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Item Embargo Mavonelo ya machudeni ya vudyondzisi ya Xitsonga na vadyondzi eka nxevotindzimi eka tidyondzo to dyondzisiwa hi Xinghezi (Exploring language attitudes of students-teachers and learners towards code-switching in delivering and assimilation of content subjects: A case of Xitsonga(2026-05-19) Chauke, Fikile Phyllis; Babane, M. T.; Mathebula, T. T. N.Xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku lavisisa mavonelo ya vadyondzisi va Xitsonga lava nga si tokotaka xikan’we na vadyondzi eka mhaka ya nxevotindzimi laha ku xeviwaka eka tidyondzo leti ku dyondzisiwaka hi Xinghezi ku ya eka Xitsonga. Vadyondzisi lava ha tokotaka ku kongomisiwa eka machudeni ya yunivhesiti kumbe kholeji ya dyondzo lava nga se hetisaka tidyondzo ta vona. Machudeni lawa va languteriwa ku ya dyondza ku dyondzisa eswikolweni leswi va tikhetalaka swona. Ndzavisiso lowu wu ta xiyisisa eka maendlelo yo xeva eka ririmi rin’wana leswi endlekaka eka ku dyondza na ku dyondzisa etlilasini. Theme ra nxevotindzimi ri humelela loko muvulavuri loyi a nga na vutivi bya tindzimi timbirhi kumbe ku tlula, a pfa a xeva eka ririmi rin’wana ku endlela leswaku vayingiseri va n’wi twisisa. Ndzavisiso lowu i wa nkoka hikokwalaho wu ta tirhisa maendlelo ya nkoka lama katsaka ku hlavutela, ku hlengeleta xikan’we na ku xopaxopa vuxokoxoko lebyi nga riki bya tinomboro. Ku ta tirhisisiwa maendlelo mambirhi yo hlengeleta vuxokoxoko ku nga ya vuxiyaxiya na nhlokohliso wa swivutiso. Endzhaku ka loko vuxokoxoko byi hlengeletiwile hi ku hlokohlisa na ku xiyisisa, mulavisisi u ta kota ku teka swiboho swa leswi vaaki va hanyisaka xiswona hi ku landza vuxokoxoko lebyi a byi kumeke. Ku ta langhiwa swikolo swa sekondari swinharhu hi ku tirhisa maendlelo yo sampula ya xikongomelo, swikolo leswi nga ehansi ka sekete ya Malamulele eLimpopo, swichudeni swa vudyondzisi swa ntlhanu, vadyondzisi lava letelaka swichudeni swa vudyondzisi va ntlhanu, xikan’we na vadyondzi giredi khume kusuka eka swikolo leswi nga ta hlawuriwa. Ndzavisiso wu komba leswaku vadyondzi va sekondari va swi tsakela swinene loko machudeni ya vudyondzisi va dyondzisa tidyondzotsongo leti ririmi ro dyondza na ro dyondzisa ku nga Xinghezi kutani va pfa va xeva eka ririmi ra manana. Vadyondzi lava loko mudyondzisi a ri eku dyondziseni hi Xinghezi va yimela leswaku a xeva eka Xitsonga. Ndzavisiso lowu wu ta pfuna machudeni ya vudyondzisi na vadyondzi etlilasini laha ku dyondzisiwaka hi Xinghezi, ku tirhisa Xinghezi hi ndlela leyi faneleke. The study aims to investigate the language attitudes of student-teachers and learners towards code-switching from English to their mother tongue in the English content classroom. Student-teachers are university students who are teachers in the making. They are required to do compulsory practical learning which involves learning in and through practice at schools. This study will report on code-switching behaviour, a common linguistic phenomenon in teaching and learning content subjects. Code-switching refers to the alteration of two or more languages by bilinguals in the same conversation. The study is within a qualitative paradigm since it will require the interpretation, collection, and analysis of non-numerical data. The data collection techniques will be both observation and interviews. The design of this study will be an ethnography. Purposive sampling will be used to select the three secondary schools in the Malamulele circuit in Limpopo, ten content subject student teachers, ten student teacher mentors, and grade 10 learners in the selected secondary schools. All the participants will be from rural schools, and their home language is Xitsonga. Both the student-teachers and the learners encounter English as an acquired language only at school. The study revealed that secondary school learners have positive attitudes towards the student teachers' use of their mother tongue while teaching content subjects whose medium of instruction is English. These learners are always ready for the student teachers to switch over to the mother tongue. The reason for student teachers to code-switch is to fulfill academic functions since the English language proficiency of the learners is limited or sketchy. The study will add value for student-teachers and learners in the English content classroom to use English correctly, precisely, and appropriately.Item Embargo Nkanelo wa matimba na tipolitiki swa mathyelo ya mavito hi ku kongomisa eka tinovhele ta Xitsonga (The analysis of power and politics of naming with special reference to Xitsonga novels)(2026-05-19) Sibuyi, Antoinette Zandile; Chauke, M. T.; Babane, M. T.Ndzavisiso lowu wu xopaxopile ntlhanu wa tinovhele leti tsariweke hi vatsari vo hambana. Tsalwa rin’wana na rin’wana ri xopaxopiwile hi ku tirhisa maendlelo ya matsalwa na nhlamuselo swa swona hi xikongomelo xo thumbha swihlawulekisinene na nkalaswihlawulekisinene swa hilaha mathyelo ya nga xiswona. Mavito ya ni xiave xa nkoka eka xivumbeko xa ririmi ra tsalwa. Ndzavisiso lowu wu xopaxopile mavito hi xikongomelo xo kombisa timhaka ta ndhavuko leti kucetelaka ku hlawuriwa ka mavito na switandzhaku leswi mavito ya swimunhuhatwa leswi swi nga na wona eka mitirho leyi swi yi tirhaka. Ndzavisiso lowu i ndzavisiso wa mavito ya vanhu ya swimunhuhatwa eka tinovhele leti hlawuriweke ta ntlhanu ta Xitsonga. Mavito eka matsalwa i vuyimeri na swikombeto swa vumunhu. Hileswaku mavito ya pfuneta nhlawutelo wa tsalwa. Loko ku ri hava mavito ya swimunhuhatwa a swi olovi ku twisisa xikongomelonkulu ku katsa na swikongomelotsongo swa tsalwa. Xikongomelokulu xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku xopaxopa xiave lexi matimba na tipolitiki swi vaka na swona eka mathyelo swimunhuhatwa eka ntlhanu wa tinovhele leti hlawuriweke ta Xitsonga. Matsalwa lama nga xopaxopiwa hi lama landzelaka: Mibya ya nyekanyeka (1965) hi Mthombeni BKM, I Vutomi (1982) hi Lubisi CM, Ntsendzeleki (1990) hi Khosa GS, Ximitantsengele (2016) hi Shabangu IS and Swi tlula magandzelo (2019) hi Shabangu IS. This study focuses on five novels written by different authors and employs a qualitative research method. Each text will be examined using both textual and thematic approaches to identify the strengths and weaknesses related to character naming. Names play a crucial role in the linguistic structure of literary texts, and this study seeks to explore how sociocultural factors influence the choice of names and the impact these names have on the characters' roles. The research specifically analyses the personal names of characters in the selected Xitsonga novels from a literary anthropomastic perspective. Names within literary texts are symbolic and serve as indicators of character, contributing to the interpretation of the work. Without the names of characters, it becomes nearly impossible to grasp the main theme and its subtheme. The primary aim of this study is to examine the role that power and politics play in the naming of characters in the five selected Xitsonga novels. The literary works analysed include "Mibya ya Nyekanyeka" (1965) by Mthombeni BKM, "I Vutomi" (1982) by Lubisi CM, "Ntsendzeleki" (1990) by Khosa GS, "Ximitantsengele" (2016), and "Swi Tlua Magandzelo" (2019) by Shabangu IS.Item Embargo The Impact of Domestication and Mother Tongue Interference in Translation: A Case of Xitsonga(2026-05-19) Rikhotso, Wendy; Baloyi, M. J.; Tshovhewavho, O. J.Translation plays a vital role in language development by facilitating cultural exchange, disseminating knowledge, and driving linguistic evolution. This study investigates the impact of domestication and Mother Tongue Interference on the translation of Xitsonga texts, with a focus on legal, medicinal, and Christian religious language. The study adopted the qualitative method and applied the qualitative approach to collect data. The study used interviews with Xitsonga professional translators, language experts, academics, and native speakers. The study employed a qualitative research method, utilising textual analysis as the primary data collection method. The findings reveal that domestication, adapting content to culturally familiar expressions, is preferred in the medicinal domain to enhance clarity and public understanding. Conversely, Mother Tongue Interference (MTI), which retains source language structure and terminology, is commonly used in legal and religious texts to preserve formal and theological integrity, although it sometimes compromises comprehension. Participants highlighted the need for a context-sensitive and audience-aware application of translation strategies. The study concludes that a hybrid approach enhances both the accessibility and authenticity of Xitsonga translations, contributing to its linguistic development, sociocultural relevance, and revitalisation. The insights derived offer guidance for translation practitioners and language policymakers working in minority and underrepresented language contexts.Item Embargo U tambudzwa havhana lushakani ho sedzwa nganea mbili dza Tshivenda(2026-05-19) Maphangwa, Mphumudzeni Leonart; Mathabi, M.; Makhado, A. J.Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo ḓisendeka kha u sengulusa u tambudzwa ha vhana lushakani ho sedzwa nganea mbili dza Tshivenḓa dzo tou topolwaho dzine dza vha: Nandi ndi shenga (Sigogo, 2016) na Ḽi a kovhela (Mugweṋa, 2015). Thaidzo ya ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi u tambudzwa ha vhana lushakani zwine zwa vha na masiandaitwa kha vhana vhenevho vhunga zwi tshi vha ṱuṱuwedza uri vha xelelwe nga vhumatshelo na u sa vha na mutakalo wavhuḓi. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi ya ndeme sa vhu nga vhana vha tshi ḓo wana ndamulelo kha u tambudzwa havho lushakani. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo shumisa thyori ya Social learning yo tombulwaho nga Bandura (1977) ine ya amba nga ha vhuḓifari kana kutshilele kune muthu a tou ku guda nga u tou lavhelesa kha vhaṅwe vhathu, hu nga vha miṱani kana mivhunduni. Ngona ya ṱhoḓisiso yo shumiswaho ndi ya khwaḽithethivi vhunga ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo bvisela khagala u tambudzwa ha vhana u bva kha nganea mbili dza Tshivenḓa. Kha ṱhoḓisiso iyi ho shuma lushaka lwa ṱhumbulo i si na khonadzeo ya u nanga vhunga muṱoḓisisi o shumisa nganea mbili dza Tshivenḓa dze a tou ḓinangela ene muṋe. Muṱoḓisisi o shumisa ṱhumbulo yo livhaho (purposive sampling) vhunga ho nangwa nganea dzine dza amba nga ha u tambudzwa ha vhana lushakani dzine dza vha Nandi ndi shenga (Sigogo, 2016) na Ḽi a kovhela (Mugweṋa, 2015). Muṱoḓisisi o kuvhanganya data a i sengulusa nga nḓila ya u tou sengulusa maṅwalwa (document analysis) he a shumisa thero dzo fhambanaho (themes) u bva kha idzo nganea mbili dza Tshivenḓa. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo ita uri u tambudzwa ha vhana hu fhungudzee kana hu fhele tshoṱhe nahone i ḓo thusa uri vhana vha aluwe vhe na mitakalo na vhumatshelo havhuḓi.Item Embargo Nsiyeto eka swinwana swa swirungulwana swa Xitsonga(2025-09-19) Maswanganyi, Khazamula Negroes; Hlungwani, M. C.; Chauke, M. T.Item Embargo Ntsongohato Eka Xitsonga (Dimunitives in Xitsonga)(2025-09-05) Vass, Andzisa; Hlungwani, M. C.; Mathebula, Tatana O.Xikongomelokulu xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku lavisisa ntsongohato eka Xitsonga. Ndzavisiso lowu wu simekiwile ehenhla ka pharadayimi ya ntiyiso naswona wu landzelela xivumbeko xa nkoka, leswi vulaka leswaku wu langutisa eka timhaka ta nkoka leti hlamuseriwaka hi ntsongohato kungari tinomboro. Mahungu ma hlengeletiwile hi ku tirhisa maendlelo ma khopasi, hi ku tsavula mahungu eka matsalwa ya ntlhanu ya tinovhele. Eka tinovhele ku tsavuriwile swivulwa leswi nga ni ntsongohato kutani swi tirhisiwa tanihi mahungu ma ndzavisiso. Swivulwa leswi tsavuriweke eka tinovhele swi xopaxopiwile hi ku tirhisa nxopaxopo wa vundzeni bya tsalwa. Swivulwa leswi tsavuriweke swi hleriwile hi ku landzelela thiyori ya “optimality” leyi tumbuluxiweke hi Prince na Smolensky. Thiyori ya “optimality” yi kongomisa eka leswaku mavumbelo ya ririmi ma fambelana na mpfumelelo lowu nga va kona ehenhla ka swipimelo swo karhi. Ndzavisiso a wu langutile eka swiyenge swa mune ku nga xiyenge xa xivumbeko, mofofonoloji, vulongoloxamarito, na tinhlamuselo swa ntsongohato hi ku kongomisa eka maviti, maendli, maengeteri, mabumabumeri, na maencisi. Ndzavisiso wu kumile leswaku ntsongohato wu nga vumbiwa hi tindlela ta tsevu, hi ku tirhisa xirhangi xi-/swi- na xilandzi -ana, xirhangi xi-/swi- na xilandzi -nyana, xirhangi xi-/swi- na xilandzi -etana, xirhangi xi-/swi- na swilandzi -ana na -nyana, xilandzi -ana ntsena na xilandzi -nyana ntsena. Ndlela leyi nga toloveka swinene ngopfu ku va yi tirhisiwa ku vumba ntsongohato i yo lungelela xilandzi -nyana ntsena. Eka xiyenge xa mofofonoloji ku kumiwile leswaku ku hundzuka ngopfu mipfumawulo ya marito hi ku va yi ndzin’wihatiwa, nomuhatiwa no ndzakahatiwa, loko ku vumbiwa ntsongohato hi ku lungelela xirhangi xi-/swi- na xilandzi -ana. Kasi loko ku vumbiwa ntsongohato hi ku lungelela xirhangi xi-/swi- na xilandzi -etana a swi tolovelekangi ngopfu ku va mipfumawulo yi hundzuka hikuva yo ndzakahatiwa ntsena. Eka xiyenge xa vulongoloxamarito ndzavisiso wu kumile leswaku eka tinxaka tinharhu ta swivulwa: xivulwan’we, xivulwampfilungano, na xivulwankatsano, marito lama nga tsongohatiwa ma xaxamela swinene ngopfu eka xivulwan’we. Eka xiyenge xa tinhlamuselo ku kumiwile tinhlamuselo ta tsevu ku nga nhlamuselo ya ntsongohato wo komba vutsongo hi xivumbeko, vutsongo hi mpimo, vutsongo hi ntalo, vutsongo hi vukhale, ku sola na ku tsakela. Nhlamuselo leyi nga toloveka swinene ngopfu i nhlamuselo ya ntsongohato wo komba vutsongo hi xivumbeko.Item Embargo Thodisiso yau tsikeledzwa ha luambo lwa Tshivenda kha matabya a thelevishini fhano Afrika Tshipembe(2025-09-05) Tshivhase, Vhahangwele Theonah; Netshisaulu, N. C.; Raphalalani, M. R.Luambo ndi tshipiḓa tsha ndeme kha vhutshilo ha ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe. Fhano Afrika Tshipembe hu na nyambo dza fumimbili dza tshiofisi ho katelwa na luambo lwa tswayo. Naho zwo ralo, hu na nyambo dza tshiofisi dza fumimbili, hu ḓi vha na nyambo dziṅwe dzine dza takulelwa nṱha ngeno dziṅwe dzi tshi khou ṱukufhadzwa kana hone u dzhielwa fhasi. Luambo lwa Tshivenḓa ndi luṅwe lwa nyambo dzine dza dzhielwa fhasi fhano kha shango ḽa Afrika Tshipembe, kha zwithu zwoṱhe ro katela u shumiswa phaḽamenndeni, kha vhubindudzi, matambya a theḽevishini, kha vhurereli na huṅwe fhethu hunzhihunzhi. Thaidzo ya ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi ya u tsikeledzwa ha luambo lwa Tshivenḓa kha matambya a theḽevishini, hune naho ḽitambya ḽi ḽa Tshivenḓa hu vho pfhalesa dziṅwe nyambo u fhira Tshivenḓa tshone tshiṋe. U tsikeledzwa ha luambo ndi kale zwi hone fhedzi vhathu a vha zwi dzhieli nṱha ngauri ri khou tshila kha tshifhinga tsha zwino tshine hu ambya nyambo dzo fhambanaho. Nḓivho ya ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi ya u sengulusa u tsikeledzwa ha luambo lwa Tshivenḓa kha matambya a theḽevishini fhano Afrika Tshipembe, khathihi na u bvisela khagala zwiitisi zwine zwa ita uri luambo lwa Tshivenḓa lu tsikeledzwe kha matambya a theḽevishini. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo dovha ya sumbedzisa u pfhesesa nyambo dzine dza takalelwa nga vhaṱaleli na u sumbedzisa nḓila ya kushumiselwe kwa luambo kha matambya uri hu engedzwe tshivhalo tsha vhathu vhane vha ṱalela matambya. U vusuludza nga ha vhundeme ha nyambo dza Afrika Tshipembe kha khasho (media) na u themendela milayo ine ya tikedza u imelwa hu linganaho ha nyambo kha matambya a theḽevishini fhano Afrika Tshipembe. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo ḓi tika nga thyiori ya “The social expectation theory”. Kha ṱhoḓisiso iyi hu ḓo shuma ngona ya khwaḽithethivi ine ya ḓo shumisa inthaviyu u kuvhanganya mafhungo u bva kha vhathu vhane vho dzhenela ṱhoḓisiso iyi vho tumbulwaho ho shumiswa lushaka lwa sambula ya non-probability.Item Embargo Lucwaningo ngekuvetwa kwebalingisi emagcogcweni lamabili lakhetsiwe: umhlaba uyahlaba naletsi emahemuhemu(2025-09-05) Khoza, Sikhumbuzo Sibusiso; Nkuna, K. J.Lolucwaningo lutsintsa kusetjentiswa kwebalingisi etindzabeni letimfishane letingemashumi lamabili letikhetfwe emagcogcweni lamabili: Umhlaba Uyahlaba nalelitsi, Emahemuhemu. Tinhlobo tebalingisi letibalwako nguleti letilandzelako: umlingisisicaba, umlingisindilinga, umlingisi lomcoka, ummeleli, imbangi nemelekeleli. Emasu ekuvetwa kwebalingisi kubukwe lawa lalandzelako: kucanjwa kwemagama, balingisi batikhulumela bona, sifanisongco netimphawu. Balingisi babukwe kusukela ekucaleni kwendzaba lemfishane kuye kufinyelelwe esiphetfweni. Ligalelo labo libukwe etigamekweni letilandzelanako, ludvweshu, luvutfondzaba, nelupholavutfondzaba. Lucwaningo luholwa luhlelolwati lwetembhalo nendlela yemisebenti. This is an analytic study of character portrayal in twenty selected Siswati short stories, selected from two books entitled: Umhlaba Uyahlaba (The world has thorns) and Emahemuhemu (Rumors). The types of characters such as flat, round, main, protagonist, antagonist, and tritagonist are categorised and analysed. The techniques of character delineation through naming, character on characters, metaphoric and symbolic representations. The characters are looked at from the beginning of each selected short story to denuoment. Their role is highlighted throughout a series of events, conflicts, climax, and anti-climax. The study is guided by textual, experimental theory and functional analysis.Item Embargo Lucwaningo Ngetakhiwo Letimbili Sangekhatsi Nesangaphandle Etinkondlweni Letikhetsiwe TeSiswati(2025-09-05) Mayisela, Jabulani Joshua; Nkuna, K. J.Lapha kulolucwaningo lutsintsa sakhiwo sangekhatsi nesakhiwo sangaphandle etinkondlweni teSiswati. Inkinga leyente kutsi ngibhale lulocwaningo kuvala sikhala lesikhona etinkondlweni teSiswati lapho bosonkondlo bangaveti kahle indlela lekumele ilandzelwe uma kuhlutwa nome kuhlatiywa tinkondlo ngalokuphelele. Tinongo tenkhulumo letikhetselwe lolucwaningo nguleti letilandzelako: sifaniso, sifanisongco, sihabiso, simuntfutiso, siphukuto, isathaya,sihlaneketelo nembiti noma khulumangco. Sakhiwo sangaphandle sigcamisa imvumelwano, luchumano, titandza, nemphindvwa. Emakhono lasekele lolucwaningo kube ngulawa latsintsa umbhali, umbhalo nemfundzi. Lolucwaningo lusisekelo nesilinganiso sekutfutfuka kwelizinga letinkondlo teSiswati nemakhono lasetjentiswako ekuveteni tingcikitsi nenhlelembiso. Ngisebentise indlela lecoca idatha ngekufundza emabhuku etinkondlo letehlukene naleminye imibhalo yeSiswati leyetsitsa kakhulu tinkondlo kanye netakhiwo tenkondlo. Lolucwaningo lutawuba Lusito kakhulu kubothishela, bafundzi nebabhali beSiswati lebanesifiso sekubhala tinkondlo letitfutfukisa lulwimi lweSiswati.Item Embargo Kushumiselwe kwa Luambo lwa Tshivenda kha Muzika wa RAP(2025-09-05) Marageni, Tendani; Netshisaulu, N. C.; Raphalalani, T. D.Luambo lwo shanduka lwa miṅwaha na miṅwaha yo fhiraho nahone lu kha ḓi isa phanḓa na u shanduka. Muzika sa zwiṅwe zwa zwithu u khou shela mulenzhe kha tshanduko iyi. Luambo lwa Tshivenḓa lwo dzhia (adopt) kana u ṱanganedza lushaka lwa muzika u vhidzwaho u pfhi ‘Ven rap’ wa vha tshipiḓa tsha miṅwe ya mizika ya Tshivenḓa. U ṱanganedzwa ha muzika uyu wa ‘Rap’ zwi khou ḓa na masiandoitwa kha luambo na mvelele. Muṱoḓisisi o lavhelesa a vhona hu na tshanduko i kwamaho luambo, tshanduko iyo yo ṱuṱuwedza muṱoḓisisi uri a ite ṱhoḓisiso o sedza kushumiselwe kwa luambo lwa Tshivenḓa kha muzika wa ‘Ven rap’. Naho hu na ḽiambele ḽine ḽa ri u dzhia kana u ḓibadekanya na luambo lwa muṅwe muthu ndi u dzhia mvelele yawe, izwi zwi tshi khou itwa ngauri luambo lwo pfuma mvelele. Khethekanyo iyi ya muzika wa ‘Ven rap’ i ḓo thusa u bvisela khagala uri luambo lu no khou shumiswa kha muzika uyu lu ṱuṱuwedza hani luambo lwa Tshivenḓa nahone ṱhuṱhuwedzo iyi ndi yavhuḓi kana a si yavhuḓi kha luambo na. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo shumisa mutheo wa tshivhumbeo tsha ngona ya ṱhoḓisiso ya ṱhalutshedzo (explanatory) na ngona ya ṱhoḓisiso ya khwaḽithethivi ngeno tshiko hu tsha sekondari ngauri ho sedzwa kha ḽirikisi dza nyimbo dza muzika wa ‘Ven rap’. Tshigwada tsha zwiṱoḓuluswa ndi nyimbo dza fumi dzi imbyaho nga vhanna na vhafumakadzi nahone nga luambo lwa Tshivenḓa. Maitele a u kuvhanganya data hu ḓo shumiswa nḓila ya ‘Corpus’ u kuvhanganya nyimbo dza muzika wa ‘Ven rap’. Muṱoḓisisi u ḓo shumisa ṱhumbulo ya tshipikwa u nanguludza mitaladzi ine ya vha na mafhungo a ndeme kha ḽirikisi u khunyeledza ṱhoḓisiso. Mitaladzi yo nangwaho i ḓo vha yone sambula ya ṱhoḓisiso ngeno mafhungo a tshi ḓo ṱhaṱhuvhiwa nga nḓila ya tsenguluso ya zwi re ngomu (content analysis). Thyiori na yone i ḓo shumiswa hone magumoni a ṱhoḓisiso iyi mawanwa a ḓo ṋetshedzwa khathihi na themendelo. Language has evolved significantly over the years, and it continues to evolve. Music as a genre, is also observed as one of the significant contributors to language dynamics or language change. The Vhavenḓa have adopted Rap music to their context in the name of ‘Ven rap’. The adoption of Rap music comes with cultural and linguistic implications. Otherwise, there’s a notion that says adopting someone’s language is the adoption of their culture because language is one of the most important carriers of culture. The current researcher has observed linguistic patterns that are worth investigating, hence the relevance of this study is to investigate Tshivenḓa language usage in ‘Ven rap’ music. Through this musical genre, this study will determine how the use of language in ‘Ven rap’ music influences Tshivenḓa. However, this music can influence Tshivenḓa positively or negatively. Diffusion of Innovation Theory is adopted as the theoretical point of departure. The theory will assist when explaining how Tshivenḓa is used in ‘Ven rap’ musical genre. The study adopts an explanatory research design and qualitative methodology. The emphasis will be on segments extracted from song lyrics. The total target population of this study is 10 ‘Ven rap’ song lyrics sung by either male or female rappers. The method that will be used to collect data is the corpus collection method. The researcher will further use purposive sampling to extract discourse segments exhibiting more linguistic dynamics, as the total sample of the study. Data analysis will include the use of content analysis and theoretical tools entrenched in the theory grounding the study. Conclusions will be drawn, and recommendations will be made.Item Embargo Ndangulo na Kutandulele kwa Khudano u ya nga Mvelele ya Vhavenda(2025-09-05) Makhokha, Murendeni Given; Raphalalani, T. D.; Makhado, A. J.Afrika Tshipembe ndi shango ḽa mvelele nnzhi, na uri tshigwada tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe tsha mvelele tshi na milayo yatsho ine a i ho kha dzisisiṱeme. Milayo ya muvhuso wa tshiṱalula nga 1994, Afrika Tshipembe ḽo vha shango ḽa mbofholowo ḽa mvelele dzo fhambanaho, ḽi na u pfhesesa na ṱhonifho kha vhudzivha ha ndugelo dza pfhanelo. Muṅwe na muṅwe u fanela u ḓibaḓekanya na ndugiselo dza ndayotewa (Act 108 of 1996) ine wavha wone mulayo muhulwane wa shango. Maṅwe maitele a dziṅwe mvelele ane a lwa na ndayotewa a dzhiiwa a siho mulayoni. Ngauralo, huna maṅwe maitele a mvelele ane naho a tshi lwa na ndayotewa, a nga fhungudza tshikalo tsha khuḓano vhukati ha vhadzulapo kha tshitshavha na zwiimiswa zwa mulayo. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo ḓisendeka kha u ṱoḓisisa ndangulo na kutandululele kwa khuḓano uya nga mvelele ya Tshivenḓa. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo shumisa mutheo wa ṱhoḓisiso wa khwaḽithethivi khathihi na ngona ya khwaḽithethivi i ḓo shumiswa u kuvhanganya, u saukanya khathihi na u ṱalutshedza datha. Datha i ḓo dzhiiwa ubva kha tshiko tsha Phraimari na tshiko tsha Sekondari. Maṱumbulele a nḓivho a ḓo shumiswa u ṱumbula muṱumbu hune ha vha Vhomaine, Mahosi na Vhomazwale. Zwo lavhelelwa uri ngudo iyi i ḓo themendela uri maṅwe maitele a Tshivenḓa, zwi tshi katela maitele avho a u langa na u tandulula, a fanela u tshekuluswa hafhu a dzhielwa nṱha nga vhaiti vha mulayo u itela u vhuisa mulalo ngomu kha vhadzulapo, kha zwitshavha na kha zwiimiswa zwa mulayo.Item Embargo U pindulela ha maṅwalo matopolwa a Tshivenḓa’: Maitele a mvelele,(2025-09-05) Mutshenawamadi, Vhatendi; Mathabi, M.; Tshovhewaho, O.Muhumbulo muhulwane wa ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi u bvisela khagala khaedu dzine dza vhangiwa nga u sa dzhiela nṱha mvelele musi hu tshi pindulelwa maipfi a Tshivenḓa a tshi ya kha “English” zwine zwa ita uri maṅwe maipfhi a fhedze a tshi vho amba zwi si zwone nga mulandu wa vhushaedzi ha nḓivho ya mvelele, ha dovha hafhu ha si ṅwaliwe maipfhi nga nḓila yo teaho. Ndi ngazwo zwipikwa zwa ṱhoḓisiso iyi hu u bvisela khagala maitele a mvelele kha u pindulela maipfi a Tshivenḓa, na u bvisela khagala figara dza muambo dze dza shumiswa kha maṅwalo matopolwa e a ḓo pinduliwa a luambo lwa Tshivenḓa- “English” khathihi na u sumbedza phambano kha mvelele ya Vhavenḓa na mvelele ya luambo lwa “English”. Thaidzo ya ṱhoḓisiso ndi u sa dzhiela nṱha mushumo wa mvelele musi hu tshi pindulelwa maipfi a luambo lwa Tshivenḓa-English ho lavheleswa nḓivho ya mvelele ya lushaka lwonolwo, u itela uri hu vhe na u pindulela maipfi nga nḓila yo teaho nahone i ṱanganedzeaho. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo shumisa mutheo na ngona zwa khwaḽithethivi. Muṱoḓisisi o shumisa ṱhumbulo ya purposive ngauri o shumisa maṅwalo matopolwa ane o pinduleliwa nga u kuvhanganya data. Ho ḓo dovha hafhu ha shumiswa nḓila ya ṱhumbulo ya convenient. Vhadzheneli vho vha vhathu vho gudelaho u pindulela maipfi, i na matshudeni a gudelaho vhupinduleli u bva kha Yuniversithi ya Venḓa. Data yo sengulusiwa nga nḓila ya thematiki na ya u sengulusa zwi re ngonu. Ṱhoḓisiso yo itelwa kha vunḓu ḽa Limpopo Tshiṱirikini tsha Vhembe.Item Embargo Thuthuwedzo ya tshofhinga tsha tshanduko ya kumalele kwa Vhavenda: ho sedzwa lumalo(2025-09-05) Dzhombere, Muelelwa Findy; Raphalalani, M. R.; Makhado, A. J.Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo ḓisendeka kha tshanduko ya kumalele kwa Vhavenḓa zwo ṱuṱuwedzwa nga tshifhinga tshine ra khou tshila khatsho. Zwithu zwi khou ḓi shanduka zwi tshi ya na tshifhinga, naho tshanduko i tshi tea u vha hone ndi zwa ndeme u tevhela maitele oṱhe a mvelele yau. Thaidzo ya ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi u shanduka ha lumalo u bva kha u vhumba vhushaka vhukati ha miṱa mivhili u ya kha vhushaka ha tshifhinganyana. Ndivho ya ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi u bvisela khagala masiandoitwa a tshanduko ya lumalo lwa Vhavenḓa zwine zwo ṱuṱuwedzwa nga tshifhinga tsha musalauno. Kha ṱhoḓisiso iyi ho shuma thyori ya modenaizesheni ine i amba nga ha tshanduko ya matshilele a vhathu na zwithu. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi ndi ya lushaka lwa khwaḽithethivi. Muṱoḓisisi o kuvhanganya mafhungo awe kha vhathu vhane vha vha na nḓivho na tshenzhemo nga ha tshanduko ya lumalo lwa Vhavenḓa. Afha muṱoḓisisi o kuvhanganya mafhungo awe nga nḓila ya inthaviyu. Muṱoḓisisi o shumisa ṱhumbulo i si na khonadzeo ya u nangiwa (nonprobability sampling) ine ya dovha ya vha na matavhi o fhambanaho a ngaho ṱhumbulo yo livhaho (purposive sampling) vhunga hu tshi ḓo nangiwa vhathu vhane vha vha na nḓivho na tshenzhemo nga ha kumalele kwa Vhavenḓa. Afha vhavhudziswa ndi vhakalaha, vhakegulu, vhafunzi, vhavhera, vhabvana, vhanna na vhafumakadzi vha mbingano ntswa na vhomakhadzi. Vhavhudziswa avho ndi vhane vho nangiwa uri vha ḓo ṋea mafhungo a ndeme nga ha tshanduko ya kumalele kwa Vhavenḓa vhunga vhe na nḓivho na tshenzhemo. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo itwa kha vunḓu ḽa Limpopo kha tshiṱiriki tsha Vhembe fhasi ha masipala wa Thulamela, muvhunduni wa Itsani. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo fhaṱusa vhathu vhoṱhe vhane vha khou tea u malisa uri vha ḓivhe nga ha kumalele kwo teaho khathihi na u wana nḓivho nga ha maitele oneone o teaho a kumalele kwa mvelele ya Vhavenḓa.Item Open Access Thodisiso nga ha tshivhangi tsha pfudzungule dzo disendekaho nga luambo mitani ya vharema mbinganoni(2025-05-16) Mudau, Shumani Dora; Raphalalani, M. R.; Tshikota, S. L.; Mathabi, M.Ndivho ya ṱhoḓisiso ino ndi u ṱoḓisisa nga tshivhangi tsha pfudzungule dzo ḓisendekaho nga luambo miṱani ya vharema mbinganoni ho sedzwa Vhavenḓa. Ṱhoḓisiso ino yo sedzesa pfudzungule dza miṱani dzo ḓisendekaho nga luambo sa tshone tshivhangi tshihulwane tsha thaidzo kha lushaka musalauno. Kha vhana na vhafumakadzi hu khou vhonala vha vhone vhane vha khou kwamea vhukuma nga pfudzungule dza miṱani. Miṱa i khou pwashekana na miṅwe miraḓo ya miṱa i khou xelelwa nga vhutshilo nga thaidzo iyi. Pfudzungule dza miṱani dzi itea nga nḓila dzo fhambanaho, hu nga vha nga luambo kana nga u vhaiswa kha muvhili. Ṱhoḓisiso yo itwa kha Tshiṱiriki tsha Vhembe vunduni ḽa Limpopo. Khonadzeo ya u sa nangwa ya ndivho (purposive) na sambula nga u laedzwa (snowball) zwo shumiswa kha u dzhia tsheo ya vhavhudziswa kha ṱhoḓisiso ino. Sambula ya khonadzeo ya ndivho ya u sa nanga yo shumiswa ho sedzeswa vhathu vhane vha khou kwamea tshoṱhe nga thaidzo iyi. Sambula yo shumiswa musi muṱoḓisisi a tshi khou ṱoḓa vhathu vho kwameaho nga pfudzungule dza miṱani. Ho shumiswa muelo wa sambula wo linganelaho. Ngona ya khwaḽithethivi yo shumiswa na ngona ya khwanthithethivi fhedzi ho shumesa vhukuma ngona ya khwaḽithethivi. Ho sedzwa na tshenzhemo ya vhathu vhenevho vho dzhenelelaho kha ṱhoḓisiso. Thyiori ya “Afrocentric” yo shumiswa kha ṱhoḓisiso ino vhunga i tshi ṱuṱuwedza uri musi muthu a sa athu dzhia ḽiga ḽa u bula ipfi u fanela u thoma a humbula zwine a tea u amba. Thyiori ya Afrocentric i katela kuhumbulele, nyito, lutamo na mvelele. Data yo kuvhanganywa nga nḓila dza mbudzisavhathu dza u tou ṅwalwa zwi tshi bva kha mbudzisavhathu u wana mafhungo nga ha pfudzungule dzi vhangwaho nga luambo miṱani. Muṱoḓisisi o khethekanya data yawe u ya nga thero, nga murahu ha konwa u senguluswa data. Kha tsenguluso ya data ho shumiswa nḓila dza u khouda. Dzenedzo ndi u khouda hu re khagala “open coding”, u khouda ha mbuedzo “axial coding” na u khouda ha u nanguludza” selective coding” fhedzi. Musi ṱhoḓisiso yo no fhela ho wanala mawanwa na themendelo zwi bvaho kha data yo kuvhanganywaho. Ri tshi lavhelesa mawanwa, hu khou vhonala uri hu na mbilaelo nnzhi dzine dza sa khou tshimbila zwavhuḓi miṱani vhukati ha munna na mufumakadzi zwi tshi katela na mashaka zwi tshi kwama luambo. Mbilaelo idzo arali dza nga sedzuluswa zwavhuḓi zwi nga thusa vhukuma kha u khwinifhadza nzulele dza miṱani mbinganoni kha Vhavenḓa uri hu dzulwe nga mulalo.Item Open Access Nsiyeto eka swinwana swa swirungulwana swa Xitsonga(2025-05-16) Maswanganyi, Khazamula NegroesItem Open Access Mahlamari eka Xitsonga hi ku kongomiso eka manwana ma matsalwa ma mitlangu(2024-05-17) Mlambo, Respect; Hlungwani, M. C.; Babane, M. T.Dyondzo leyi yi lavisisile mahlamari eka Xitsonga, xihluvi xa mbulavulo lexi nga si lavisisiwaka hi vuenti. Ku tirhisiwile endlelo ra nkoka ku hlengeleta, ku hlamusela, na ku xopaxopa mahungu ma ndzavisiso hi tlhelo ra xivumbeko, tinhlamuselo na vulongoloxamarito. Nhlengeleto wa mahungu wu endliwile hi ku tirhisa endlelo ra khophasi hi ku tsavula marito, swivulwahava na swivulwa leswi nga na mahlamari kusuka eka matsalwa ma mitlangu ma Xitsonga lama landzelaka: Mavondzo a ya Hakeri (1981) hi F Rikhotso, Matlhari Hansi (1998) hi M.G Magagane, Mahlo ya Nkwahle (1999) hi O.R Chauke, Byi le tintihweni (2005) hi C.M Lubisi, Ndzi ta fa ndzi dyile (2005) hi K.J Ngobeni na S.J Malungana, Mathayere Mbuya! (2005) hi V.D Salane, T.M Rikhotso na S.J Malungana, Xivoni xa Vutomi (2008) hi I.S Shabangu, Vukosi i Mberha (2008) hi P Ndlovu, na Vadyondzi va namuntlha (2015) hi S.E Makhubele. Eka ntirho lowu ku tirhisiwile sampula yo hlawula hi xikongomelo xo kuma mahungu ma ndzavisiso, lama endzhaku ma nga xopaxopiwa hi ku tirhisa endlelo ro xopaxopa hi ku landza mikongomelo (thematic analysis). Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwile hi ku landza rimba na mianakanyo ya thiyori ya R.M.W. Dixon's Basic Linguistic Theory, leyi kongomisaka eka ku xopaxopa na ku paluxa swihlawulekisi swa ririmi. Eka ndzavisiso lowu, ku kumiwile leswaku mahlamari hi tlhelo ra xivumbeko ma aviwile hi swiyenge swimbirhi, ku nga mahlamari ma ntumbuluko na mahlamari ma mpfelelo. Eka mahlamari ma ntumbuluko, hi kume leswaku ma tala ku teka xivumbeko xa timofimi to tshunxeka, loko mahlamari ma mpfelelo wona ma tala ku teka xivumbeko xa timofimi to vumbana. Ku tlhele ku kumiwa leswaku mahlamari eka Xitsonga ma nga ha amukeriwa kusuka eka tindzimi tin’wana. Ndzavisiso lowu wu tlhele wu kuma leswaku tinhlamuselo ta mahlamari ti nga ha kombisiwa hi ku ya hi mitlhaveko leyinene na leyi nga riki leyinene. Mitlhaveko leyinene yi katsa ntwelavusiwana, ku tshinya, ku hoyozela, ku bumabumela, ku tsaka, mpfumelelano, ku hlohlotela, ku lemukisa, ku komba malwandla, ku tisola, ku tilondla, na yin’wana na yin’wana. Eka mitlhaveko leyi nga riki leyinene ku na leyi kongomisaka eka ku chava, ku chuhisa, ku khunguvanyeka, ku twa ku vava, ku delela, ku banga manyala, ku nyadza, ku rivala, ku tiputa na ku sandza. Mayelana na vulongoloxamarito, ku kumiwile leswaku mahlamari, ku fana na swihluvi swin’wana swa mbulavulo, ma va kona eka tindhawu to hambanahambana exivulweni, naswona ma tirha tanihi swivulwa leswi tiyimeleke, swilandzelandzhaku kumbe swihetisi. Swikumiwa leswi hlengeletiweke eka ndzavisiso lowu i swa nkoka swinene naswona swi ta pfuna eka vatirhisi va ririmi lava navelaka ku kuma vutivi byo karhi mayelana na mahlamari eka Xitsonga.Item Open Access Tsenguluso ya thero ya vhuhovheleli kha nganea mbili dza Tshivenda dzo tou nanguludzwaho: " Tshi do lilwa" na "Murabeli"(2024-09-06) Nevhulamba, Nditsheni Witness; Mathabi, M.; Makhado, A. J.Vhutshiloni hu na vhathu vhane vha vha na vhuhovheleli. Kha vhenevho hu na vhaṅwe vhane vhuhovheleli havho ha vha vhuedza arali hu havhuḓi, na vhaṅwe vhane vhuhovheleli havho ha sa vha vhuedze arali hu vhuvhi, madzuloni a u vha vhuedza ha tou vha dzhenisa khakhathini. Vhohovheleli kha maṅwalwa a ḽitheretsha ndi musi muṅwe wa mubvumbedzwa a na lutamo lwa u swikela zwiṅwe zwithu sa u funzea, u pfuma kana u vha na mabindu. Musi a tshi tikedza muhumbulo wo bulwaho afho nṱha Merton (2016:370) u ri: “An ambitious person is someone always striving to reach a goal through hard work, dedication and perseverance”. Hezwo zwi amba uri muthu wa vhuhovheleli ndi muthu ane a lwela u swikela tshipikwa tshawe nga u shumesa, u ḓiimisela na u konḓelela. Ndivho ya mushumo uyu ndi u sengulusa thero ya vhuhovheleli kha nganea mbili dzo tou nanguludzwaho dzine dza vha Tshi ḓo lilwa (Phaswana, 2000) na Murabeli (Mamafha, 2019). Vhuhovheleli kha nganea dza Tshivenḓa a hu athu u vhuya ha itwa ngaho ṱhoḓisiso. Tshipikwa tshihulwane tsha mushumo uyu ndi u sengulusa zwi no vhangwa nga vhuhovheleli huvhi na vhuhovheleli huvhuya uri hu kone u tsivhudzwa vhadzulapo nga masiandaitwa a vhuhovheleli havho na zwivhuya zwine vhuhovheleli havho ha nga vha ḓisela zwone. Mushumo uyu wo shumisa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi. Kha tsenguluso ya maṅwalwa ho shumiswa tsenguluso ya ‘document analysis. Kha mushumo uyu ho tevhelwa thyori ya ‘Literary Criticism’. Mawanwa e a wanala kha uyu mushumo ndi u wanulula zwauri vhunzhi ha vhathu ano maḓuvha vha khou ḓidzhenisa kha vhuhovheleli vhuvhi uri vha kone u bvelela vhutshiloni. Nga ṅwambo wa hezwo hoyu mushumo u khou sumbedza uri naho vhuhovheleli kha maṅwalwa vhu tshi nga bveledza zwivhuya kha muṅwe wa vhabvumbedzwa, a si tshifhinga tshoṱhe hune zwa nga tou ralo ngauri tshiṅwe tshifhinga vhu nga bveledza khombo kha mubvumbedzwa onoyo kana kha vhaṅwe vhathu vhane vha vha tsini nae arali mubvumbedzwa onoyo a songo tevhela nḓila dzavhuḓi kha u swikela zwipikwa zwawe.Item Open Access Thodisiso ya u sa londwa ha vhana nga vhokhotsi na masiandoitwa a hone zwine zwa vhonala kha nganea mbili: Vhusha ho shandulela (Mahuwa), 1997) na Thonga i pfi ndo vhada (Demana, 2015(2023-10-05) Siaga, Fhatuwani Grace; Raphalalani, T. D.; Netshisaulu, N. C.Ndayotewa ya Riphabḽiki ya Afrika Tshipembe ya 1996, kha khethekanyo ya 28 i dubekanya pfhanelo dza ṅwana. Dziṅwe dza pfhanelo dza vhana ndi dzi tevhelaho: >pfhanelo ya ndondolo muṱani kana ndondolo nga mubebi wawe kana iṅwe ndondolovho yo teaho arali o bviswa kha muṱa we a bebya khawo. >pfhanelo ya u ṋeiwa zwiḽiwa zwa pfhushi, vhudzulo na ndondolo ya mutakalo wawe; pfhanelo ya u tsireledzwa kha u sa farwa zwavhuḓi, u litshedzelwa, u tambudzwa na u nyadziswa. Hu vhonala vhabebi vhanzhi vha sa khou dzhiela nṱha pfhanelo dza vhana idzo sa zwe zwa laedzwa kha Ndayotewa. Kha vhabebi vhenevho vhane vha khou vhonala vhatshi khou litshedzela kana vha sa khou dzhiela nṱha pfhanelo ya ndondolo ya vhana ndi vha mbeu ya tshinnani kana vhokhotsi. Vha vhonala vha tshi ḓiwana vhe kule na vhana vhavho lune vha fhedza vha tshi laṱela mbebo yavho kha mubebi muthihi ane a vha mme a vhana uri vha vhe vhone vhane vha dzhia vhuḓifhinduleli ha u londana u londota vhana vhe vhoṱhe. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo livhiswa kha u ṱoḓisisa u sa londwa ha vhana nga vhokhotsi na masiandoitwa a hone zwi vhonalaho khanganea mbili: Vhusha ho shandulela (Mahuwa, 1997) na Thonga i pfi ndo vhaḓa (Demana, 2015). Hu ḓo shumiswa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi u kuvhanganya data u bva kha nganea idzi mbili na kha maṅwalwa o fhambanaho a katelaho Ndayotewa ya Afrika Tshipembe (1996). Ṱhoḓisiso iyi yo ḓisendeka nga thyiori ya ‘Literary Structuralism (Structuralist approach)’. Hu lavhelewa uri ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo bvisela khagala zwiitisi zwa u sa londa vhana nga vhokhotsi avho. I ḓo dovhavho ya bvisela khagala masiandaitwa kha vhana musi vha sa khou londiwa zwavhuḓi nga vhokhotsi.Item Open Access Tsenguluso ya masiandaitwa a vhudavhidzani ha matshilisano kha kunwalele kwa Tshivenda kha Liisela la Dzindi(2023-10-05) Mavhina, Nnyambeni Joyce; Raphalalani, M. R.; Tshikota, S. L.Ṱhoḓisiso yo ḓitika nga u ṱoḓisisa nga ha ‘Masiandaitwa a Vhudavhidzani ha Matshilisano kha Kuṅwalele kwa Tshivenḓa’. Ho shumiswa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi ngauri ngona iyi yo vha yone i no tendela muṱoḓisisi uri a wane mafhungo nga ha masiandaitwa a u shumiswa ha zwiṅwe zwa zwileludzi zwa vhudavhidzani sa Thwitha, Feisibugu na Watsapu kha milayo ya kupeleṱele na kuṅwalele kwa Tshivenḓa. Uri hu swikelelwe zwipikwa zwoṱhe zwa mbudziso dza ṱhoḓisiso. Mbudzisavhathu na mbudziso dzo shumiswa u kuvhanganya mafhungo a ṱhoḓisiso iyi. Kha ṱhoḓisiso iyi ho shumiswa sambula ya ndivho. Muelo wa sambula wo vha wo linganelaho, wo katela vhavhudziswa vha furaru vhane khavho hu na vhagudiswa vha fumi, vhagudisi vha fumi na vhabebi vha fumi. Ṱhoḓisiso yo itwa kha zwikolo zwiṱanu (5) zwa Ḽiisela ḽa Dzindi Tshiṱirikini tsha Vhembe.Item Open Access Thodisiso ya ndeme ya mutupo wa muthu u bva vhutukuni hawe u swika a tshi lovha u ya nga Mvelele ya Tshivenda(2023-10-05) Malitsha, Lufuno Esther; Netshisaulu, N. C.; Raphalalani, T. D.Mutupo ndi tshipiḓa tsha sialala na mvelele kha dzhango ḽa Afrika nga u angaredza. Lushaka lwa Vhavenḓa sa luṅwe lwa tshaka dzi re hone Afrika na lwone lu na mitupo ye ya lu vhumba lwa vha lushaka lwo dziaho. Ṱhoḓisiso ya ndeme ya mutupo kha ṅwana wa Muvenḓa u bva a hawe u swika a tshi lovha i ḓo bveledzwa Venḓa vhuponi vhu welaho fhasi ha Masipala wa Thulamela Tshiṱirikini tsha Vhembe vhubvaḓuvha. Musalauno tshivhalo tsha vhana vhane vha khou bebya vha sa ḓiḓivhi tsho anda vhukuma. Ṅwana a sa ḓiḓivha u vha na vhuleme ha u tshila shangoni. Vhuvha ha zwifuwo, zwipuka na zwimela zwine zwa vha mitupo hu ḓo rerwa ngazwo kha thandela ino. Zwivhangi zwi itaho uri ṅwana a ḓivhadzwe kana u ṱumanywa na mutupo kana khotsi wa malofhani zwi ḓo sedzuluswa. Mirafho na mirafho ine ya khou tevhela ngomu kha lushaka lwa Vhavenḓa i ḓo vhona ndeme ya u hulisa na u ṱhonifha mitupo yavho u itela u fhungudza tshivhalo tsha vhana vhane vha tshi aluwa vha dina vhomme vha tshi ṱoḓa vhokhotsi vha malofhani. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi vhunga i tshi khou ṱoḓisisa ndeme ya mutupo kha muthu u bva vhuṱukuni hawe u swika a tshi ri sia ngomu kha lushaka lwa Vhavenḓa, zwi sia i tshi vha ṱhoḓisiso ya khwaḽithethivi. Ṱhumbulo ya ndivho (ya phephosivi) i ḓo shumiswa u nanga vhana vhaṱanu vha re vhuṱalani ha vhokhotsi vha malofhani ngauri mutupo u tevhela ṅombe, vhafumakadzi vhaṱanu vha na vhana nga nnḓa ha mbingano ngauri Tshivenḓa tshi amba uri mutupo wa ṅwana u ḓihwa nga mme awe na mahosi maṱanu vhunga vhe vhone vha na zwifho na mitupo. Thyiori ine ya ḓo shumiswa u bveledza mafhungo a ino thandela ndi thyiori ya zwa matshilisano ine ya vhidzwa fangishinaḽizimu kana mashumele a sialala na zwa mvelele ine ya amba nga ha vhuḓifari ha matshilisano kha miraḓo ya lushaka. I dovha ya khwaṱhisedza ndeme ya u shumiswa ha zwiteṅwa zwi vhumbaho lushaka uri lu vhidzwe lushaka lu tshilaho. U kuvhanganya mafhungo a ṱhoḓisiso, hu ḓo shumiswa mbudzisavhathu, u ṱalela, mbudziso, maṅwalwa o ganḓiswaho na a songo ganḓiswaho.