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Open Access
Agronomic evaluation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in contrasting agro-ecological regions of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces
(2020-02-24) Shilenge, Siphiwe Kim; Ogola, J. B. O.; Odindo, A.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important grain legume in the world, ranking second after soybean (Glycine max L.). It accounts for a substantial proportion of human dietary nitrogen intake and plays a crucial role in food security in developing countries. Chickpea can grow in areas with low rainfall and poor soils, and thus may be an important food security crop for smallholder resource-poor farmers in the semi-arid tropics such as the dry environments of the Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa. Preliminary studies showed the huge potential of chickpea production in these environments. However, no suitable genotypes have been identified and recommended for different agro-ecological zones of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, and hence, identify the genotypes that are adapted/suitable to the contrasting agro-ecological conditions of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces for production. Field experiments were conducted in the winter cropping seasons of 2016 and 2017 at Thohoyandou (University of Venda experimental station), Syferkuil (University of Limpopo experimental station) and Nelspruit (University of Mpumalanga experimental station). Ten desi chickpea genotypes were sown in a completely randomized block design replicated three times on 10 May 2016 and 10 April 2017 (Thohoyandou), 13 May 2016 and 11 April 2017 (Syferkuil) and 03 May 2016 and 24 May 2017 (Nelspruit). Plant growth characteristics were assessed by determining plant height, crop phenology, number of primary and secondary branches, and canopy cover. Yield and yield components were assessed at harvest after physiological maturity. Carbon dioxide exchange rates (CER) was determined at different growth stages using the InfraRed Gas Analyzer (IRGA). Chlorophyll content (CC) and intercepted radiation were determined weekly using the chlorophyll content meter (CCM-200 PLUS, Opti-Science, Tyngsboro, Massachusetts), and the AccuPAR, LP-80 ceptometer (Deacon Devices Ltd., Pullman, USA), respectively. Genotypes did not vary in CC at Thohoyandou in all seasons, but CC increased with stages of growth. Genotypes varied in the proportion of intercepted radiation (IR) at all measurement dates in Thohoyandou during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The proportion of IR increased with growth stage, reached a peak and declined with plant age. Genotype affected photosynthesis and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) but did not have any significant effect on stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (T) and Leaf Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPDL) during the 2016 season in Thohoyandou. In contrast, genotype did not affect photosynthesis, Ci, gs, T and VPDL in the 2017 season in Thohoyandou. There was no variation among genotypes on number of primary and secondary branches in Thohoyandou in both seasons. Genotypes showed no variation in plant height in the 2016 season in Thohoyandou agro-ecological condition. However, genotypes showed significant variation in plant height at 14, 70 and 84 days after emergence (DAE) in the 2017 cropping season. Moreover, genotypes showed significant variations in days to 50% flowering in Thohoyandou during the 2016 season, but showed no variations in days to 50% emergence and 75% physiological maturity. Genotypes showed no variations in days to 50% emergence, 50% flowering, 50% podding and 75% physiological maturity in the 2017 season in all locations. Genotypes showed significant variation in grain yield in Syferkuil agro-ecological condition, but showed no significant variations on all the other studied traits, while genotypes varied in 100 seed weight (SW) in Thohoyandou, but did not show any variations on the other studied traits during the 2016 season. Moreover, genotypes did not vary for all studied traits in Nelspruit during the 2016 season. The 2016 genotype and environment (G X E) interaction results showed no significant variations. However, results showed G X E interactions during the 2017 growing season suggesting that genotypes responded to environmental variation in a different way. Syferkuil had the greatest grain yield (2811 kg ha-1 and 3122 kg ha-1) in both the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons respectively, as compared to Thohoyandou and Nelspruit. These preliminary findings show that the studied genotypes responded differently in contrasting agro-ecological regions of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces and that Syferkuil might be the best environment for chickpea production in this region due to its cooler temperatures. Of the genotypes evaluated the most promising genotypes are ICCV8101, ICCV3203 and ICCV4110 in these regions in terms of grain yield.
Open Access
An investigation of hygiene practices in butcheries and the prevalence of antibiotic resistant Listeria monocytogenes in Limpopo, South Africa
(2024-09-06) Siluma, Bridget; Ramashia, S. E.; Nethathe, B.; Kgatla, T. E.
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with serious public health and food safety problems. It is an intracellular microbe that causes Listeriosis, a life-threatening disease that yields to bacteremia, meningitis, and spontaneous miscarriage. This study aimed to conduct the survey and investigate the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of L. monocytogenes from butcheries (village & commercial) and supermarkets beef plate meat in the Vhembe district. Evaluation of meat safety practices and hygiene among different butcheries and supermarkets was conducted using a questionnaire. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in retail beef plate meat was determined on chromogenic agar and the antibiotics susceptibility was examined from L. monocytogenes isolates using the well diffusion method. The results of this study revealed that (i) some supermarkets followed the meat safety practices and hygiene, whereas there was a combination of good and unhygienic meat handling practices identified at commercial and village butcheries (ii) L. monocytogenes were identified in high numbers however some other species of Listeria such as L. ivanovii and L. innocua were found in beef plate meat (iii) The Listeria isolates were resistant to a wide range of antibiotics used to treat human listeriosis such as ampicillin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid in large numbers while a few of the isolates were susceptible to sulphamethoxazole and intermediary responsive to oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline. The findings from this study concluded that some supermarkets follow the safety procedures while commercial and village butcheries do not follow the procedures and regulations, furthermore, the prevalence of the pathogenic L. monocytogenes may harm the communities around Vhembe district. Moreover, treatment in case of an outbreak may become burdensome as the pathogen may be resistant to antimicrobial treatment. It is recommended that intervention through training on food safety to improve the hygienic practices of meat handling along the beef supply chain, more especially within commercial and village butcheries be conducted, also L. monocytogenes control measures from relevant authorities need to be put in place, meat must be prepared adequately, and antibiotics must be utilized appropriately. In addition, conducting molecular research on Listeria species to determine the virulence genes present in L. monocytogenes isolated from retail beef, to keep track of the type of strains of Listeria that may be circulating in the Vhembe district is recommended.
Open Access
An analysis of agricultural commercialisation amongst smallholder farmers in Munyati Resettlement Area, Chikomba District, Zimbabwe
(2015-02-06) Kabiti, Hlekani Muchazotida; Raidimi, E. N; Pfumayaramba, T. K.
Smallholder farmer commercialisation has been identified as a way of increasing agricultural production, food availability, and farmers' incomes. Smallholder commercialisation can occur asa result of an increase in the production levels of "traditional" food crops or asa result ofa shift in production towards cash crops. Commercialisation occurs both on the input side and output side. Zimbabwe has been coming up with strategies to increase smallholder farmer commercialisation and participation in agricultural markets. Smallholder farmers in Munyati resettlement area in Zimbabwe are still facing challenges in commercialisation. The study analysed smallholder farmer input and output commercialisation in the study area, paying attention to the determinants, current levels, challenges and the perceptions of the smallholder farmers on commercialisation. The study was limited to crop commercialisation. The study respondents were smallholder farmers and the extension officer working in the study area. Research methodologies used include transect walk, key informant interviews, and structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and econometric methods were used to analyse the data on the statistical package Stata version 10.0. The Tobit Regression Model was used to analyse the determinants of input and output commercialisation. The study revealed that the farmers have an average input commercialisation index of0.42 and an average output commercialisation index of 0.41. Level of input commercialisation was found to be determined by method of cultivation, years of schooling of household head, irrigation availability, distance to input market, road access and household gross production value in the study area. Level of output commercialisation at household level was found to be determined by household labour size, irrigation availability, household gross production value, farming experience and off farm income. The farmers had positive perceptions and attitudes towards agricultural commercialisation. Various challenges were indicated as hindrances to commercialisation. Most of the indicated challenges were market related. Lack of farmer organisations was another challenge indicated. The study ends by recommending that different strategies be used to enhance input and output commercialisation as they are determined by different factors. Further studies are recommended on commodity specific levels of commercialisation so as to better understand the agricultural commodities which can be promoted for the purpose commercialisation in the study area.
Open Access
An Analysis of crop farmer's resilience to climate change in the Thulamela Local Municipality of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2022-11-24) Gwebu, Mashoma Pusheletjo Nairobi; Oluwatayo, I. B.
Climate change is a well-known phenomenon, and it affects agriculture negatively. Due to the rising impacts of climate change, this study sought to assess resilience strategies that have been adopted by farmers to mitigate against the effects of climate change in the Thulamela Local Municipality. A mixed research design was used in this study. The simple random sampling techniques was used to select a sample of 180 farmers from a population of 300 registered farmers that used resilient strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change in Thulamela Municipality. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) was used to analyse the data. The study used descriptive statistics, to analyse the socio-economic characteristics of farmers that have adopted resilience strategies and challenges faced by farmers when adopting the resilience strategies. Furthermore, the principal component analysis model was used to analyse the resilient strategies adopted by farmers and multinomial regression analysis was used to analyse the factors influencing the choice of resilient strategies by farmers. The study found that there are more females than male farmers that use resilient strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change and that farmers with more farming experience adopt better these strategies than those with fewer experience. It was also found that most farmers that participate in using resilient strategies have formal education. The resilient strategies used by farmers were crop diversification, soil conservation practice and crop management, cover crops and rainwater harvesting, fertilizer application and the use of resilient crop varieties. Again, the study revealed that the most common factors influencing the adoption of resilience strategies were educational level, extension support, farming under irrigation, having an income. The result on the challenges that farmers faced while adopting to the resilience strategies indicate that farmers are unable to access credit, they do not have enough agricultural information, they have no proper guidance in using some resilient strategies, they do not have enough water on their farms. The study recommends that extension officers should facilitate networking among farmers, wherein farmers with more farming experience could assist farmers with less experience on the best adoption of resilient strategies Also, there should be mechanisms to assist farmers to adopt resilience strategies even if they are expensive to adopt within their practices.
Open Access
Analysis of factors affecting proper functioning of smallholder agricultural cooperatives in the Lepelelle Nkumpi Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2016) Thaba, Katlego; Anim, F. D. K.; Pfumayaramba, T. K.
Agricultural cooperatives have been generally promoted as a vehicle for smallholder agricultural development in South Africa. As a result, agricultural co-operative registrations in South Africa are increasing. However, research suggests that South African co-operatives have generally not been effective, successful and functional. The study determined factors affecting proper functioning of smallholder agricultural cooperatives in Lepelle Nkumpi Municipality. Simple random sampling method was used to select a sample of 140 active cooperative members from 13 registered agricultural cooperatives. A list of agricultural cooperatives was obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Limpopo Province to facilitate the process. Primary data was collected using designed questionnaires and secondary data was collected from journal articles, internet and other recorded data. All questionnaires were handed out during face to face interviews held with participants. Discriminant analysis was used to analyse the data. The model was used to identify different factors which might have positive or negative effects on the functioning of agricultural cooperatives. The discriminant analysis results revealed that functional smallholder agricultural cooperatives were characterized by high level of training of members; interaction with other stakeholder and satisfaction with the training and assistance received. On the other hand Dysfunctional smallholder agricultural cooperative were characterized by high age group, low level of meeting attendance, large cooperative size, dissatisfaction of assistance and training received and high number of females. The weighting coefficients of the standardized canonical discriminant coefficients of the independent variables showed that variables that discriminated between functional and dysfunctional cooperatives were: cooperative size (-0.852), interaction vi with stakeholders to improve the level of skill (0.579), satisfaction with assistance provided (0.516), number of females in cooperative (-0.455), years in existence of cooperative (0.452), members participation in decision making (0.407) and age group (0.446). The finding obtained in this study could be quite useful to policy makers. This study recommended that government should intensify effort on cooperative training, extension service and assistance to support functioning of agricultural cooperatives in the study area. Cooperative members should also participate in decision making and attend cooperative meetings to acquire more agricultural information
Open Access
Analysis of the constraints faced by small-scale farmers in achieving household food security a case study of Masholomoshe and Makwe Irrigation Schemes in Gwanda District, Matabeleland South Province
(2015-01-30) Ndlovu, Langelihle; Chauke, P. K.; Pfumayaramba, T. K.
The study analysed the constraints faced by small-scale irrigation farmers on household food security in drought prone agro-ecological region 5, Gwanda district. The study conducted a case study of Masholomoshe and Makwe irrigation schemes in Gwanda district of Matabeleland south province in Zimbabwe. The main objective was to analyse the impact of the constraints faced by small-scale irrigation farmers on household food security. The study looked at the socio-economic factors, production levels, role of supporting institutions and the constraints faced by farmers. Primary data was collected using interview questionnaires with open and closed ended questions. Questionnaires were designed based on objectives and research questions. Key informant interviews were also carried out with the extension officers. The data was captured and analyzed using statistical package for social scientist (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, gross margin, multiple linear and binary logistic regression models were all used to analyse the data. The study established the dominance of women and the elderly who are less educated farmers, use of rented land and farming as the main source of income. The study also revealed that farmers were not able to grow crops throughout the year and they obtained very small net farm incomes. The main supporting service that the farmers were getting was the assistance from the extension workers and their main constraints were high water costs, shortage of water, lack of access to credit, lack of inputs and output markets, lack of relevant training and information and damage to irrigation infrastructure. Inferential statistical analyses detected a negative impact of household size, area cultivated, total yield, and quantity sold to household food security while total income, land tenure, access to credit and extension services had a positive impact. Amongst others the study recommended financial assistance to farmers in form of subsidies on input prices, low interest loans, and skills transfers. Farmers could also be assisted to construct water storage facilities such as dams and water tanks.
Open Access
Assessing beneficiation of black emerging macadamia farmers from the statutory levy for transformation in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2022-11-23) Mokwite, Basetsana Christine; Oluwatayo, I. B.
In 1996, under the Marketing of Agricultural Products Act (MAP Act No. 47 of 1996), the South African government implemented statutory measures in support of the MAP Act’s objective of promoting efficiency in the agricultural sector. In 2018, Macadamia South Africa NPC (SAMAC) were approved for a second term of statutory measures that enable applicable agricultural industries to collect levy funds for the expenditure on crucial generic functions: research, transformation, and information. The transformation function is enacted to fast-track rural development of previously disadvantaged farmers towards their advancing commercialisation by funding their much-needed resources to perform daily farm operations and for human capacity empowerment. With the aim to determine the objective of the MAP Act No. 47 enacted in 1996 is being realized, the study assessed the beneficiation of black emerging macadamia farmers from the transformation programme activities funded by the statutory levies in Vhembe District Municipality. The objectives of the study were to identify and describe the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers investigate factors influencing beneficiation from the transformation programme funded by the statutory levies, evaluate the impact of the transformation programme funded by the statutory levies on beneficiaries’ skills and enterprise development and explore the beneficiaries’ views, and challenges faced by the beneficiaries of the transformation programme funded by the statutory levies. The study was carried out in the Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo Province where data was collected from 152 black emerging macadamia growers using structured questionnaires. SPSS version 27 and Stata version 14 were used to capture and analyze the data. A binary logistic regression model was used to investigate the influence of socio-economic factors on the beneficiation towards a transformation programme funded by statutory levies. PCA and Tobit regression model was used to evaluate the impact of the transformation programme funded by the statutory levies on farmer’s enterprise and skills development. Analysis of socio-economic factors showed amongst other things, that majority of the respondents were males, with the average age of the respondents being was 56 years having a farm size of 6.38 hectares. Respondents’ farming experience was 11 years, with an average of 11 years of schooling. Farming was the main source of income for most of the beneficiaries and the majority of the respondents had permission to occupy certificates from village chiefs revealing that they own the land. The binary regression model showed that socio-economic factors that influenced beneficiation were the location of the farmers, marital status, years of schooling, agricultural qualification, years of farming and membership association. The PCA and Tobit regression model found that the significant explanatory variables are farming qualification and membership association. The descriptive results of the extent to which the farmers are benefitted from the transformation programme funded by the statutory levies on farmers’ development (skills and enterprise) revealed that most of the farmers (69%) did receive assistance either for enterprise and or skills development activities. In terms of enterprise development over 75% of the respondents indicated that they have been assisted while over 76.3% of them indicated that they have received skills development assistance from the transformation programme. The study established the main constraints that the beneficiaries are facing were lack of machinery and infrastructure, high input costs and theft/mutilation of the macadamia nuts. the beneficiaries’ views of the transformation programme. The beneficiaries of the transformation programme also listed input subsidies, machinery and payment of staff as their major needs. Based on the findings, the study recommends that farmers be encouraged to continue schooling as far as acquiring agricultural qualifications because education could enhance farmers’ farming practices. Also, stakeholders such as agricultural extension officers and transformation managers of the industry bodies to offer the enterprise and skills development activities based on the farmer’s needs, regularly monitor and evaluate the progress of the farmers that benefitted from the programmes and mentor them before assisting more individuals.
Open Access
Assessment of access and use of credit amongst smallholder farmers in the Capricorn District Municipality, of Limpopo Province in South Africa
(2013-12-10) Motlhatlhana, Moloko Lovedelia; Chauke, P. K.; Pfumayaramba, T. K.
Open Access
Assessment of antibiotic resistance phenotypic patern in some commensal bacteria isolated from meat and dairy products
(2015-02-18) Moyane, Jeremia Ntambama; Jideani, A. I. O.; Aiyegoro, O. A.
This study investigated the pattern of antibiotic resistance in some commensal bacteria isolated from meat and dairy products. This study is important because, antibiotics resistance has become a serious public health concern with economic and social implications throughout the world. The use of antibiotics in animal husbandry has promoted the development and abundance of antibiotic resistance in farm environments. This can cause a potential health problem since resistance genes of pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted from foodstuffs such as dairy and meat products to human. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic resistance pattern of commensal bacteria isolated from meat and dairy products using phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (2007) standards. A total of twenty eight (28) antibiotics were used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of commensals which include eight (8) selected Acinetobacter isolates, twenty (20) Staphylococcus isolates and sixteen Morganella morganii isolates. There was rnultidrug resistance observed among in all three groups of isolates. Moreover, this study provided information of antibiotic usage in food-producing animals in South Africa and the implication and impact in food chain. Study of antibiotic resistance in developing countries such as South Africa is important as the information could enhance prudent use of antibiotics in food production by detecting transfer of resistant bacteria or resistance genes from food animals to humans.
Open Access
An assessment of coping strategies in the marketing of produce by street vendors
(2015-01-30) Munzhelele, R; Chauke, P. K.; Pfumayaramba, T. K.
This study was aimed to investigate patterns and causes of changes of terrestrial small mammal species diversity, richness and abundance with increasing elevation in the Soutpanberg Mountains. Capture mark recapture method was conducted at five altitudinal sites ranging from 1000-174 7m above sea level in the southern slopes of the western Soutpansberg. Data on different environmental variables (Microhabitat and climate) were collected. Twelve small mammal species was recorded, of these two species of shrew, nine rodents and one species of Sengi. Three rodent species e.g. Micaelamys namaquensis, Aethomys ineptus and Rhabdomys pumilio were the most abundant species occurring in almost all altitudinal sites. Six models were built to test influence of different environmental variables on small mammal. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was used to assess the best model that explained variation in species richness, diversity and abundance. Model has shown that variation small mammal species richness and diversity was attributed to rockiness of the area. Small mammal species richness significantly increase with increase in altitude, species diversity also increase with altitude but it was not statistically significant dominance of R. pumilio at high altitude. Rock cover significantly influences the variation of three small mammal species (Rhabdomys pumilio, Aethomys ineptus and Elephantulus myurus). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test if there any significant difference of four small mammal (A. ineptus, M namaquensis, R. pumilio and E. myurus) body mass with changes in altitude. Altitude significalty influences variation of A. ineptus body mass but not in way predicted by Bergmanns' Rule. The results have shown that all four small mammals tested did not conform to Bergmann rule.
Open Access
Assessment of hydro-physical properties of some crusting soils in four different soil form as revealed by micro-focus x-ray computed tomography in Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2021-06-23) Mpofu, Khuthadzo Tendani Given; Wakindiki, I. I. C.; Odhiambo, J. J. O.
Most of the available knowledge about soil structure degradation through crust formation is limited to two-dimensional geometry. However, soil is a natural three-dimension body. The objective of the study is to assess soil crusting and hydro physical properties in four different soil form by using X-ray Computed Tomography, Characterizing micro-morphometric of crusting soil’s pore system, quantifying soil structure degradation through crusting development and visualizing hydro physical properties in all four-soil form. Micro X-ray Computed Tomography techniques can greatly add value to existing knowledge because they can reveal soil structure in three dimensions (3D). Undisturbed soil aggregates were obtained from two adjacent sampling locations namely Visibly Crusted (VC) and Not-Visibly Crusted (NVC). Four soil forms were studied in Limpopo province, South Africa at Vhembe Region under Thulamela and Collin Chabane local Municipality. Soil form studied are Dundee, located at (Tshamutoro village), Shortlands (Mukula Village), Hutton (University of Venda) and Glenrosa (Ha-Davhana village). The samples were scanned using Nikon XTH 225L micro-focus CT X-ray unit. The scans were reconstructed into three-dimensional volume data set of pore shapes, pore size and porosity among the soils using CT Pro software® and further analysed using VG Studio Max V3.0®. images were acquired after 30 minutes in each scan. The result of the study indicated that total porosity decreases with increase in depth, and the shape of the aggregates were dominated by regular pores that are susceptible to water erosion. Moreover, soil pores inform of mesopores, micropores, and macro pores were recorded using 3D images acquired .By visualizing hydro physical properties using images in 2D and 3D, it was possible to visualize arrangement of aggregates and their sizes helping to understand the erodibility of soil. In conclusion X-ray computed tomography is an effective tool to study the microstructure of soil aggregates.
Open Access
Assessment of the effect of fungicides on powdery mildew development on butternut squash
(2016-03-10) Mafa, Maite Sarah; Kunjecu, E. C.; Samie, A.
Embargo
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Services in Enhancing Food Security among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Makhado Local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2025-09-05) Munyai, Trevor; Oluwatayo, I. B.
Food security is a pressing concern not only in South Africa, but globally. According to the National Food Security indicators, South Africa is food secure nationally, but the same cannot be said at the household level. Meanwhile, agricultural extension services (AES) play a crucial role in supporting smallholder farmers through the provision of usable information, which can enhance food production and ultimately improve food security. The services rendered by extension workers provide farmers with the knowledge, skills, and resources necessary to improve their agricultural practices and increase productivity. The study was conducted in the Makhado Local Municipality, of Limpopo province, South Africa. It involved collecting data from a random sample of 250 smallholder maize farmers which was subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics, Freer Greer Thorbecke (FGT) index of poverty measures, and Probit model. The results show that most respondents were male (53.6%) and aged above 60 (60.0%). A sizeable number of the respondents were educated, with 50.8% having secondary education. The study highlights the significant role of AES in improving food security, with 74.8% of respondents indicating enhancement of AES as a measure to improve food security. In achieving sustainable food security, structural barriers such as inadequate land access, water scarcity, and limited training opportunities were also identified as critical constraints. Probit model results indicate that, with a coefficient of age and access to credit, it was statistically significant at the 5% significant level, and they had a negative relationship with food security status. Moreover, the study also uncovered that effective extension services and access to the market had a negative relationship with food security status, and they were significant at a 1% level. The income level and land size were statistically significant at 5% but positively related to food security status. The study, therefore, recommends strengthening AES, improving market access, and increasing access to credit for smallholder farmers. Thus, tackling food insecurity requires a comprehensive strategy that considers the interplay of demographic, economic, and institutional factors.
Open Access
An assessment of the Extent of Small-scale business venturing in Rural areas: A case study of Molemole Local Municipality in Capricorn District of Limpopo Province
(2017-09-18) Padi, Mokibelo Deborah; Chauke, P. K.; Maiwashe, A.M.
The study was premised on anticipation for the existence of small businesses that `seemed to be widespread within households in the traditional authorities of Molemole local municipality. The observation prompted the researcher to investigate two aspects related to these ventures; how these small-scale businesses and other income generating opportunities impact livelihoods of members of the communities. The study was conducted in rural communities of Molemole Local municipality of Limpopo Province. Data was collected using a structured pre-tested questionnaire from members of the community. Additional data was collected from traditional leaders of the four traditional authorities namely: Machaka, Makgato, Ramokgopa and Manthata through focus group discussions. Multi-stage clustered proportional random sampling technique was used to select the sample for this study of 150 individuals from the four traditional authorities. SPSS computer software was used to analyse data from the structured questionnaires while Likert scale was used to analyse the data collected from the focus group discussion. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data while Binary logistics regression model was used to analyse the influence of socio economic factors on the income levels of the respondents (from both businesses and other sources). The findings of the study show that biographic characteristics proved to have a great effect/impact on how rural community members generate their livelihoods (through income generation). Most of the respondents were found to be females, and this had a positive impact on their level of income. Majority of the respondents had secondary education as their highest level of education which caused them to have limited access to external employment. Services rendered by the few small businesses were found to be unsatisfactory by the community members. Traditional leaders stated that it was important for residents in their communities to own businesses as this will provide them with good income and services to the communities. The study concluded that income did improve the livelihoods of community members. Amongst others the study recommended for increased women empowerment, educational opportunities and encouragement to communities to initiate business ventures.
Open Access
Biochar and Poultry Litter Effects on Maize Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Selected Soil Biological Activities in Different Soil Types
(2022-07-15) Ntsoane, R. L.; Odhiambo, J. J. O.; Kutu, F. R.; Kutu, F. R.
South African soils contain lesser percent organic carbon content compared to soils from many parts of the world. The loss in organic carbon content reduces soil fertility and drives an ever increasing demand for the use of soil amendments to enhance soil fertility. The study consiststed of a greenhouse pot experiment and a laboratory incubation experiment. The objective of a greenhouse study was to assess the effects of biochar and poultry litter application on maiize productivity under different soil types. Treatments consisted of different soil types and amendments of biochar and poultry litter. Soils were collected from four sites (Mutshenzheni, Rambuda, Tshiombo Irrigation and Tshiombo Madzivhandila) representing different soil types (Westleigh (We1), Hutton (Hu), Westleigh(We2) and Shortlands (Sd), respectively. Soils were amended with biochar and poultry litter. The amendments consisted of various mix ratios of biochar (BC) with poultry litter (PL) as treatments, which are namely, BC0PL0, BC100PL0, BC75PL25, BC50PL50, BC25PL75, and BC0PL100. Soil amendments were applied at different rates of 0- 5 t ha-1 PL and 0- 40 t ha-1 BC. Treatments were laid out in a completely randomize design (CRD) and replicated three times. Biochar and poultry litter application exerted no significant difference on soil pH of We2, Sd, and Hu soils. However, the effect of biochar and poultry litter application was significant at soil We1. In contrast, application of biochar and poultry litter had no effect on soil total N of soil We1, We2, and Hu and was significant on soil Sd. The results of this study showed that application of biochar and poultry litter treatments had no significant effect on both the maize growth and nutient uptake at early stages ( Week 1 and Week 2). However, the application of biochar and poultry litter treatments had a significant difference ( p ≥ 0.001) on maize growth and nutrient uptake at a later stage ( Week 3 to Week 6). Therefore, there is a potential to ameliorate fertility constraints in agricultural soils using biochar combined with poultry litter. Though biochar possesses some essential elements required for plant growth, sole application reduces its efficiency with its effectiveness confirmed only when applied in combination with organic-based materials such as poultry litter. The laboratory incubation experiment assessed the effects of different biochar rates on soil chemical and bio-quality parameters. Each treatment consisted of a 200 g of soil (We1, Hu, We2 and Sd) homogenously mixed with biochar amendments (0, 10, 20, and 40, t ha-1). The treatments were laid in a completely randomize design (CRD) and replicated three times. Soil sampling was done on day 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120, and samples were analyzed for soil available P and N and bio-quality parameters namely microbial biomass nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase, β glucosidase, soil organic carbon, and dehydrogenase activity. The results of the study revealed various responses of soil bio-quality parameters and selected soil chemical properties after biochar and poultry litter application. Thus, the effects of biochar rate, incubation days and soil type on soil enzymes and other bio-quality parameters elicited an understanding on microbial activity and soil enzymes mechanism . Therefore, a prolonged study (more than 120 day) is required to evaluate the effects of incubation days, biochar rate and soil type effect on soil nutrients and bio-quality parameters.
Open Access
Biochar and poultry manure effects on selected soil physical and chemical properties and maize (Zea Mays) in a dry environment
(2018-05-18) Musumuvhi, Thabelo; Odhiambo, J. J. O.; Mzezewa, J.
Poultry manure (PM) is an inexpensive source of fertilizer but it decomposes quickly and releases carbon and greenhouse gases. Biochar (BC) could be an alternative source of carbon to improve soil quality and reduce greenhouse gas emission. This study investigated the effect of co-application of BC and PM on selected soil physical and chemical properties and performance of maize. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Venda experimental farm during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement consisting of four rates of BC (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and three rates of PM (0, 2, and 4 t ha-1) in a RCBD arrangement replicated three times. Maize was planted in both seasons. After harvest, soil bulk density was determined at four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm), while aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties were determined at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). Data were subjected to ANOVA using Genstat 17th edition. The least significant difference was used to compare the treatment means at P < 0.05. Soil aggregate stability, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, maize dry matter and maize grain yield increased with increasing rates of BC and PM application at 0 - 15 cm depth in both seasons. The combination of BC at 20 t ha-1 and PM at 4 t ha-1 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil bulk density at 5 - 10 cm depth but increased soil available P and total N at the two depths in both seasons. The results of this study suggested that BC and PM improved soil ability to retain and supply nutrients through improved soil aggregate stability and reduced bulk density thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. Combining BC with PM proved to enhance the ability of soil to function by improving selected soil physical and chemical properties thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield.
Open Access
Cassava root (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) characterisation and evaluation of process-induced changes on functional of its flour
(2021-06-23) Udoro, Elohor Oghenechavwuko; Jideani, A. I. O.; Anyasi, T. A,
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the world’s most important root crop, highly perishable, mostly grown and consumed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, South America and Africa. Despite the popularity and utilisation of cassava in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, it is not well known in South Africa. In this study, morphological, physicochemical, structural, elemental, and metabolic characterisation was conducted on two South African cassava landraces red (RCLR) and white (WCLR) highlighting their potential end-use properties. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in determining the linear, interactive and quadratic effect of varying concentrations of pre-treatment (0.6 – 3.4%w/v) and drying temperature (45 – 74⁰C) on thermal, functional and physicochemical properties of cassava flour (CF) from both landraces. Calcium chloride and citric acid were separately applied in pre-treatment of the flours. Four experimental groups: CF from red landrace pre-treated with citric acid (CAR); CF from red landrace pre-treated with calcium chloride (CCR); CF from white landrace pre-treated with citric acid (CAW); and CF from white landrace pre-treated with calcium chloride (CCW) were comparatively evaluated. In each experimental group, the experimental samples were compared with control samples by One-way ANOVA and separation of means using Duncan Multiple Range Test in SPSS statistics software Version 25 (IBM Corp., New York, USA). Experimental design, analysis, response plots, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of model parameters and process optimisation was done with Stat-Ease design expert software (Version 12). Visual assessment of the root parenchyma showed no distinct features as both landraces appeared cream in colour. However, colorimetric analysis revealed that L* (87.42), a* (0.06), b* (14.17), whiteness (89.45) and brownness index (4.15) of WCLR were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the L* (83.30), a* (0.67), b* (16.07), whiteness (86.50) and brownness index (5.17) of RCLR. Peel thickness of the RCLR (2.27 mm) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of WCLR (1.85 mm) while the percentage flour yield of RCLR (36.15) was significantly lower than WCLR (37.03). Flour from the roots showed significant variance (p < 0.05) in a*, b* and brownness index but the lightness and whiteness index were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Cyanide content (RCLR – 3.62 mg/kg; WCLR – 3.51 mg/kg) of the root was not significantly (p > 0.05) different, but the flour (RCLR – 2.92 mg/kg; WCLR – 1.83 mg/kg) was significantly (p < 0.05) different. Cyanide content of the root and flour were below WHO recommended safe consumption level of 10.00 mg/kg. Scanning electron micrographs of both flours showed spherical and truncated starch granules clustered and dispersed in no regular pattern. Pattern and main peaks (2θ = 43⁰, 23⁰, 17⁰ and 15⁰) of X-ray diffractometry spectra of the flours were the same, exhibiting A-type starch crystallinity. Metabolic profiling, with the aid of gas chromatography-mass ii spectrometry, revealed that phenolic acids identified were higher in WCLR than RCLR. A reverse trend was observed with identified FAMEs in the landraces. Of all sugars identified, sucrose had the highest concentration in both landraces. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of CF revealed that both landraces contained potassium (RCLR - 26.10 mg g−1; WCLR – 30.30 mg g−1), magnesium (RCLR – 23.40 mg g−1; WCLR – 16.80 mg g−1), calcium (RCLR – 11.50 mg g−1; WCLR – 5.60 mg g−1), aluminium (RCLR – 1.50 mg g−1; WCLR – 1.50 mg g−1), phosphorus (RCLR – 0.80 mg g−1; WCLR – 1.50 mg g−1), iron (RCLR – 0.50 mg g−1; WCLR – 0.50 mg g−1), chromium (RCLR – 0.20 mg g−1; WCLR – 0.20 mg g−1), and titanium (RCLR – 0.20 mg g−1; WCLR – 0.20 mg g−1). Differential scanning calorimetry showed that pre-treatment had an increasing effect on the gelatinisation temperatures and enthalpy of CF. Citric acid treatment had a decreasing effect on water holding capacity of CF when compared to calcium chloride. Loose bulk density (LBD) ranged between 0.34 – 0.41 g/cm3 (CAR), 0.37 - 0.45 g/cm3 (CCR), 0.35 – 0.43 g/cm3 (CAW) and 0.37 – 0.44 g/cm3 for CCW respectively. The LBD increased with an increase in DT. Packed bulk density (PBD) of CF treated with calcium chloride and citric acid were similar with the least and highest PBD of 0.62 and 0.73 g/mL respectively. An increase in drying temperature and concentration increased ash content. Calcium chloride and citric acid pre-treatments improved the lightness and whiteness index of CF. The L* values of CF were between 91.37 and 93.65 with the control (not pre-treated) samples significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the experimental samples in all four groups. The study reveals that the pre-treatments have a mitigating effect against enzymatic browning associated with cassava root processing. An increase in thermal properties indicates that the processing conditions confer on CF more stability in the presence of heat and water. Chemical characterisation shows that both landraces are of the sweet type, with low cyanide content which makes them safe for human consumption. The flours contain minerals that are useful for proper body function and metabolism. The A-type starch crystallinity of flour exhibited, positions the flours as a suitable wheat replacement in flour-based food applications. Therefore, the roots of these landraces can be processed into minimally processed foods such as chips. The flours can be utilised in food applications such as baked products, gels and stabilisers.
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Characterization and potential for the genetic improvement of pigeonpea (cajanus cajan ) landraces
(2025-09-05) Mashifane, Dipoo Charity; Gwata, E. T.; Shonhai, A.; Mathew, I.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is an important grain legume that provides highly nutritious food for human consumption, livestock feeds and fixes considerable amounts of atmospheric nitrogen, thus improving soil fertility. Local farmers utilize traditional unimproved cultivars that are inherently low yielding limiting the adoption of the crop. The narrow genetic base of pigeonpea limits plant breeding efforts aimed at improving the species. Determining the genotypic variation in agronomic and nutritional attributes among pigeonpea genotypes is essential for improving crop productivity and nutritional content of the crop. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of information regarding the characterization and the genetic diversity in agronomic and nutritive attributes in the pigeonpea germplasm pool maintained at the University of Venda. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the potential for the genetic improvement of the agronomic and nutritive attributes of pigeonpea landraces. The specific objectives of the study were to: (i) determine the genetic diversity in agro-morphological attributes (ii) determine the genetic diversity in selected nutritive attributes among pigeonpea landraces (iii) characterize the seed storage proteins in pigeonpea landraces and (iv) determine the general and specific combining abilities for agronomic attributes among pigeonpea landraces. For the first objective of the study, the genetic variation for agronomic and morphological traits among fourteen pigeonpea landraces from the germplasm pool maintained at the University of Venda was evaluated. The genotypes were raised in pots filled with top (up to 25.0 cm deep) soil from the field in the shadehouse for two consecutive seasons. In each season, the experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design replicated three times. Qualitative traits such as the branching pattern, stem colour, flower colour, pod colour and testa colour were recorded. The quantitative traits that were recorded included plant height at flowering (PHF), number of primary branches (NPB), number of secondary branches (NSB), number of seeds per pod (NSP), number of pods per plant (NPP), pod length (PL), hundred seed weight (100-SW) and grain yield per plant (GYPP). The Shannon Weaver diversity index (H’) revealed that the testa colour (1.254) and seed colour pattern (1.301) were the most divergent qualitative traits. There were marked differences in the duration to flowering ranging from 84.67 to 132.83 days with a mean of 117.05 days. The genotype ‘T1’ required <90 days to flower. The local genotype ‘L3’ was among the large seeded (>16.0 g per 100 seeds). The grain yield per plant varied between 19.9 – 51.7 g. The best performing genotypes (with mean GYPP > 45.0 g) were ‘L1’ and ‘L5’. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components with eigenvalues of more than one accounted for 58.04% of the variation among the pigeonpea genotypes. Positive correlations observed between most secondary traits showed that multiple trait selection is possible. The NPP, 100-SW and GYPP were the most important agronomic attributes for assessing genetic variation due to their high contribution to the variation accounted on PC1 and PC2. The findings revealed the potential for exploiting genetic diversity to improve pigeonpea agronomic performance. The second study objective focussed on determining the diversity in nutritional attributes among pigeonpea landraces. Seed samples (5.0 g each) from each of the genotypes harvested from the study of the first objective were harvested and processed for determining mineral composition using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer. Relatively high amounts of calcium (2103.43 mg/kg) and manganese (73.11 mg/kg) were observed in ‘L3’. High amounts of zinc (38.56 mg/kg) were observed for ‘L9’ whereas ‘L4’ produced high levels of phosphorus (4945.12 mg/kg). The PCA showed that the first two principal components cumulatively explained 62.06% of the total variation among the pigeonpea genotypes. On the PCA biplot, Ca, Mg, Mn and P were associated with ‘L3’, ‘L4’ and ‘L5’ respectively. Genotypes producing high crude protein and high mineral concentrations in most nutritional traits (i.e., ‘L1’, ‘L3’, ‘T1’ and ‘T4) could be used as parental lines for the genetic improvement of nutritional attributes in pigeonpea. The variability in the range of mineral elements among pigeonpea genotypes indicated that there was genetic potential for selection of parental lines for nutritional quality improvement of the crop. The third study objective was designed to characterize the seed storage proteins of pigeonpea using initially the sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) in a 12.0% separating gel in a discontinuous buffer system. The SDS PAGE resolved the pigeonpea seed storage proteins into 21 protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 10 to 250 kDa. The absence of the 42, 58, 130 and 250 kDa subunits in genotype ‘L2’ and the presence of the 58 kDa in genotype ‘T5’ could be used for genotypic identification. Thereafter, gel fractions were excised and prepared for the Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry analysis (LCMS) to evaluate the proteomic variation in seed and determine their functional spectrum. The spectroscopic analysis identified 446 proteins from pigeonpea seed constituted mainly by stress related proteins such as heat shock protein, proteases and chaperones amongst others. Proteases were localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, proteasome regulatory particle and complex. The amino acid sequence alignment revealed functional motifs such as the Walker A, Walker B and the DEVD. The MPN (Mpr1, Pad1 N-terminal), PCI (Proteasome, COP9, Initiation factor 3) and AAA+ ATPase were the protein superfamilies recognized from the proteases. There was 97.31% similarity between the 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 homolog A (A0A1S2XSJ5) and the 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 homolog A-like (A0A1S2XWG8) when the amino acid residues were aligned with each other. The proteomic analysis identified large number of stress related proteins probably due to pigeonpea’s ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. The final study objective estimated the general and specific combining ability effects as well as the gene action controlling agronomic traits in pigeonpea at the vegetative stage. Nine progenies derived from three lines and three testers in a line x tester mating design were evaluated for agronomic traits at the vegetative growth stage together with their parents in the shadehouse. Crosses were carried out manually by emasculation using forceps prior to flower opening. Each cross was labelled for subsequent identification. The six parents and their nine F1 progenies were raised simultaneously in the shadehouse in pots (as described above). Agronomic traits such as the PH, NPB, and the branching angle (BA) were recorded. The experiment was laid as a completely randomized design with three replications. Line ‘L3’ was the best general combiner for the NPB and BA exhibiting desirable positive GCA effects of 4.00 and 5.37 in the desirable direction. The tester ‘T4’ had positive and significant GCA effects of 11.815 for PH. The crosses ‘L3xT5’, ‘L4xT2’, ‘L5xT4’ and ‘L5xT5’ were good specific combiners for PH with significant and positive SCA estimates of 13.730, 48.396, 25.352 and 15.185, respectively. The best specific combiners for NPB were ‘L4xT2’ (4.778) and ‘L5xT5’ (5.556). For canopy width, the cross ‘L4xT2’ produced a SCA value of 16.363 followed by ‘L5xT5’ with 15.196 in a desirable direction. The narrow sense heritability for all the traits was low (<12.0%) indicating that there is a predominant role of non-additive gene actions for the traits evaluated in this study
Open Access
Chemical and tannin composition of browsable species used as ruminant feed supplements in the Vhembe District of South Africa
(2013-02-25) Mahlako, Kgabo Tryphina; Baloyi, J. J.; Benyi, K.
The chemical and tannin composition of Acacia nilotica, Dichrostachy cinerea and Ziziphus mucronata from high, medium and low rainfall areas were studied. Dry matter and ash, crude protein content, natural detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were determined.. The macro elements were then determined by flame or hydride generation technique and micro using metrohm Ion Chromatography. The condensed tannins were determined using n butanol-HCL colorimetric method The data were analyzed by analysis of variance for a 3 x 3 factorial in a completely randomised design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SPSS version 19. Averaged overall zones, D. cinerea had a higher ash content than the other two species. Z. mucronata had the highest CP content followed by D. cinerea and A. nilotica. D. cinerea had the highest NDF level followed by A. nilotica and then by z. mucronata. Trees that grew in the medium rainfall zone had the highest CP level (153 g/kg DM) followed by those that grew in the low rainfall zone whilst those that grew in the high rainfall zone had the lowest CP content (101 g/kg OM) A. nilotica and D. cinerea did not differ in ADF and phosphorus but had higher levels than Z. mucronata (P < 0.01). A. nilotica had a high chlorine content (130 g/kg OM) than the other tree (P <0.01). In addition the high and low rainfall trees had a high fluorine levels than the medium rainfall trees. Z. mucronata trees that grew in low rainfall areas had the highest total tannin content of 382 g/kg Mimosa tannin equivalent. The findings of this study showed that the three forage legumes species are high in condensed tannins but they are of good nutritive value and have potential for integration into ruminant livestock production in Limpopo Province of South Africa.
Open Access
Chemical composition, rumen degradability and post ruminal digestibility of selected soya bean (Glycine Max) cultivars harvested at different growth stages
(2020-08-11) Mukosi, Rendani; Baloyi. J. J.; Fushai, F.
Soya bean (Glycine max) is a legume that is mostly cultivated for food grain which can be used as high-protein forage for grazing, haying or ensiling. The use of forage soya bean by small holder farmers is currently very limited. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the nutritive value of three trifoliate forage Soya bean cultivars (Locally denoted as 4-LF, PAN, and TGX). The study was carried out at the University of Venda where the soya beans were planted in 63 25L pots (21 pots for each cultivar) which were randomly placed on the floor of an open, wire-net protected house. Forage harvested at three growth stages (pre-anthesis, anthesis and postanthesis). Samples of the forage were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) micro and macro minerals. Ruminal DM and CP degradability were evaluated in situ by incubation of samples within nylon bags (external dimension: 6 × 12 cm, pore size of 46 μm) in the rumen of three Bonsmara steers for 0, 6, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Estimates of rapidly degradable fraction “a”, slowly degradable fraction “b”, constant outflow rate ‘c’ and the DM or CP degradability (p) at time (t) were estimated by fitting the degradability data into the exponential equation P = a + b (1 - e-ct) using the NEWAY computer programme. Parameters were subjected to ANOVA for a 3 X 3 factorial treatment arrangement using the General Linear Model procedures of MINITAB software (version 17 of 2014). Effective degradability ED) was estimated asED = a + bc at fractional outflow rates of k= (k +c) 2%, 5% and 8%. In vitro enzymatic DM and CP digestibility of rumen undegradable residues collected after 24 and 48-hour incubation was determined by simulating sequential gastro-small intestinal digestion. Cultivar PAN harvested post anthesis had significantly higher (p< 0.05) CP than other cultivars. The CP content increased with growth stage. Cultivar 4LF harvested preanthesis had significantly highest (p< 0.05) NDF. The cultivar had no significant effect (p> 0.05) on DM, ash, CP, NDF, ADF and minerals. Cultivar PAN harvested pre-anthesis had significantly highest (p< 0.05) Mg. The harvest stage significantly affected (p< 0.05) mineral content other than (p> 0.05) Zn and Cu. Cultivar TGX harvested pre-anthesis had significantly highest (p< 0.05) effective degradability of dry matter at k=0.08. Fraction ‘c’ and ED at k= 0.08 were lower (p> 0.05) in cultivar * growth stage interaction in dry matter degradability. Fraction ‘a’ for CP was highest (p< 0.05) for cultivar TGX harvested post-anthesis. Fraction ‘c’ was lower (p> 0.05) for cultivar 4LF harvested at anthesis stage. There was a significant effect (p< 0.05) on crude protein soluble fraction ‘c’ and effective degradability k=0.08 in cultivar and growth stage interaction. There was no significant interaction (p> 0.05) of the cultivar X growth stage on crude protein degradability at 48 hours, IVCPD at 24 and 48 hours with significant effect on crude protein degradation at 24 hours caused by cultivar TGX at pre-anthesis growth stage. In conclusion, growth stage increases the chemical composition of soya bean but does not affect digestibility.