Theses and Dissertations

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Open Access
Assessment of knowledge, perceptions and beliefs related to tuberculosis in the rural, communities of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province
(2013-02-25) Shiluvane, Nkhensani Grace; Risenga, P. R.; Khoza, L. B.
The purpose of the study was to assessthe knowledge, perceptions, and health beliefs related to TB among people in the rural communities of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province. The research design was qualitative, descriptive and exploratory in nature. The study was conducted amongst the rural communities at Xigalo and Kurhuleni villages in the TB crisis municipality, Thulamela,in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. The following themes emerged from the study: Theme 1: Participants knowledge about TB; Theme 2: The views of participants with regard to TB; Theme 3: Participants' perceptions of TB; Theme 4: The community's interaction with TB patients; Theme 5: Preferred methods of TB treatment as described by community members. Conclusion: People in the community still lack knowledge about TB as a disease. Its correlation with HIV/AIDS promotes the stigmatization of people suffering from TB, which results in people with TB avoiding the use of TB treatment because they fear disclosure and being perceived as being HIV positive.
Open Access
An assessment of the implementation of Batho Pele principles by health care providers at selected mental health hospitals in the Limpopo Province
(2015-02-10) Mabunda, Nkhensani Florence; Lebese, R. T.; Khoza, L. B.
The Batho Pele Principles is incorporated in the National Government’s White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service. It is applicable to the public sector, both National and Provincial Government which are regulated by Public Service Act, 1994, to guide public servants on how to practice (Draft White Paper, 1995:2). Furthermore, health care providers as public servants are expected to practice Batho Pele Principles to improve quality health care services. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of Batho Pele Principles by health care providers at selected mental health hospitals of Limpopo Province. The objectives of the study were to assess the implementation of Batho Pele Principles at the selected mental health hospitals of the Limpopo Province, to describe the challenges experienced by health care providers in the implementation of Batho Pele Principles and to formulate specific recommendations to improve and promote the implementation of Batho Pele Principles. A quantitative, descriptive research design was used and the population for the study comprised health care providers working at the selected mental health hospitals in the Limpopo Province. A probability-stratified random sampling method was used to select participants. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing both open- and close ended questions. Data were analyzed statistically by a statistician using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21. The Higher Degrees Committee of the University of Venda and the Limpopo Province Department of Health granted permission to conduct the study. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was ensured though conducting a literature review, which also provided operational definitions of key concepts and development of the questionnaire from existing ones, in consultation with the supervisors of this study. Adherence to ethical considerations included approval from University of Venda Health, Safety and Research Ethics Committee, thus ensuring the quality of the research, confidentiality, anonymity and informed consent. Study findings revealed that health care providers lacked certain skills in relation to mental health care users’ (MHCUs') experiences, plans and needs and that the principles of openness and transparency, redress and value for money were not easily implemented. Challenges experienced by health care providers in the implementation of Batho Pele Principles were discussed according to the eight Batho Pele Principles. Recommendations were formulated based on the findings, related to nursing practice, management, education and further research. This study was conducted to evaluate the implementation of Batho Pele Principles by health care providers at the selected mental health hospitals of Limpopo Province as a strategy to improve quality nursing care.
Open Access
Competence of midwives regarding prevention of low Apgar score among neonates
(2010-08) Mulondo, Seani Adrinah; Khoza, L. B.; Risenga, P. R.
The practice of obstetric nursing requires a midwife practitioner who is competent and practises independently in providing antenatal services during pregnancy, the progress of labour and conducts delivery on her own for a normal healthy baby with an Apgar score of 10/10 at one minute after birth. Mismanagement of labour and lack of delivery technique commonly lead to a low Apgar score of 7 or less at 5 minutes. The incidences of high or low statistics of babies born with low Apgar scores depend upon the competence of midwives in the management process prior to conception, during pregnancy, labour and neonatal care. The purpose of the study was to assess the competence of midwives regarding the prevention of low Apgar scores among neonates. The objectives of the study were to determine the competence of midwives with regard to the prevention of low Apgar scores, to assess the knowledge of midwives regarding the prevention of low Apgar scores among neonates and to determine the opinions of midwives regarding the prevention of low Apgar scores among neonates. The study was designed as a quantitative, descriptive research which was conducted to determine the competence of midwives regarding the prevention of low Apgar scores among neonates in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province. A representative sample of 100 midwives working in the maternity units of three district hospitals was selected. Data was collected in March 2007 to April 2007. A self-administered questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was used to collect data. Participants were selected using a nonprobability purposive sampling method. The findings revealed that midwives perceived themselves to be competent in performing most of the midwifery skills and furthermore knew how to perform some of the skills related to midwifery care. However, they perceived themselves to be incompetent in performing some critical skills and lacking in knowledge of some skills related to midwifery care such as taking and recording blood pressure correctly. One of the recommendations of the study was that standardised clinical guidelines should be included in the structured learning curriculum for undergraduate nurses. The recommendations were relevant to midwifery practice, nursing management and nursing education, and included recommendations for future research. The problem of low Apgar score needs to be researched in order to find solutions to it as it may have an impact on the midwives who are responsible for maternal and childcare services, parents of babies with low Apgar scores, the community and the Government, and the Department of Health concerned.
Open Access
Determination of strategies that contribute to nurse educator-student nurse neophyte interaction in the classroom setting
(2013-10-01) Mathevhula, Rirhandzu Friddah; Khoza, L. B.
Open Access
The development of an adapted tuberculosis directly observed treatment programme in Limpopo Province of South Africa.
(2013-02-25) Mabunda, Tiyane Edith.; Khoza, L. B.; Van Den Borne, B.
Metadata only
Development of an intervention programme for the prevention of complications of tuberculosis during pregnancy and puerperium period, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2017-09-18) Netshimbupfe - Mulondo, Seani Adrinah; Khoza, L. B.; Maputle, S. M.
The incidence of Tuberculosis has increased worldwide. High risk of Tuberculosis infection is attributed to the fact that mothers of childbearing age (15-44 years) are living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Despite the implementation of Basic Antenatal Care world-wide, mothers still present late at Antenatal Care facilities. Literature confirms that Tuberculosis in pregnancy representsa risk of maternal and neonatal complications. Factors associated with late presentation at Antenatal Care services after 14 weeks, aggravates the risk of late diagnosis and commencement of anti- Tuberculosis treatment. The purpose of the study was to develop an intervention programme for the prevention of Tuberculosis complications during pregnancy and the puerperium period in Limpopo province. The objectives were to identify maternal and neonatal complications from records; to determine mothers' behaviours and socio-environmental factors contributing to late presentation at Antenatal Care centres. The study followed a quantitative, qualitative and descriptive design. A non-probability purposive and convenient sampling approach was employed to select participants and hospitals; a random sampling approach was used to select records. A structured checklist with closed questions was used to collect data from records. Focus group discussions were conducted with midwives, mothers diagnosed and non-diagnosed mothers with Tuberculosis from ten selected hospitals. The findings revealed that visits to Traditional Health Practitioners or use of traditional medicine and inaccessibility of Primary Health Care facilities were associated with delays in presentation for Antenatal Care services. Records revealed that abortion in mothers and low birth weight in infants could be associated with maternal Tuberculosis. A framework programme was developed for mothers to address shortcomings identified. Recommendations were based on improvement of the management of midwifery practices focusing on maternal Tuberculosis, health education and campaigns. Mentoring of newly qualified midwives in obstetric care, mothers are encouraged to seek Primary Health Care facilities once missed menstruation, family and community members are encouraged to give support to diagnosed mothers with Tuberculosis.
Open Access
Experiences of family members caring for tuberculosis patients at home at Vhembe District in Limpopo Province
(2012-12-19) Sukumani, Tshavhuyo Joyce; Lebese, R. T.; Khoza, L. B.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease which enters the body by inhalation and mostly affects the lungs. TB is ranked among the leading infectious diseases worldwide, and in South Africa (SA) it has become an epidemic, because of its high prevalence and there are multiple factors that were found to be attributing to its existence and spread. This was reiterated by the then Minister of Health during the World TB day on the 24th March 2009 that the community and family should be responsible for caring for the patients at home (Minister of Health speech, 2009). The purpose of this study was to explore and describe experiences of family members caring for TB patients at home at Vhembe District of Limpopo Province. The objectives of this study were to explore and describe the experiences of family members caring for TB patients at home, identify and describe caring behaviour of family members when caring for TB patients at home, identify and describe challenges faced by family members while caring for TB patients at home. The study was qualitative, explorative, descriptive, phenomenological and contextual in nature. A purposive sampling method was used. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews guided by four questions. Tech's eight steps of qualitative data analysis was used. Measures to ensure trustworthiness and ethical issues were observed. The results of the study revealed that family members are experiencing difficulties when caring for TB patients at home. These difficulties include providing food, attending to hygienic needs, lack of equipments, financial constraints and this was said to contribute to physical and psychological exhaustion. Recommendations in relation to caring for TB patients at home, nursing practice, policy makers and research were also made.
Open Access
The experiences of teenage pregnancy by teenage mothers in the Thulamela Municipality of the Vhembe District in Limpopo Province
(2010-09) Mulelu, Virginia; Khoza, L. B.; Nemathaga, L. H.; Molapo, R. R.
Study background and purpose: Teenage pregnancy is a significant problem in today's society as it interferes with teenagers achieving success in life. Teenage pregnancy tends to prevent teenage mothers from compfeting their studies and places additional financial burdens on their parents. In developed countries, teenage pregnancy usually occurs outside marriage and in many communities and cultures carries a social stigma. However, teenage pregnancy may also be the resuU of sexuaf abuse or 1ncest, both of which feave emotionaf scars. The teenage mother may still be a scholar, with plans for the future and unresolved relationships. Still being a child herself, she is not sufficiently emotionally mature to take care of another child. This may lead to denial, parental rejection and the procurement of an unsafe abortion. Despite the heafth department services available, like family planning and the termination of pregnancies, the incidence of teenage pregnancy continues to rise. The purpose of this study was to understand the experience of pregnancy by teenage mothers in the Thulamela municipal of the Vhembe district, Umpopo Province. Study objectives: To explore and describe the experiences of teenage pregnancy and to identify and describe the factors that led to the pregnancy, as experienced by the teenage mothers. Methods: The study used a quaf1tat1ve design to expfore and describe the perceptions and experiences of teenage mothers. The study population comprised teenage mothers between 13 and 17 years of age, residing in the Thulamela Municipality of the Vhembe District in Limpopo province. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of teenage mothers from each of the five villages, and then a snowballing sampling technique was used to identify the 30 participants who met the criteria of the study. A different number of participants was identified in each village, as this depended on their availability. Data was collected through in-depth individual unstructured interviews, using two broad questions, "How did you experience teenage pregnancy? and, "What were the factors that contributed to your becoming pregnant?" During interviews, data was tape recorded and field notes were taken. Tesch' model for data analysis was used as guideline. The trustworthiness of the study (its credibility, dependability, confirmabilty and transferability strategies) was ensured, and all recommended ethical considerations were observed. Study Findings: Five major themes and sub-themes emerged. The findings of the study are discussed around the perceptions of the experience of pregnancy by the teenage mothers and their parents and male partners; abortion and the use of services to terminate pregnancy; knowledge of contraceptives, sexually transmitted infections and HIV and AIDS; factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy; and their perception of the consequences of pregnancy. Implications and recommendations: The study showed that the teenage mothers sampled experienced psychosocial, physiological, and economical problems. Various persons and institutions namely parents, teachers, health care providers, community and the government, failed to empower the teenage mothers with the knowledge and skills they required to make informed choices about their future. The study highlights the importance of coordinating multidisciplinary and intersectoral teams, involving parties such as school governors, School Health Services, Department of Education, communities and families, in order to find solutions to issues surrounding teenage pregnancies.
Open Access
Factors contributing to absenteeism and their effects on student nurses at the Limpopo College of Nursing
(2021-06) Mamatsharaga, Tshinyadzo; Shilubane, N. H.; Khoza, L. B.
Background Absenteeism among student nurses is a serious issue for nursing schools worldwide. The literature describes various individual, faculty and socio-environmental reasons contributing to absenteeism among student nurses. In South Africa, the increased rate of absenteeism results in most nurses not completing their studies and consequently leading to a shortage of professional nurses in the country. The purpose of this study was to determine factors contributing to absenteeism and their effects on student nurses at the Limpopo College of Nursing. Method The study followed a quantitative approach, using cross-sectional descriptive design. Purposive sampling was used to select three nursing campuses. The systematic sampling method was used to select participants. The target population was student nurses from the three selected nursing campuses in the Limpopo Province. Slovin's formula was used to calculate the number of participants for this study which was 259. A self-administered questionnaire, pre-tested among students with similar characteristics with study participants, was used for data collection. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics. An informed consent form was signed by those who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study. Results The findings of the study were that more male students than female students were absent. The poor environment on campuses and peer group influence were seen as contributing factors to absenteeism, as well as drug use, interaction with peers, poor security around students’ residence, lecturers reading from the book during lectures without explanation, voluntary class attendance, lack of space in the department and the use of teaching strategies.
Open Access
Knowledge and practices of women regarding cervical cancer prevention at Thulamela Municipality of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province
(2016) Ngambi, Doris; Ramathuba, D. U.; Ramakuela, N. J.; Khoza, L. B.
Cervical cancer remains one of the major public health problems globally, despite the fact that it is preventable and curable if identified at an early stage. Currently, cervical cancer is the leading cause of death among women in Sub-Saharan Africa where the knowledge about the disease is scarce among the affected population. Methods A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted in Thulamela Municipality of Limpopo Province. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge of cervical cancer prevention among women in four villages in Thulamela Municipality. The population of the study was composed of all women aged above 30 in the villages Malamulele, Mhinga, Muledane and Phiphidi. A sample of one thousand five hundred and forty-six (1546) was drawn using random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using a twenty-six-item questionnaire. The data were coded and then processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to produce frequency tables and descriptive statistics such as chi-square and correlation. Results A number of findings were made in this study. The majority of the women in this study had little or no knowledge about cervical cancer, human papilloma virus and vaccines. The majority of the women had little or no knowledge on cervical cancer risk factors and how the disease is spread. These findings were confirmed by chi-squared values at p<0.05 and showed significant association between variables: that young women were likely to be aware of cervical cancer compared to elderly women, educated women were more likely to be knowledgeable about cervical cancer than those with low education attainment, elderly women were more likely to be not worried about cervical cancer compared to young women. Correlation, Pearson rho scores at p<0.05 showed significant correlations knowledge of cervical cancer and age (negative), knowledge and education (positive). The findings signified the need for cervical cancer prevention education in Vhembe District, and the need for primary health care nurses to promote access to such services through robust health education. vi Recommendations The study made a number of practical recommendations likely to educate women about cervical cancer, human papilloma virus and its prevention. These include: The possibility of large hospitals having their own small broadcasting stations that will frequently disseminate information throughout the local municipalities, road shows and use of informal sector like politicians and traditional healers in disseminating information.
Open Access
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses's regarding mother-baby friendly initiative in non-accredited primary healthcare facilities of Makhuduthamaga Sub-District in Limpopo Province
(2017-09-18) Mgolozeli, Siyabulela Eric; Shilubane, N. H.; Khoza, L. B.
Background: The Mother-Baby Friendly Initiative (MBFI) promotes and supports breastfeeding in environments such as clinics, community health centres and hospitals that have fully-functioning maternity units. The implementation of the Mother-Baby Friendly Initiative in hospitals is associated with significant increases in the initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). The Mother-Baby Friendly Initiative also leads to improved healthcare for infants, children and provides improved maternal health to all mothers. The main aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of nurses regarding the Mother-Baby Friendly Initiative in non-accredited primary healthcare (PHC) facilities of Makhuduthamaga Sub-district. Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study designs were used with the quantitative method. All the 18 non-accredited primary healthcare facilities were purposively selected and a total sampling method was used to select all the nurses working in these non-accredited primary healthcare facilities. Permission to conduct the study was sought from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee and the Limpopo Department of Health Research Committee. Data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Content and face validity were enhanced before the actual data collection process. One hundred and ninety questionnaires were distributed and 164 responded, giving a response rate of 86.3%. Cronbach’s alpha test determined the reliability and reflected 0.981, indicating high reliability. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 23.0 and the Pearson coefficient of correlation established the relationship between variables. The study followed ethical considerations such as privacy, autonomy, confidentiality, fair treatment and right to self-determination. Results: In this study, 50.6% were professional nurses (PNs), 6.7% were nursing managers (NMs), 15.2% were enrolled nurses (ENs) and 27.4% were enrolled nursing assistants (ENAs). This study found that 100% of NMs, 65.1% of PNs, 54.2% of ENs and 26.7% of ENAs had received formal training on lactation management. Seventy-two percent (72%) of NMs, 90.4% of PNs, 72% of ENs vii and 66.7% of ENAs were knowledgeable about the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. This analysis found that the majority of nurses agreed that MBFI increases breastfeeding rates. Results showed that 63.6% of NMs, 69.6% of PNs, 56% of ENs and 46.7% of ENAs teach and demonstrate hand-milk expression to breastfeeding mothers. Furthermore, this research revealed that there was a significant relationship between the knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses with a p-value of (p-00.01). Recommendations and Conclusion: This study recommends that all nurses should receive formal training on MBFI implementation and this should be conducted to improve ENs and ENAs’ awareness about MBFI. MBFI should be integrated into the training curriculum for all nursing categories. This study further recommends that a support model for implementation of MBFI be developed and implemented.
Open Access
Lived experiences of mothers when providing Kangaroo mother care at the hospitals in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2018-09-21) Mulaudzi, Thivhavhudzi Mavis; Ndou, N. D.; Khoza, L. B.
Each year, an estimated 3.6 million infants die worldwide in the first four weeks of life due to complications of premature birth. One-third of Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies die within the first 12 hours after delivery. The main reasons premature babies are at greater risk of illness and death is that they lack the ability to control their body temperature meaning that they get cold or hypothermic very quickly. Kangaroo Mother Care reduces mortality and if widely applied it could reduce deaths in premature newborn babies. The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the lived experiences of mothers when providing Kangaroo Mother Care at the hospitals in Vhembe District of Limpopo province. Qualitative approach with explorative descriptive, contextual and phenomenological designs were employed to explore the experiences of mothers when providing Kangaroo Mother Care. The study population consisted of all mothers who were providing Kangaroo Mother Care. A non-probability convenience sampling method was used to determine the sample of the study. The size of the sample was determined by data saturation. In-depth individual interviews were conducted using a central question. The Tesch’s eight steps of open-coding model guided the process to analyse data. Trustworthiness was ensured throughout by employing the principles of credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability. Ethical considerations were followed to protect the participants. Recommendations were made based on the research findings. The findings of the study revealed that mothers who provide Kangaroo Mother Care experience challenges. They received inconsistent information about the practice of Kangaroo Mother Care from nurses. The relationship between mothers and nurses was good. Recomendations were made based on the findings and relevant structures in order to ensure that mothers challenges are addressed. The study revealed ineffective support provided to mothers by nurses and family members.
Open Access
Midwifery Practice Guidelines to Promote Quality Care of Preterm Babies in Resource-Limited Obstetric Units of Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2018-09-21) Malwela, Thivhulawi; Maputle, M. S.; Khoza, L. B.; Ramakuela, J. N.
Preterm birth is an unresolved health issue; globally it is the largest contributor to mortality among children under 5 years of age. Worldwide, approximately 9.6% of all births are preterm which the World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes as one of the top ten causes of neonatal deaths. The alarming rates of preterm births and deaths may be directly linked to the shortage of resources and an inadequate database of midwifery care guidelines for midwives in South Africa resulting in poor maternal care in public health. This study sought to develop midwifery practice guidelines to promote quality care of preterm babies in resource-limited obstetric units of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The convergent parallel mixed method was used, explorative, descriptive and contextual qualitative design were run concurrently with the descriptive quantitative approach. For the qualitative design, non-probability purposive sampling was used to select midwives and managers from Limpopo Province. In-depth one-to-one interviews were conducted with 11 midwives and 4 managers. Tesch’s eight steps of open-coding was used to analyze qualitative data. Trustworthiness was ensured through credibility, confirmability, dependability and transferability. For the quantitative approach, 31 midwives and 24 managers completed the Likert scale questionnaire. The non-probability method was employed to select midwives and managers to make up a sample size of 55 participants. Reliability and validity of the instrument was ensured through extensive literature review and a pilot study. Data were analyzed with the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis yielded three themes as follows: the role of midwives in reduction of preterm births and deaths in obstetric units; challenges faced by midwives whilst executing their role during preconception, antenatal, labour and v puerperium period; support needed by midwives during provision of maternal and neonatal care to reduce preterm births and deaths. In the discussion of the findings, qualitative findings were supported by quantitative findings. The WHO model (PICOS & GRADES) was adapted in the development of the guidelines. The group then validated the guidelines using a closed-ended checklist to verify whether the guidelines were congruent with practice. The results were analyzed through simple descriptive statistics where the data were summarized using frequency
Open Access
A model to enhance training for male student nurses in midwifery nursing science in the Limpopo Province
(2018-09-18) Mthombeni, Courage Salvah; Maputle, M. S.; Khoza, L. B.
See the attached abstract below
Open Access
A model to fascilitate women's coping with menopause
(2013-09-18) Ramakuela-Mashamba, Nditsheni Jeanette; Khoza, L. B.; Akinsola, H. A.
Open Access
A model to support professional nurses for patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS-related illness in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province
(2016-01-06) Ndou, Nthomeni Dorah; Lebese, R. T.; Khoza, L. B.
Open Access
Strategies for enhancing the competence of lay counsellors that provide voluntary HIV counselling and testing programme in the Mopani District, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2015-02-03) Ramalepe, Mankuba Jacobeth; Khoza, L. B.; Maputle, M. S.
HIV counselling and testing has been recognised as an important component of HIV and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) care and support, and is an essential part of HIV testing. In South Africa a commonly used model for counselling for HIV and AIDS in health facilities is performed by lay counsellors. In many countries Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been found to be effective in reducing HIV infection, and helping partners to cope with illness. The use of lay counsellors is a way of scaling up VCT uptake services. Lay counsellors are trained and supervised by Non-Governmental Organizations working in partnership with the government Department of Health. The trained lay counsellors work alongside health professional in public health clinics and hospitals. The purpose of the study was to develop strategies to enhance the competence of the lay counsellors implementing VCT in the health facilities of Mopani District, Limpopo Province. The findings of the study were used to develop strategies to enhance the competence of lay counsellors when implementing VCT programme. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this study. The qualitative study assisted the researcher to develop an understanding of the phenomenon as it exists in the real world. The research was conducted in the health facilities of the Mopani Districts, Greater Tzaneen, Greater Letaba and Baphalaborwa. The population consisted of lay counsellors implementing VCT in the health facilities. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview tool for Focus Group Discussions and individual interviews, and a structured checklist for observational sessions. Data collected from focus groups and from individual interviews were analysed qualitatively through the open coding method. Data from the structured observational checklist were analysed using the SPSS Version 15 to obtain frequency distributions and percentages. Ethical clearance was submitted together with the research proposal to the Limpopo Department of Health and Social Development Research Ethics Committee. All lay counsellors signed informed consent form before they could participate in the study. The researcher obtained permission to conduct the study from Mopani District Department of Health and Social Development and supervisors of the clinics. The research results revealed that lay counsellors were proficient in implementing the basic competencies of the VCT programme; however, they lacked some important counselling skills and knowledge of processes that should be implemented when counselling clients. The researcher recommends that regular in-service training, supervision, mentoring and monitoring should be implemented to increase the competence of lay counsellors. Based on the findings of this study, strategies were developed to improve the competence of lay counsellors.
Open Access
A supportive care model for mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in selected health institutions of Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2018-09-21) Raliphaswa, Ndidzulafhi Selina; Ramakuela, N. J.; Tugli, A. K.; Khoza, L. B.
Disability is the most painful experience for the mother and relatives when a child is born. This is because every parent expects a normal child once a woman conceives. For a mother to be able to cope with their children they need to be supported emotionally, psychologically and physically by the family members, community, and health care professionals and other support service providers.The overall purpose of the study was to develop a model to support mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in selected institutions of Limpopo Province.An exploratory sequential mixed method was employed which includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches to guide the study.Population was all mothers of children with intellectual disabilitiesand health care professionals from the selected institutions where the research was conducted. Health care professionals were purposively selected whereas mothers were conveniently selected. The study was carried out in two phases i.e Phase1(a & b) and Phase 2. Qualitative results were used to build a subsequent quantitative phase. In Phase 1a,a qualitative approach was employed using descriptive and exploratory designs. Qualitative data was collected through individual interviews.Data analyses were done utilising Tesch’s open coding method.In Phase 1b was quantitative approach wherein a cross-sectional descriptive design was used.Questionnaireswere developed and data were collected from the health care professionals in the selected study areas.Data analyses were done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 and the level of statistical difference being set at p<0,05.In Phase 2, concept analysis, model development and validation of the model were performed. Themes and sub- themes were identified from the analysed data. Current study revealed that some mothers were fully supported and some were not supported at all by both the family, friends, relatives, community members and health care professionals. Hence continuous support was seen to be very crucial to them.The study recommendations include: open communication, social, psychological and emotional support, combined available support services, access to special schools and formulation of support groups.
Open Access
The domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province in South Africa
(2007-05-14) Madzimbalale, Fikile Crescent; Khoza, L. B.
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe district. The research design was qualitative, descriptive and exploratory. The study population included all women who experienced domestic violence in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of 12 women who were abused by their husbands and admitted to unit A in a particular hospital. Participation in this study was voluntary. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained by using code numbers on participants' responses. Participants' responses were tape-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. The research question used read as follows: Share with me your lived experience of domestic violence. In-depth individual interviews were used to collect data from the participants. Data analysis was carried out using an open-coding method consisting of eight steps provided by Tesch. The findings of the study revealed that the following categories appeared to be most frequently experienced by participants: • physical violence such as battering, being scarred, burning, suffering fractures and stab wounds; • psychological/emotional violence including being sworn at, yelled at, mocked, and called names; • economic violence revealed by money being withheld; • social violence including isolation, not being allowed to visit or be visited; • sexual violence such as rape and unprotected sex. Community information and education programmes regarding the nature and unacceptability of domestic violence should be developed. Such programmes should address cultural aspects of behaviour that uphold male aggression, beating and abuse of women as acceptable. Women need to be empowered through education, employment opportunities, legal literacy, and right to inheritance. In conclusion, the findings of the study provided valuable information on the domestic violence experiences of women in the Vhembe district.

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