ladder, instituting internal controls and implementing a combined assurance model. The presence of these prerequisites could go a long way in ensuring that there is accountability in the management of public finances
Open Access
Factors that Influence Social Protests and their Effect on Peace and Stability in Africa
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Gamede, N. W.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The emergence of democratic governance in Africa in the aftermath of the Cold War in the 1990s has been marred by the rise and spread of violent social protests. These protests mostly result from the lack of quality basic services to the people that then deprive them of their freedom from fear and wants. As a form of political expression, social protests influence the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the public, and are particularly aimed at policy-makers in political leadership and/or organisations. For example, Africa has seen a huge resurgence of public protests that manifest in public demonstrations, petitions, boycotts, lobbying, and various online activities. Social protests in Africa are influenced by the lack of inclusive political leadership and the existence of uneven political institutions that foster the gap between the haves and have-nots. As a result, the African problems and conflicts have become intractable, and affect the achievement of peace and security. In Africa, social protests have intensified conflicts and civil wars, while on other continents, they have led to political leaders' addressing the issues that led to human rights violations. This means that social protests can foster a culture of peace and stability. There is scant literature that explains the factors that have led to the recurrence of protests in Africa. This presents a unique gap in the current literature that has not yet received academic attention. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the factors influencing social protests and their effect on peace and security in Africa. The research question the paper seeks to answer is: What factors could lead to the recurrence of social protests, and what are possible ways to address the threats that these social protests pose to peace and security in society?
Open Access
The Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic Among Local Small Medium Enterprises: A Case of Johannesburg, Region G
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) McLellan, N. F.; Mzini, L. B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
This study is orientated around impact assessment and small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) and focuses on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the township. The main aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on selected SMME's in region G12, Joburg South, City of Johannesburg. Small businesses are more vulnerable during economic downturns, partly because they have fewer resources with which to react to changing circumstances. Additional shocks from Covid-19 are putting additional strain on South-African SME's, who are already dealing with a declining economy. As a result of the lockout, many small businesses have seen their revenues collapse, and the majority has had to cut back on company spending in order to stay alive. SMEs struggled to stay afloat because they were forced to close-down their businesses. Covid-19 epidemic appears to have increased fear and uncertainty among people, leading in new behaviours and beliefs. Various measures were taken to limit the effects of the outbreak. Using surveys, the study identifies the effects of Covid-19 on SMEs in Region G12. A literature review and desktop analysis were considered to understand the conceptual framework and the developments around the SMEs. The analysis found that the Covid-19 epidemic has a huge impact on SMEs. The study shows that the coronavirus pandemic has a range of consequences on the economy, notably on SMEs, on both the supply and demand sides. The Covid-19 outbreak caused a slew of problems and barriers for small and medium-sized businesses. In addition, supply networks were interrupted, leading in shortages of components and intermediate items. The effects are magnified when workers are laid off and firms are unable to pay salaries. The study concludes with a set of recommendations for mitigating pandemic outbreaks on small businesses.
Open Access
Local Government: Practices and Lessons for Delivering Services Through Public Private Partnerships
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA)., 2021) Nduhura, A.; Settumba, J. P.; Nuwagaba, I.; Molokwane, T.; Lukomba, M. T.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Governments across the world have given local authorities more freedom and power to meet the needs of their citizens and communities. Establishing local authorities has been in line with the quest for self-governance in matters that affect their local aspirations. Existing studies acknowledged that while decentralisation has increased urbanization and a sense of fulfilment of local community aspirations, it has plunged local administrations in a state of administrative grief caused by resource constraints to meet needs of the rising populations and local communities. To salvage constraints, public private partnerships (PPPs) have been adopted as a rescue option. Little is known on the applicability of PPPs in local governments in developing economies. The aim of the study was to explore practices associated with PPP application in local government setup. Based on an exploratory review of literature, the study provides guidance on the use and context of the application of PPPs in local government. The outcome of the study is important since the administrative grief is enlarging due to COVID-19 effects, yet the bulk of citizens continue to put pressure on local authorities to deliver service amidst financial constraints
Open Access
Challenges Related to Capacity in Local Government Administration: The Continuing Tussle Between Insulated and Non-Insulated Local Government Public Service Leadership
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Motebang, S. M.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane. T. (Quest Editor)
This paper reports on the extent to which an insulated or non-insulated public service leadership in local government in South Africa is a relevant determinant of stability and service delivery. This analysis was done in the context of a high turnover of local government leadership and poor service delivery. The author posits that there is adequate and capable leadership available to successfully steer development in local government. However, the inability of political leadership to find a balance between an insulated and non-insulted public service has led to unstable local government. The paper used a comparative desktop methodology to compare the tenure of municipal managers of three metropolitan municipalities in Gauteng province since 2001. The study analysed documents that are in the public domain, such as newspapers, legislation, regulations and records of Council resolutions, according to the applicable theories. The conclusion is that the tussle between insulated and non-insulated leadership is ongoing. The tussle is evidenced by overbearing political influence that limits the space for public servants to be fully efficient. The controls against such influences are neither adhered to, nor adequately enforced.
Open Access
South African Women's Access to Agricultural Extension Services: An Analysis of Barriers and Constraints
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ngomane, T. S.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The purpose of this paper is to analyse barriers and constraints to South African women's access to agricultural extension services. It is argued that women do most of the agricultural activities and are responsible for the provision of food and, thus, contribute to food security worldwide. They, however, face a lot of constraints in accessing agricultural extension services such as socio-cultural constraints, the reproductive burden, lack of access to credit facilities and their low literacy levels. This paper is a theoretical study based on the analysis of literature, to probe the constraints that women face in accessing agricultural extension services. This paper confirms that there are barriers such as socio-cultural, lack of access to credit, the challenge of women balancing paid and unpaid care work with farming and women's low literacy levels
Open Access
Shortcomings of South African Economic Growth on Poverty Alleviation and Job Creation
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Msiza, M. L.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest editor)
The paper analyses shortcomings of low economic growth that affects poverty alleviation and job creation in South Africa. After the 27 years of democracy, the South African government is still struggling to alleviate poverty within its unequal income societies. There is a massive gap of poverty imbalances between South African families especially the poor and marginalised who were previously disadvantaged by the apartheid system. The South African government introduced Grants for Old Age Pensioners, Children Support grants, Disability under the Department of South African Social Security Agency (SASSA, 1996). These are basic income grants introduced post 1994 to reduce poverty for the senior citizens, children from poor families and children whom their biological parents have passed on and the disabilities. After the apartheid era in South Africa, the grant for basic income was the main strategy to reduce poverty mostly from previously disadvantaged families being black, Indians and Coloureds South Africans. In the view of current government economic situation, this paper intends to analyse the shortcomings of South African government on economic growth for poverty alleviation and job creation. The exploring of literature review will thus address the existing shortcoming of government economic growth on poverty alleviation and job creation that seeks to address previous economic injustice. The unemployment remains a major challenge in South Africa. Job creation is declining after the tragedic strike of covid-19 pandemic. This paper conclude that the government’s fight against poverty and job creation will depend on the government’s fight against corruption, deportation of illegal immigrants, build institutions and open the apartheid-built factories which were closed post-1994 to operate and centralise tenders to public works to create jobs.