Swivulwa swa swipimelo eka Xitsonga: Maendlelo ma khopasi (Conditional Sentences in Xitsonga: A Corpus Approach)

Abstract

Ndzavisiso lowu wu kambisisile swivulwa swa swipimelo eka Xitsonga. Swivulwa swa swipimelo hi swin’wana swa tinxaka ta swivulwa leswi nga si lavisisiwaka hi vuenti eka tindzimi hi ku angarhela. Eka tindzimi ta Xintima ta laha Afrika-Dzonga, ku katsa na Xitsonga ku na mpfumaleko wa milavisiso ya swivulwa swa swipimelo. Ndzavisiso lowu wu ringetile ku engetela eka milavisiso yitsongo mayelana na swivulwa swa swipimelo eka Xitsonga hi ku kongomisa eka dyondzotinhlamuselo, xivumbekomarito na vulongoloxamarito. Ndzavisiso lowu wu tekile xivumbeko xa maendlelo ma nkoka hikuva wu kongomisile eka ku hlengeleta, ku hlahluva, na ku hlamusela swivulwa swa swipimelo eka Xitsonga. Wu simekiwile ehenhla ka tithiyori timbirhi ta Speech Act na Cognitive Linguistic approach. Mahungu ma ndzavisiso lowu ma hlengeletiwile hi ku tirhisa endlelo ra khopasi laha mulavisisi a tsavuleke vuxokoxoko bya swivulwana na swivulwa leswi nga na swipimelo kusuka eka tinovhele ta Xitsonga ta khumentlhanu leti landzelaka: N’waninginingi ma ka tindleve (1981) hi F.A.Thuketana, Ndzi tsandzekile (1984) hi G.A. Ritshuri, Swa yila (1991) hi K.T.C Manganyi, Xona hi xihi? (1991) hi D.R. Maluleke, Nsuku wa mina (1992) hi W.R. Chauke, Ximambana (1992) hi M.M. Mabuza, Hi ya kwihi? (1993) hi M.J. Maluleke, Makumu ya Vutomi byebyo (1994) hi E.Mc Miyen, Vutomi i vhilwa (1995) hi N.R. Mgiba, Mulunguntima (1996) hi T.H. Khosa, U khanya mani? (1996) hi M.G. Magagane, I Vutomi (1998) hi C.M. Lubisi, Ndzi ta n’wi kuma (2004) hi W.R. Chauke, Mibya ya Nyekanyeka (2008) hi B.K.M. Mtombeni, na Mpimavayeni (2016) hi M.N.K. Mtileni. Mahungu ma ndzavisiso lowu ma xopaxopiwile hi ku tirhisa endlelo ra nxopaxopo wa vundzeni bya matsalwa. Ku kumiwile leswi landzelaka mayelana na swivulwa swa swipimelo swa Xitsonga. Eka dyondzotinhlamuselo ku kumiwile leswaku ku na tinxaka tinharhu letikulu ta swivulwa swa swipimelo. Rixaka ro sungula i swivulwa swa swipimelo swa ntiyiso, rixaka leri ri aviwile hi tinxaka tinharhu ku nga: swivulwa swa swipimelo swo olova, swivulwa swa swipimelo swo ehleketelela na swivulwa swa swipimelo swo vhumba. Swivulwa swa swipimelo swo olova swona swi avanyisiwile hi swiphemu swimbirhi ku nga: swivulwa swa swipimelo swo angarhela na swivulwa swa swipimelo swa ntolovelo. Kasi na swivulwa swa swipimelo swo ehleketelela swi avanyisiwile hi tinxaka timbirhi ku nga: swivulwa swa swipimelo swo tumbela na swivulwa swa le rivaleni. Rixaka ra vumbirhi i swivulwa swa swipimelo swo ka swi nga ri swa ntiyiso, rixaka leri ri aviwile hi tinxaka timbirhi ku nga: swivulwa swa swipimelo swa nkumbetelo na swivulwa swa swipimelo swo landzula. Rixaka ra vunharhu i swivulwa swa swipimelo swa mpfumelelano. Eka xivumbekomarito ku kumiwile leswaku swivulwa swa swipimelo swi vumbiwa hi swiphemu swimbirhi ku nga: xivulwana xa xipimelo na xivulwana xo pfumala xipimelo. Nakambe ku kumiwile leswaku swivulwa swa swipimelo swi tirhisa mifungho, mfungho wa p wu tirhisiwa eka xivulwana xa xipimelo kasi xivulwana xo pfumala xipimelo xi tirhisa mfungho wa q kumbe a. Ku tlherile ku kumiwa leswaku ku na mahlanganisi lama tirhiswaka eka swivulwa swa swpimelo. Ku tlherile ku kumiwa leswaku ku na swivulwa swa swipimelo swo pfumala mahlanganisi. Eka vulongoloxamarito ku kumiwile leswaku swivulwa swa swipimelo swi tala ku longoloka hi ku va ku rhanga xivulwana xa xipimelo kutani xi landziwa hi xivulwana xa xipimelo, kambe mikarhi yin’wana ku rhanga xivulwana xo pfumala xipimelo. Ku tlherile ku kumiwa leswaku swivulwa swa swipimelo swi nga va na xipimelo xin’we, swipimelo swimbirhi kumbe swipimelo swinharhu. Swikumiwa leswi kumiweke eka ndzavisiso lowu swi ta pfuna eka vatirhisi va ririmi lava navelaka ku kuma vutivi mayelana na swivulwa swa swipimelo eka Xitsonga.

The study investigated conditionals in Xitsonga. Conditionals are types of sentences that have not yet been thoroughly investigated. There are a few studies on conditionals in South African languages, including Xitsonga. This study sought to close the current gap by undertaking an in-depth analysis of Xitsonga conditionals semantically, morphologically, and syntactically. The qualitative research method was used since the study focuses on interpreting, collecting, and analysing non-numeric data on Xitsonga conditionals. The study was based on Speech Act Theory and the Cognitive Linguistic approach. The corpus-based approach to data collection was utilised to gather data by extracting relevant clauses and sentences with conditionals from the following Xitsonga Novels: N’waninginingi ma ka tindleve (1981) by F.A. Thuketana, Ndzi tsandzekile (1984) by G.A. Ritshuri, Swa yila (1991) by K.T.C. Manganyi, Xona hi xihi? (1991) by D.R. Maluleke, Nsuku wa mina (1992) by W.R. Chauke, Ximambana (1992) by M.M. Mabuza, Hi ya kwihi? (1993) by M.J. Maluleke, Makumu ya Vutomi byebyo (1994) by E.Mc Miyen, Vutomi i vhilwa (1995) by N.R.Mgiba, Mulunguntima (1996) by T.H. Khosa, U khanya mani? (1996) by M.G. Magagane, I Vutomi (1998) by C.M. Lubisi, Ndzi ta n’wi kuma (2004) by W.R. Chauke, Mibya ya Nyekanyeka (2008) by B.K.M. Mtombeni, and Mpimavayeni (2016) by M.N.K. Mtileni. In this study, purposive sampling was used to sample the data. The data collected for this study were thoroughly analysed using a “descriptive method.” Below are findings about Xitsonga conditionals. In the field of semantic analysis, three distinct categories of conditions are identified. The first category includes real conditionals, which can be further divided into three classifications: simple, inference, and future conditionals. It has been noted that simple conditionals can be categorized into two subtypes: generic and habitual conditionals. Conversely, inference conditionals are split into two forms, specifically, explicit and implicit conditionals. The second category comprises unreal conditionals, which are classified into two types: hypothetical and counterfactual conditionals. The third category consists of concessive conditionals. Through morphological analysis, it has been established that conditionals are made up of two clauses, referred to as protasis and apodosis; protasis is represented as p, while apodosis is denoted as q or a. Conditionals are generally marked by subordinating conjunctions; however, there are certain conditions that may not employ these conjunctions. From a syntactical standpoint, it has been confirmed that there is a common logical sequence concerning the arrangement of clauses. In most instances, protasis begins the sentence, followed by apodosis; however, there are occasions where this order is inverted. Furthermore, it has been discovered that conditional sentences may include one, two, or three occurrences of protasis. The findings of this study are significant and will be highly useful to language users seeking insights into the nature of Xitsonga conditionals.