Conference Proceedings

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Open Access
Shortcomings of South African Economic Growth on Poverty Alleviation and Job Creation
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Msiza, M. L.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest editor)
The paper analyses shortcomings of low economic growth that affects poverty alleviation and job creation in South Africa. After the 27 years of democracy, the South African government is still struggling to alleviate poverty within its unequal income societies. There is a massive gap of poverty imbalances between South African families especially the poor and marginalised who were previously disadvantaged by the apartheid system. The South African government introduced Grants for Old Age Pensioners, Children Support grants, Disability under the Department of South African Social Security Agency (SASSA, 1996). These are basic income grants introduced post 1994 to reduce poverty for the senior citizens, children from poor families and children whom their biological parents have passed on and the disabilities. After the apartheid era in South Africa, the grant for basic income was the main strategy to reduce poverty mostly from previously disadvantaged families being black, Indians and Coloureds South Africans. In the view of current government economic situation, this paper intends to analyse the shortcomings of South African government on economic growth for poverty alleviation and job creation. The exploring of literature review will thus address the existing shortcoming of government economic growth on poverty alleviation and job creation that seeks to address previous economic injustice. The unemployment remains a major challenge in South Africa. Job creation is declining after the tragedic strike of covid-19 pandemic. This paper conclude that the government’s fight against poverty and job creation will depend on the government’s fight against corruption, deportation of illegal immigrants, build institutions and open the apartheid-built factories which were closed post-1994 to operate and centralise tenders to public works to create jobs.
Open Access
An Analysis of Oral Presentation at the Universities of Technology in South Africa: Communication Skills for Audit Qualifications
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Motubatse, K. N.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The purpose of this paper is to analyse oral presentation at the Universities of Technology (UoTs) in South Africa. The paper does so by analysing the impact of oral presentation through the role of facilitation and teaching of oral presentation; and the assessment of oral presentation. On one hand, the study is significant given that education is a vital pillar of sustainable development; hence, the study identifies the problem that oral presentation is not underscored in the auditing curriculum to empower the students with communication skills and confidence in public speaking of subject content. On the other hand, there still no evidence of how oral presentations are facilitated and assessed from the subject outline in communication skills. Adopting a content analysis as a research methodology and review of related literature, is apparent that the study focuses on the description of concepts that explains the oral presentations and rubrics. Findings from the analysis of literature shows lack of practical demonstration of oral presentation and lack of transparency in the assessment of oral presentation. In conclusion, the study recommends the implications of oral presentations as imperative for lifelong learning, time management, public speaking, self-confidence and critical thinking
Open Access
Budget Allocation and Funding of Community Food Security Projects in Gauteng Province
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Mofokeng, W. N.; Mzini, L. B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
This study aimed to assess funding of community food security projects in the Gauteng Province. The study was prompted by high levels of poverty and unemployment. Despite the two challenges being at the fore front for policy makers in the country, civil society members are partaking in alternative and sustainable solutions to poverty reduction which has led to establishment of community food security projects. Proper and adequate funding to these poverty reduction strategies ensures that the projects succeed and meet their intended objectives and goals. It is important for government to budget for developmental and sustainable initiatives. To realise the research problem, a semi-structured questionnaire is used to solicit and examine how community food security projects are funded in the six peri-urban townships of Emfuleni Local Municipality. This was to assess the contribution of communities in their own food security and the impact of the projects on the whole community. The study established that food gardens have a role to play in the extensive fight against hunger and in improving household food security and ultimately, in creating income generation or providing employment opportunities. The study recommends for increased participatory budgeting process to enhance involvement of community members.
Open Access
Cyber Risk Management Frameworks for the South African Banking Industry
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Koto, C.; Smith, R. J.; Schutte, B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Since the dawn of technology, the banking industry has relied on technology to support its operations. Unfortunately, the banking industry has been exposed to cyber risks as a result of the same technology, which has resulted in enormous financial losses. South Africa has the world's third-highest number of cyberattacks, with the banking industry being the most targeted. As a result, it is critical for the banking industry in South Africa to implement effective cyber risk management procedures. The South African Reserve Bank (SARB) requires that these procedures be aligned to the cyber resilience guidelines of the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). The CPMI–IOSCO cyber resilience guidance provides guidelines that should be addressed by a bank's cyber risk management framework. The aim of this research is to determine if the Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity (ICIC) framework addresses the CPMI–IOSCO cyber resilience guidelines. The results were gathered by examining the ICIC framework and mapping it against the CPMI–IOSCO cyber resilience guidelines. It was revealed that, the ICIC framework addresses up to 71% of the CPMI–IOSCO cyber resilience guidelines
Open Access
Minimising Groundwater Contamination from Pit Latrines: Lessons from the Global Amphitheatre for South Africa
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Hlongwane, P.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Pit latrines or toilets are considered to be suitable for the containment of human excreta and they are environment-friendly. Although previous studies have shown that there are some improvements in terms of access to sanitation, the reality is that most South African households still do not have access to sanitation facilities. At least 32.2% of households in South Africa are still using pit latrines. Despite the advantages of pit latrines, the constant outflow from pits could overpercolate the geological strata and contaminate the groundwater. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to reflect on lessons that South Africa can draw from the global arena with regard to reducing groundwater pollution from pit latrines. Concerning the method used to collect data - a review of scholarly peer-reviewed articles and non-scholarly documents such as newspaper reports was used. This paper explains how pit latrines contaminate groundwater as well as discuss the chemical contaminants associated with pit latrines. Importantly, this paper argues that the measures that can be taken to address challenges pertaining to groundwater contamination include operation and maintenance, improved pit and slab design, and setting safe distances between boreholes and pit latrines. Since pit latrines seem to contribute greatly to the contamination of groundwater, transferring bacteria and viruses, it is important for the government (municipalities in particular) to sensitise people about the health hazards associated with the use of pit latrines while also using groundwater for consumption. At the same time, communities who use pit latrines and boreholes for drinking water have to be educated about the need to maintain proper distances between pit latrines and boreholes.
Open Access
Accessibility Barriers in Health Facilities of the South African Public Sector
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Dikotla, M. A.; Mothapo, W.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The study seeks to propose a framework that may assist government to improve accessibility of health facilities in South African public sector. The public sector requires health care facilities that are readily accessible to serve every citizen. For instance, people in rural areas and urban areas, rich and poor should have equal access to health care facilities. Access to health care is a basic right enshrined in the constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Previous studies have shown that there is unequal access to health care service in South Africa. Most often than not, health care facilities are easily accessible to rich people and those in urban areas, while neglecting majority of poor people and those in rural areas. Unequal access to health facilities in South African public sector is attributed to various factors that include: poor infrastructure delivery planning, poor infrastructure delivery institutional arrangement and systems, long distances to health facilities, disruptions of projects during project construction, inadequate maintenance of health facilities and lack of community involvement and empowerment. In the absence of health care facilities citizens are at higher risk of contracting communicable diseases such as Covid-19 and losing their lives. The study will employ the qualitative research method and rely on the literature review to suggest the strategies that if implemented may improve accessibility of health facilities in South African public sector.
Open Access
Decentralisation and Local Economic Development in Zambia
(International Conference on Public and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Chisala, C.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (quest Editor)
Local economic development is about the involvement of all key stakeholders from the local community in resolving the socio-economic challenges faced in the local areas in order to improve the livelihoods of the local community members. Decentralised government systems are more effective in tackling poverty levels in localities since local authorities are closer to the community members as such, they are more likely to conceive and implement pro-poor policies. However, implementation of decentralisation policies to facilitate local economic development has not been without challenges. This paper therefore, aims at assessing the status of the implementation of the national decentralisation programmes in Zambia and evaluating the extent to which decentralisation has served as a vehicle for local economic development. Resting on a constructivist research paradigm, this study employed a qualitative research approach with a sample size of 20 (n=20) key informants that were purposively selected from ten (20) local authorities in Zambia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the key informants. The primary data was complemented by the secondary data from various sources. Data collected was thematically analysed. The findings of this study revealed that although Zambia had made headways in implementing administrative decentralisation programmes, it still faced glaring challenges in implementing fiscal decentralisation as a result, development did not cascade to the local community levels. This study, recommends the imperative need for Zambia to accelerate the full implementation of its national decentralisation programmes with a special focus on fiscal decentralisation. It further recommends that the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) Act No. 11 of 2018 should be revised to reduce powers of the area members of parliament in deciding the fate of their electorates. Furthermore, the paper recommends that Zambia should adopt the Kenyan model of disbursing the CDF funds based on the poverty indexes of the constituencies as opposed of disbursing equal amounts of funds per constituency.
Open Access
Velocity of Money and Financial Development in BRICS Countries
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ncanywa, T.; Mpatane, L.; Sebola,M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokane, T. (Quest Editor)
The manner in which the velocity of money behaves is very influential when determining how much financial resources an economy can produce. An unpredicted velocity of money and unstable demand for money results in a spineless and ineffective management and control of monetary policy. The study determined the "impact of financial development on the velocity of money in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries for the period 1996 to 2019". The study employed a panel autoregressive distributive lag (PARDL) to estimate the relationship between financial development and velocity of money in BRICS countries. In addition, "panel fully modified least squares and panel dynamic least squares were employed to supplement PARDL". A long run relationship between financial development and the velocity of money in BRICS countries was confirmed. A positive and statistically significant long run relationship was found between liquid liabilities to GDP and velocity of money, while a negative and statistically significant relationship was found with stock market capitalisation. The speed of adjustment indicted that about 68.5% of disequilibrium would be rectified in the next year in the BRICS countries. It can be concluded that financial development has a strong significant impact on the velocity of money particularly when liquid liabilities were considered. Therefore, financial institutions should promote people to hold liquid portfolios such as a savings or checking account at their local bank or credit union, a money market account or/ and short-term certificates of deposit. The study therefore, makes recommendations that since stable financial development, both globally and within countries, have the potential to generate jobs and improve productivity more should be done in ensuring an effective and sound developed financial sector system as it can influence the velocity of money channel.
Open Access
Can Investing in Information Systems Boost Economic Complexity in South Africa: Movement Towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution?
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ncanywa, T.; Sebola, M. T. (Chief editor); Molokwane, T. (Guest editor)
Countries need to accelerate the growth and development of their economies by increasing the productive capacity for better living conditions of their citizens. For countries to improve their economies, they need to boost their economic complexity by producing and exporting commodities that embody sophisticated characteristics. The economic complexity index measures how diverse products are and include their ubiquity when they are exported. Economic complexity provides reasons why some countries progress very slowly by studying the characteristics of countries export baskets. This study seeks to find out if the investment in information systems can influence the South African economic complexity. The set objective employs the autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) methodology. Results of the ARDL bounds test gave an F-statistic of 7.17 greater than the upper bound and this indicated a long run relationship in the series. Furthermore, investment in information systems had a significant positive relationship to economic complexity with a speed of adjustment of 87%. Investing in information system has proved to be innovative and contribute to firm output and labour productivity. Furthermore, information technology improves organizational performance, reduce production cost and improve the production of all personnel and ultimately increase the efficiency of human capital. The positive relationship between information systems and economic complexity is a good indicator that South Africa can enhance its complexity through information systems activities. It is therefore, recommended that the government of South African invest in information systems as this could yield a faster route towards the fourth industrial revolution.
Open Access
The Effect of Mayor's Quality and Municipal Size on Financial Condition in Metropolitan Municipalities: A Case of South Africa
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Nzama, L.; Sebola, M. P.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
This study aims to explore the impact of the mayoral quality and the municipal population size on the financial conditions of the metropolitan municipalities. The case study method was followed to explore eight cases of South African metropolitan municipalities. The quality of the mayor is represented by the mayor's age, educational background, experience, race, and political affiliation, whilst the financial condition is represented by the property tax, service tax and total expenditure per municipality. The last local government elections took place in 2016, the five years of the local government administration will be analysed. Thus, the data is from a South African metropolitan municipality and refers to 2015/16 to 2019/20 financial years. The study findings indicate that the mayor's quality does not significantly impact the financial conditions of the municipalities. Most of the mayoral qualities within the eight municipalities have similar characteristics but have different financial performance conditions. Although the study also found that the municipality's population size does impact the financial conditions of the municipality as municipalities with a large population have the highest financial performance management index. The findings from this study will add value to literature in performance management and use to the regulators and policymakers, the local government, as they justify efforts to appoint suitable mayors and improve the entities' financial conditions. The study will also contribute to the new administration of the local government since there will be local government elections in November 2021.
Open Access
A Clarion Call for Decolonisation of Curriculum in South Africa: The Struggle Left Unattended
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Kgobe, F. K. L.; Sebola, M. P.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Guest Editor)
The purpose of this paper is to explore in greater details and assess the potency of the current educational curriculum's responsiveness towards socio economic issues and market demand. The paper proposes the need for the decolonising of the inclusive and well-resourced education in South African educational contexts. The clarion call for decolonisation of curriculum in South African institutions of learning be it basic education and higher education endure to relish appeals both from the students and the academics. Decolonisation of education, therefore, rest upon academics who coordinates teaching and learning in public educational institutions. For instance, on the 26 November 2020 the Minister of higher education Dr Blade Nzimande noted students who enrol for courses that are not short of in the market breeding more unemployment with government spending funds on students that are not going to be employed. The question that rises from his speech is: Why are those courses offered by institutions of higher learning if they are not contributing to the unemployment reduction? The paper adopted the Afrocentricity Theory by Asante (1980) in order to strengthen the argument that the current curricula is guarding against unemployment being addressed. The paper uses the Constitution of Republic of South Africa 1996, chapter 2, section 29, and subsection 2 to fortify the argument. The paper further proposes that a decolonised well-resourced education as a basic human need that will serve as a panacea to the tripartite debacles faced by the country of which are poverty, unemployment, and inequality. The inability of the curriculum to respond to contextual issues is as of the lack of capacity of both Departments of Basic Education and Higher Education and Training.
Open Access
School Based Experience Assessment Tool Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of Two Universities in South Africa
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ncanywa, T.; Makena, B.; Buqa, N.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Teaching practice is an integral part in the Bachelor of Education degree and Post Graduate Certificate in Education studies. During school visits, student teachers are assessed using the school-based experience (SBE) assessment tool. The SBE tool needs to assess student teacher quality, performance, and effectiveness in the teaching practice exercise. The study aims to evaluate the quality of the SBE assessment tool used by assessors. To achieve the aim, a case study of the comparative analysis of the SBE tool between two Universities was conducted. The comparative analysis applies content analysis that merge themes. It was found from the comparison that both tools contain themes such as teacher professional profile, lesson preparation, presentation of the lesson feedback and suggestions. These themes can be used as benchmark for the best SBE assessment tool to be used to indicate good quality of teachers produced by the Universities. Effective teachers are those who produce gains in learner achievement as measured by gains in standardized tests. Therefore, the tool needs to gather evidence for teacher effectiveness and display sufficient resources to produce high quality teaching and productive assessment. Moreover, the teacher assessment tool should entail theories such as transfer of learning, pedagogical techniques that cater for learner characteristics and the curriculum among others
Open Access
Public Administration Milieu and the Theory Linked to Public Sector Unions: A Narrative on Employment Relations
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Mzangwa, S. T.; Sebola,M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
One of the main principles which public administration addresses is state (government) relations and their effect on administration, politics and social institutions; hence, public administration may in effect be regarded as the governing system. Based on this level of understating, public administration has a major influence on the structures of public organisations, management of public services and management techniques of governance. On this note, public sector unions or trade unions as labour organisations representing workers, some of whom are public servants, have a role to play in operations of institutions applying principles of governance. It is for this reason that public administration is significant and relevant in employment relations and administration. It focuses on effective and efficient management as well as governance of organisations. Trade unions operate as one of the three role players in employment relations. The stance of working relations amongst the three role players, i.e. the state, employers and employees' organisations are influenced by theoretical perspectives in the public and private sector. This article seeks to address some theoretical perspectives in a unionised public sector environment and provide a narrative on the existence of trade unionism.
Open Access
Utilising Monitoring to Manage Teaching and Learning: A Perspective of the Open Distance Learning Universities
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Modiba, N. S.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
This paper evaluates why monitoring is being under-utilised to manage teaching and learning during the Open Distance Learning (ODL) mode by universities. The paper is both conceptual and empirical in nature within the qualitative research paradigm. Interviewing techniques and document review were used to collect data from six lecturers involved in the Open Distance Learning mode by universities. Research findings revealed that monitoring could be a nucleus for the enhancement of tuition by universities. Secondly, monitoring could promote students' accountability towards the completion of their studies on record time. Thirdly, monitoring could facilitate remedial teaching for students-at-risk. Fourthly, monitoring could advise on the accommodative assessment types for diverse students. Fifthly, monitoring could enable the restoration of the culture of quality and excellence by students. Lastly, the absence of well-coordinated monitoring during the ODL period, compromises the sustenance of academic standards by universities. The researcher recommends for the embracing of the decolonisation project to restore the centrality of monitoring during the ODL period. This is about transforming to suite conditions of the new normal.
Open Access
Challenges of Online Pedagogies During Covid-19 Lockdown: Reflections from Teaching Geospatial Technology for Development Planning at the University of Limpopo
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ramoroka, T. M.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
During the academic year 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has forced institutions of higher education, especially face-to-face institutions, to adopt alternatives to conventional teaching and learning instructions and methods. As a result, online pedagogies have been unexpectedly adopted by both academics and students in these institutions, with the hope of saving the 2020 academic year. Regardless of being a desirable option compared to no teaching and learning, the abrupt change from face-to-face instruction to online pedagogies came with challenges which affected both lecturers and students in these institutions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the implementation challenges of online pedagogies at an honours level of study (postgraduate) during COVID-19 lockdown with specific reflections from GeoSpatial Technology for Development Planning curriculum at the University of Limpopo (UL). The challenges include limited or lack thereof, of stable internet connectivity, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and gadgets and, basic ICT skills among some lecturers and students to support online teaching and learning. To achieve its purpose, qualitative research approach was adopted wherein observations and weekly teaching reports were used to solicit data. The paper revealed that "lack of institutional and curriculum support" and, "operational challenges" are the most common experienced at UL. The paper concluded that the successful implementation of online pedagogies depends on well-established ICT resources and infrastructure as well as both lecturers' and students' technological knowledge and skills.
Open Access
A Qualitative Review of the Recurrence of Xenophobic Violence and their Effects on South Africa's Role in International Diplomacy
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Niyitunga, E. B.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The recurring xenophobic violence in South Africa has become a horrific problem that continues to affect the country's international diplomacy in the region and its international relations with other states. Migrants continue to encounter xenophobic violence almost every year, and a number of them live in fear of their lives. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the debate by examining the causal factors of xenophobic violence and their broader effects on South Africa's role in international diplomacy. The attitude of denialism from the side of political leaders, failure to offer quality and good services to the people, and the people experiencing a general sense of deprivation were found to be main causal factors of xenophobic violence. It was found that xenophobic violence defeats the country's diplomacy in exporting human rights protection as the prerequisite for good governance that leads to peace and security to African states. The violence ruins South Africa's African renaissance and Panafricanism diplomacy, and the peacebuilding and democracy diplomacy when dealing with African states. The violence was also found to thwart the country's economic diplomacy in the region and affects the country's involvement in the South-South diplomacy. To reach the findings, the paper adopted a qualitative research method design and used the relative deprivation theory.
Open Access
Mass Political Discourse During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Mudau, T. S.; Sybing, S.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated already growing trends in authoritarian-directed disinformation in mass media and social media, specifically complicating public health initiatives to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus and generally affirming the potentially toxic "post-truth" paradigms of the social media era. This pandemic provides an opportunity for observing counterproductive discourses from governing leaders to explore how to address the use of weaponised language by authoritarian and populist figures. As a result, this paper presents a critical discourse analysis of statements made by governing leaders regarding the COVID-19 pandemic using the framework of weaponized language by Pascale (2019). An analysis of counterproductive and productive discourses indicates that resonating statements by leaders are generally rooted in mundane discourses, or that which is assumed as common sense or taken for granted by audiences, suggesting that productive public health discourse must assume a similar footing to combat disinformation and ensure public health.
Open Access
The Model for Application of Research Solution-Focused Andragogy in Higher Education: A Meta-Synthesis
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Thusi, N.; Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor); Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor)
Higher education research in South Africa presents huge and complex problems that often inhibit timely throughput and leaving student exiting the learning space without the acquisition of the intended qualifications. Literature that tracked throughput progress at different South African institutions of higher learning between 2009 and 2016 found out that only 30 percent of students completed their studies. Further studies that investigated the cause of low postgraduate throughput at South African universities found out that research language, research teaching and research utility were core precursor to the problem currently experienced. This study was a qualitative meta-synthesis framed according to the PICO (Place, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) whereby the best models for application to solve existing andragogic impediments were explored. Hundred and ten (110) articles were critically appraised for eligibility using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Review and Meta-analysis). Final articles that were included after rigorous critical appraisal and assessment for relevance were fifteen. Thematic analysis using COSTA QDA conducted through the cloud-based WebQDA software was used to analyses data and derived conclusions. The results found that the current methodologies used for teaching research seem to be inadequate due to the missing links such as research language in consumption is lacking. It was further revealed that most academics in institutions of higher learning are overloaded with more work. The researcher concluded that a new model of teaching research is necessary. This paper further introduces a sequential andragogy suitable for teaching research
Open Access
Governance and Sustainability of Entrepreneurship During the Covid-19 Era in South Africa
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Musasa, G.; Modiba, F. S.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
Globally governments have been putting efforts to sustain economies heavily affected by the Covid- 19 pandemic, particularly entrepreneurial-based activities. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine how governance in South Africa affected creative industries during the Covid-19 era. This article argues that a country can only sustain and benefit from the growth potential of creative industries when there is good governance and a clear model of development assistance during the Covid-19 era. A systematic literature review was conducted to source qualitative data using grey literature of media sources. The review was guided by the following questions: what governance issues affected creative industries during the Covid-19 era? And to what extent did the latter affect this sector during the Covid-19 lockdowns? Results show that poor governance coupled with corruption and the lack of a clear development assistance model affected the creative industries' activities and livelihoods, and further impacted their sustainability. A conceptual policy model is proposed to assist and sustain creative industries during and post-Covid-19 era to increase entrepreneurial activities and rebuild the economy
Open Access
Conceptualising Informal Business Support in South Africa: A Critical Theory Perspective
(International Conference on Public Administration and Development Alternatives (IPADA), 2021) Ntoyanto, S. S.; Khumalo, P.; Sebola, M. P. (Chief Editor); Molokwane, T. (Quest Editor)
It has been said that the next wave of economic growth will come from townships. Over the years several researchers have conducted research on the township economy and the nature of the township economy. Their focus has been predominately on small businesses and entrepreneurial activities. However, as recent as 2020, the Department of Small Business Development has developed a strategy to close the support gap faced by informal businesses. This has been through the establishment of the National Informal Business Upliftment Strategy (NIBUS). Using the critical theory lens for analysis, the authors will argue that strategies like the above seek to play an emancipatory role especially when it comes to ongoing developmental issues such as poverty alleviation and socio-economic transformation in South Africa. The authors believe that choosing to support informal businesses within their informality is a form of emancipatory policy making and implementation. The authors believe that more policies should work towards meeting individuals where they operate such as in informal spaces. Such as approach in economic development will have a positive outcome on poverty alleviation