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Browsing Agriculture Departments by Author "Baloyi, J. J."

Now showing 1 - 13 of 13
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    Chemical composition, ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of dichrostachys cinerea and bauhinia thonningii leaves.
    (2018-05-18) Mahwasane, Mulalo Birgit; Baloyi, J. J.; Fushai, F.; Mahlako, K. T.
    Forage and browse legumes play an important role in sustaining livestock in small holder farming systems in the tropics, mainly as a result of their contribution to economic and environmental sustainability of livestock production. The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of Dichrostachys cinerea and Bauhinia thonningii leaves. The browse tree leaves were harvested in the wild in Shayandima, Limpopo province. The leaves were collected, oven-dried, milled to pass through a 1.0 mm sieve and analysed for chemical composition in the Animal Science Nutrition Laboratory, at the University of Venda. The browse tree leaves were analysed for DM nitrogen, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Approximately 5 g of leaf sample milled to pass through through a 1 mm sieve were placed in nylon bags (external dimension: 6 × 12 cm, pore size of 41 μm) and incubated in duplicates for 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours periods in the rumen of three cannulated Bonsmara steers. The residues were then analysed for DM and nitrogen. Parameters to describe the dynamics of ruminal degradability of DM and CP were obtained by fitting the data on the exponential equation P = a + b (1 - e-ct) using NEWAY computer program, where “a” is the rapid degradable fraction, “b” is the slow degradable fraction and “c” is the outflow rate. The in vitro DM and CP degradability of rumen undegradable residue collected after 24 and 48 hour incubation was determined by sequential in vitro digestion in pepsin (abomasal) and pancreatin (small intestine) solutions. DM and CP content differed significantly (P ˂ 0.05). D. cinerea leaves had higher levels of DM and CP content than B. thonningii leaves. DM and CP disappearance increased (P < 0.01) as the incubation period increased. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in soluble fraction ‘a’ and ‘b’ of DM of the two species. The CP components for both fraction ‘a’ and ‘b’ differed significantly (P < 0.01) for CP among the two species. There was significant difference (P < 0.01) in post-ruminal digestibility among the two species. CP digestibility of B. thonningii and D. cinerea leaves was reduced (P < 0.01). In conclusion, B. thonningii and D. cinerea leaves showed significant difference based on their fermentation kinetics and in vitro digestibility, suggesting a good nutritional quality which can be used as protein source for ruminants in dry season and supplement to low-quality diets.
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    Comparison of progestone, PGF2A & NOVEL NC SYNCH GnRH based synchronization protocols in boer and indigenous goats of South Africa
    (2016-02-10) Dara, Onayi Brighton; Barry, D. M.; Baloyi, J. J.; Dondofema, Farai
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    Effects of different inclusion levels of marula (sclerocarya birrea) pulp at ensiling on the nutritive value of Napier grass (pennisetum purpureum) silage
    (2017-09-18) Makharamedzha, Unarine; Baloyi, J. J.; Mikasi, M. S.
    See the attached abstract below
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    Effects of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Pulp-buffalo grass (Cenchruis cilliaris) silage on digestibility, growth performance and blood metabolites of windsnyer-type and large white x landrace crossed pigs
    (2019-05-18) Ramakatana, Joseph Glen Kgopong; Fushai, F.; Baloyi, J. J.; Kanengoni A. T.
    The study evaluated the nutritive value of orange pulp- buffalo grass (OPBG) silage as a po-tential pig feed. In experiment 1, OPBG was ensiled in 58 one-litre jars, split into Reno-zyme® enzymes (containing α-amylases and β-endo 1, 3; 1, 4 beta glucanase) (denoted OPBGE) and 18 without enzyme (denoted OPBG). Samples were collected from the lab on days 7, 15 and 30 in a three by two factorial design (period by treatment). In Experiment 2, 12 South African Windsnyer-type (SAWIP) (27.2±3.9 kg) and 12 Large White- Landrace crosses (LW x LR) (28±9.8 kg) were fed diets containing different levels of bulk-ensiled OPBG ad libitum for 30 days, in a 2 X 3 (breed by level of OPBG (control, low (15% OPBG) and high (30% OPBG))) factorial arrangement. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the pigs was measured during week 3 of feeding. The average body gain ABG average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), average gain to feed ratio (AG: F) were measured weekly. Serum glucose (GLU) , blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREAT), cholesterol, (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) were measured during week 4 of the experiment. The levels of CP, EE, NDF, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid (LA) and pH were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 7. However the OPBGE concentra-tions of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, HEMI, WSC, LA and pH were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. The OPBGE was lower (P<0.05) on EE and ADF, compared to OPBG on day 7. The levels of DM, ASH, CP, NDF, ADF, HEMI, LA and WSC were different (P<0.05) for OPBGE and OPBG on day 30. However the OPBGE levels of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, LA and WSC were higher (P<0.05) compared to OPBG. ASH, EE and HEMI were lower (P<0.05) on day 30. There were significant diets x day interactions (P<0.05) for DM, ASH, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, HEMI, WSC, and LA, but not for pH. The aerobic stability study was inconclusive. The digestibility levels of OM and NDF were different (P<0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP, where LW x LR ATTD on OM and NDF was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. The LW x LR ADG was higher (P<0.05) compared to SAWIP for all diets. There was a diet x breed interaction effect (P <0.05) on ADG whereby the BUN and CREAT were different (P <0.05) for LW x LR and SAWIP. The SAWIP BUN was higher (P<0.05), but the CREAT and TG were lower (P<0.05) compared to LW x LR for all diets fed. In conclusion, OPBG inclu-sion in pig feed enhanced the quality of feed, digestibility, performance and blood metabo-lites profile.
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    Effects of sprouting or roasting cowpeas (vigna unguiculata (L.) walp as protein source in diets for Southern African Windsnyer Type, Large White X Landrace and three -way crossbred growing pigs
    (2023-10-05) Lubisi, Mfanuzile Welcome; Fushai, F.; Baloyi, J. J.
    In poorly resourced settings, livestock feeding options are often narrowed to the affordable, readily available legume grains, and to their most convenient biological or thermal processing methods. The tolerance of different pig genotypes to toxic legume anti-nutritional factors and to the negative impact on dietary dietary nutrient availability may differ. The study aimed to determine the capacity of different local pig genotypes to utilise differently processed cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) as a dietary protein source during growth. Preliminary studies were conducted to determine the effective sprouting or roasting of cowpeas for feeding to growing pigs. In a sprouting experiment 1, cowpeas were soaked for 12 hours, open-sprouted over 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, with daily sampling, and the samples rapidly sundried to terminate the sprouting. In a roasting experiment 2, cowpeas were placed in an empty, preheated (150°C interior temperature) cast-iron drum, and roasted for 10, 15, 20, or 30 minutes, coincident with 55°C, 95°C, 105°C, and 130°C respective sample grain temperatures. The effectiveness of both processing procedures was evaluated by determining the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the processed, compared to raw cowpeas. The IVDMD was estimated using a standard three-step (gastric, small, large intestines) in vitro pig digestion procedure, in a setup modified for micro (0.5 g) sample digestion within Ankom® 57 filter bags. Both the sprouting and roasting in vitro digestion were completely randomised, with 14 replicates per sample. Cowpea samples obtained at key sprouting or roasting points were analised for proximate and detergent fibre components, and for trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), as auxiliary variable determinants of IVDMD. The steps 1-2 (gastricileal) IVDMD coefficient dropped (p<0.05) in the 2-day (0.78 ± 0.00486) and 3-day (0.77 ± 0.00486) cowpea sprouts, with equally high (p<0.05) step 3 IVDMD for 2-day and 3-day sprouts (0.13 ± 0.00605) compared to 1-day (0.07 ± 0.00605) and 4-day (0.10 ± 0.00605) sprouts. The total (steps 1-3) IVDMD increased (p<0.05) in 2-day (0.91 ± 0.00336) and 4-day (0.90 ± 0.00336) sprouts. Roasting did not affect steps 1-2 IVDMD. The 20-minute (105° C) roasting resulted in high (p<0.05) step 3 (0.17 ± 0.00734) and the total (0.98 ± 0.00449) IVDMD. The compartmental and total IVDMD, and quantitative change in chemical components and TIA indicated 4-day sprouting, and 20-minute (105° C) roasting were respectively most effective for cowpea processing, procedures which were subsequently used to process cowpeas in bulk for a metabolic, and a performance feeding trial. For the metabolic trial, raw (control) and the differently processed cowpeas were used to constitute iso-nutrient (15% CP, 14.17 MJ ME kg-1) maizebased grower pig diets. The metabolic trial used nine growing pigs, three each of Windsnyer (W), Large White (LW) X Landrace (LW) and the 3-way crossbred (W X LW X LR) genotypes. The pigs were inducted into the experiment at respective initial live weights 11.0 ± 1.15. 4 ± 1.15, and 12 ± 1.15 kg. Pigs were randomly allocated to diets for a factorial experiment within three balanced, 3 (genotype) x 3 (period) Latin squares with 12-day feeding periods split into sevenday adaptation, plus five days measurement of feed intake, and the total faecal and urine excretions. Metabolic size-scaled feed consumption was high (122.6 ± 3.01 g kg-1 Live weight (LW) 0.75) for the raw cowpeas, compared to the roasted cowpea diet (108.8 ± 3.01 g kg LW0.75) (p<0.05). On scaled bases, feed consumption was higher on the sprouted cowpeas compared to the raw diet (P<0.05). Sprouting and roasting both reduced the ash digestibility. Ash digestibility was lower (P<0.05) for LW x LR compared to W x LW x LR pigs. Genotype x Diet interaction was observed for ash, fat, ADF and NDF, however the main mean showed non-significant (P<0.05) for fat, ADF and NDF. Pig responses to the differently processed cowpeas were further evaluated in a 60-day growth trial which used a total of 36 animals, twelve male, 28-day weaned pigs of each of the W, LW X LR, and W x LW x LR genotypes (respective initial live weights 15.0 ± 2.3, 39.0 ± 1.4 and 37.0 ± 1.2 Kg). To balance the initial weights across treatments, pigs were blocked by weight within genotype, and randomly allocated within the weight blocks to the experimental diets for a 3 (genotype) X 3 (diets) factorial experiment replicated four times. The experimental diets were a standard, maize-soybean commercial pig grower (control) feed, and iso-nutrient (14.26 ± 1.2 MJ ME kg, 160.0 ± 2.1 g CP kg), roasted or sprouted cowpea-maize grower pig diets. Pig growth and slaughter parameters, visceral organ sizes, and plasma biomarkers of protein, energy utilization, and organ function were measured. Pig growth was different by genotype in the order LW x LR ≥ LW x LR x W > W (p<0.05). Feed intake ranked LW x LR ≥ LW x LR x W > W (p<0.05). Dietary treatments ranked control > sprouted cowpeas > roasted cowpeas diet (p<0.05). The FCR was similar (p>0.05) across the genotypes, but differed by diet in the order control (3.41 ± 0.551) < sprouted cowpeas (4.94 ± 0.551) ≤ roasted cowpeas (5.93 ± 0.551) diet (p<0.05). Back fat was thickest on the control diet (9.91 ± 0.321) compared to the other diets (p<0.05). The W pigs dressed inferior (p<0.05) compared to the other genotypes. Scaled on the metabolic weight, the liver and kidneys were large (p<0.05) in W pigs, and the kidneys enlarged (0.567 ± 0.0105 %) (p<0.05) in pigs on the roasted cowpea diet. The W x L x LR had low alkaline phosphatase activity (99.50 ± 6.090 U/L), W had low creatinine (44.94 ± 2.32 μmol/L) and cholesterol. (1.23 ± 0.0833 mmol/L); and LW x LR had low plasma total protein (69.20 ± 0.915 g/L). Pigs on the sprouted cowpea diet had high (p<0.05) urea (5.30 ± 0.255 mmol/L) and cholesterol (1.82 ± 0.0833 mmol/L). Albumin was low in pigs on the sprouted diet (35.58 ± 0.902 g/L) and on the roasted diet (35.60 ± 0.902 g/L), while alkaline phosphatase activity was high on the sprouted (110.92 ± 6.090 U/L) and the roasted (130.13 ± 6.090 U/L) diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, compartmental and total IVDMD, and quantitative change in chemical components and TIA indicated 4-day sprouting, and 20-minute (105° C) roasting were respectively most effective for cowpea processing. The observed genotype x diet interactions on N balance parameters confirmed genotype influences on the digestive capacity, and intermediary nutrient metabolism in pigs fed the raw, and differently processed cowpeas, which suggested unique adaptive digestive and metabolic traits among the experimental pig genotypes. The underlying mechanisms need further investigation. Roasting and sprouting of dietary cowpeas produced diets which supported similar, slower growth compared to the soybean-based diet, with higher FCR by pigs on the sprouted, compared to the roasted cowpea diet. Further research is recommended to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and practicality of cowpea sprouting or roasting in large-scale pig production systems.
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    Effects of stocking density, genotype and sex on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Ross and Cobb broilers chickens
    (2015-05) Siaga, Rudzani; Beny, K.; Baloyi, J. J.
    See the attached abstract below
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    Efficient utilization of Macadamia oil cake based diets in ruminants
    (2023-05-19) Mkhonto, Zinhle Debra; Baloyi, J. J.; Mikasi, M. S.
    Ruminants and rumen bacteria form a symbiotic relationship. However, because of nitrogen (N) inefficiency, this interdependent relationship loses energy and protein. Strategic feeding of ruminants with diets containing non-conventional feedstuffs appears to be a promising way to enhance proficiency of protein and energy utilization in ruminants. Macadamia Oil Cake (MOC) can be classified among the non-conventional ingredients that can be included in animal diets, without resulting in any negative effects. The present study evaluated the utilization of MOC-based diets in ruminants. Eight Boer and eight Pedi bucks initially weighing an average of 34 ± 8.39 kg and aged 18 to 24 months were housed individually in metabolic cages (1.8 m × 0.58 m × 1.33 m) to measure nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial protein yield. The goats were balanced for breed and allocated in a completely randomized design (CRD) to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 15, and 20% MOC inclusion. Microbial protein yield was assessed using the urinary excretion of purine derivative (PD) allantoin method to estimate the efficient utilization of nitrogen in the MOC-based diets. The study was carried out for 21 days, beginning with 14 days for acclimatization and seven days for sample collection. MOC inclusion significantly affected (P˂0.05) the intake of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). However, the intake of dry matter (DM) , organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were not significantly affected (P˃0.05) by MOC supplementation. Significant differences (P˂0.05) were observed for OM and EE apparent digestibility of MOC-based diets by goats. However, No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF and ADF. Nitrogen (N) retention was not significantly affected (P>0.05). All goats had positive N-retention values. Urinary allantoin excretion differed significantly (P<0.05) within treatments and affected (P<0.05) microbial protein yield. To conclude, the results attained in this study imply that MOC does not affect apparent digestibility of DM, CP and N-retention but enhanced microbial protein yield. Therefore, MOC showed to be a promising protein source to be utilized in goat diets without significantly causing any adverse effects.NRF
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    Milk yield and quality, nitrogen metabolism and rumen fermentation parameters in dairy cows fed different level of dietary concentrate and live yeast
    (2015) Shabangu, Nomthandazo Petronella; Baloyi, J. J.; Muya, M. C.
    The overall objective of this study was to investigate the effects of level of dietary concentrate and live yeast (LY) on milk yield, milk composition, rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Four primiparous Holstein dairy cows in early lactation (average weight 500 ±9 kg and 20 days in milk (DIM)) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design for a period of 44 days. The animals had seven days of adaptation to the treatments and four days for measurements. The treatments were, Low concentrate to forage (C:F) diet (40:60) with no additive, High C:F diet (60:40) with no additive, High C:F diet with LY and Low C:F diet with LY.Cows weremilked at 06h00 and 16h00 daily and milk samples were analysed for fat, protein, lactose milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). Proximate analysis of feed samples was done and daily feed intake was recorded. Weight and body condition score were determined at beginning and end of every experimental period. Faecal and urinary nitrogen (N)were determined. In vitro batch fermentation was conducted to determine ruminal fermentation kinetics. Data generated from the feeding trial was analysed for a 4 x 4 Latin square design (LSD) using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (2009) and data for the invitro trialwassubjected to ANOVA using PROC GLM (SAS Institute, 2009) for a complete randomized design. Addition of LY affected only dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.05), which effect was pronounce when cows were fed low (40:60) C:F diet resulting in better feed efficiency(FE). Cows fed high C:F diet consumed more feed, produced more milk with high fat and protein content (P<0.05). Both LY and C:F reduced (P<0.05) N intake as result of low DMI, but reduced (P<0.05) N excretion in manure. Addition of LY decreased ruminal ammonia and increased total VFA’s (P<0.05). The effects on ammonia suggest a better utilisation of diet proteins and probably more incorporation of products of CP degradation into microbial proteins, which support the observed reduced manure N excretion. The opposite was observed with high C:F diet, which increased ammonia and decreased total VFA’s. Propionate and butyrate were increased and decreased, respectively by high C:F diet.Addition of LY reduced SCC and MUN compared to control.The effects of LY were better pronounced on most parameters at low C:F diet. It is therefore recommended that the effects of LY be tested at low C:F on a larger scale of animals over longer periods to observe its effect of the rest of the parameters.