OR Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

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Open Access
An investigation into the roles of the community structures in the enhancement of community participation in service delivery: a case of Ngulumbi Village in the Limpopo Province
(2012-05-14) Ratshitanga, Tshilidzi Cynthia; Khwashaba, M. P.
This study is an investigation into the roles of the community structures m the enhancement of community participation in service delivery. In this study I used the quantitative approach wherein purposive sampling was used because those who were selected to participate in the research had knowledge about what the structure do in the community. The selected participants had more knowledge about the phenomena that was studied. The instrument that I used in order to collect data from community structures was questionnaires, wherein they were distributed only to the selected members of the structure. Questionnaires were completed without fear because the respondents were assured of their anonymity and that confidentiality was to be maintained. An analysis of findings indicated that there was no good relationship between the community structures and the municipality, communication was very poor that is why there was a delay in the delivery of service. It was again indicated that the community should get full participation when it comes to the selection of the structure members through democratic elections. Community is the most important client of service delivery; therefore all the involvement and participation by the community should be done fully. The recommendations made through this study are that there should be democratic elections of the community structures by the community. There should be communication between the local municipality and the structure so that it becomes possible for the structure to play their roles in enhancing community participation in service delivery. There should be trainings so that development can be carried by people with full knowledge and skills. There should be an increase, in terms of the years, in the number of years of service within the structure members.
Open Access
Analysis of the role and effectiveness of the Public Protector in fighting corruption : a case study of Tshwane Municipality in Gauteng Province, South Africa
(2015-01-14) Madzimure, Patronella Chiedza; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
Corruption is a universal problem that undermines growth and development by diverting resources away from development programmes. Its effects are particularly harmful to the poor in developing countries, thus fighting corruption becomes one of the most important challenges facing new democracies like South Africa. Consequently, South Africa has instituted a number of anti-corruption machinery to fight this scourge. However, as the anti-corruption machinery and strategies intensified in South Africa, the level of corruption in the country seems to be escalating. Given this background, the researcher was motivated to critically evaluate the role and effectiveness of one of the institutions established to fight corruption in South Africa, the Public Protector. The Public Protector is mandated to fight corruption in terms of section 2 of the Public Protector Act no 113 of 1998. The researcher used the mixed research method. This entailed that the research used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches, in which data was collected through the questionnaires and interviews. Data was collected and analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Ethical considerations such as the need for voluntary participation, confidentiality and anonymity and informed consent were also observed. The major findings of the study were that; the Public Protector is a critical institution, well positioned to fight corruption in South Africa. The study also provided evidence showing that the Public Protector has been effective in fighting corruption, although its effectiveness in this regard can be improved by providing sufficient resources and prioritisation of investigations. The recommendations of the study are that, in order for Public Protector to be more effective in its mandate to fight corruption, sufficient resources should be provided for investigations and awareness campaigns to educate the public about all forms of corruption and how to report them. The Public protector should prioritise interventions in critical sectors such as health in order to enhance its effectiveness in alleviating the impacts of corruption on the ordinary citizens. In addition, findings from the study suggest that there should also be an amendment of the legislation to ensure that the Public Protector has sufficient enforcement powers, instead of only recommending interventions for implementation by other institutions.
Open Access
Assessing challenges in customer retention in the insurance industry : a case study of Old Mutual Thohoyandou
(2015-09) Bologo, Takalani Mercedes; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
The insurance industry is presently facing many challenges and across this sector, competition remains intense. The present study seeks to asses some of the challenges it faces in customer retention. In today's highly competitive marketplace, customer retention is a critical success factor. Insurance products are complex in nature and may be considered confusing to customers. Consequently, customers in this industry are often at the mercy of the insurance financial advisor's ethical behaviour in selling of products. It is therefore very crucial for customers to understand what they are purchasing from inception. Failure to this leads to life insurance policies being cancelled or surrendered before they can reach maturity stages. It is against this background that this study assessed the challenges in customer retention to determine the impact of these challenges to both the customers and the industry. Qualitative and Quantitative methods are used in this study. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages, and clearly, none of them can, by itself, capture, describe and explain reality adequately. Therefore, a balance between the two methods is needed in order to achieve the desired results. The findings of this study are based on the three themes which arose from the objectives of the study and are Challenges of Retention of Customers, Surrenders and Cancellations of Life insurance policies based on relationship between the insurer and the customers and lastly, Strategies which can be used to improve customer Retention in the insurance industry. Based on what has been summed up in this research, the study recommends the following: As challenges affects both the industry and the customers, the insurance industry should be in best practices in order to retain customers, secondly surrenders and cancellations should be addressed by educating customers before the buy the life insurance products and lastly the industry should have strategies in place to encourage customer retention in the industry.
Open Access
An assessment of the effectiveness of personnel training and development: a case study of Vhembe District Municipality
(2015-01-13) Netshitenzhe, Mashudu Reuben; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
This study examined the assessment of the effectiveness of personnel training and development: A case study of Vhembe District Municipality. According to Nel, van Dyk, Haasbroek, Schults, Sano and Werner (2007: 413) South Africa has a poor skills profile as a result of the poor quality of training for the majority of workers, the low relevance of much publicly funded training and the general neglect of training in the public service and private sector. This poor profile inhibits productivity, employability of the young and unemployed and negatively affects service delivery in the public sector. The watershed 1994 elections ushered in a new democratic system whose aim is to redress past imbalances and injustices prevalent in the old apartheid system of government. In order to cascade this new democratic ethos to all spheres of our lives, with specific reference to training and development of the South African workforce, the government passed the Skills Development Act , 1998 (Act 97 of 1998). The study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collection and analysis. Quantitative techniques were mostly used in that they provided the researcher with an understanding of the effectiveness of personnel training and development: A case study of Vhembe District Municipality. Random and purposive samplings were used for selection of sample for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used for analysis in this study. Secondary data were obtained from government publication, research publication, and report. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires and interview. Major Findings of this study are the following: • Training policy exists at Vhembe District and an examination of the contents of the policy indicates a clear structure for training and development which if implemented would improve access to training to all employees. • However there were shortfalls in the objective of conducting the programme because 65.2 percent of respondents commented that the design of their organisation's training was not well structured and it did not reflect the intended results and the contribution of training to the individual's performance and career progression. • The organization engages in job and refresher training and the training methods, plans, lessons, and trainers are selected as the situation demands. Training activities are largely not evaluated. Major recommendations to address the findings: • Training needs should be considered on the basis of overall institutional objectives as articulated in the Integrated Development Plan. The goals of the municipality should determine what training programs are to be organized for staff. Staff should be motivated to add value to themselves and to the municipality. • The Vhembe District municipality should develop its employees through formal education relevant to their jobs, which will give employees the opportunity to attend short courses offered by accredited service providers or executive and university programs which normally involve workshops or seminars by experts from sector departments like Treasury and the South African Revenue Services as well as the Auditor General's office.
Open Access
An assessment of the effectiveness of the academic library online public access catalogue (OPAC) by students: a case of University of Venda Library
(2015-01-13) Nemalili, Tshililo Violet; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
1 online resource (ix, 65 leaves): illustrations
Open Access
The challenge of managing street vendors in South Africa: a case of Thulamela Municipality
(2013-10-11) Mulondo, Thivhulawi Albert; Khwashaba, M. P.
Open Access
Challenges and managing mechanism of Ha-Mphaphuli Home-Based Caregivers for patients living with HIV/AIDS in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
(2015-01-16) Motsei, Mpho Solomon; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
The purpose of this study was to describe the challenges and managing mechanisms of Ha Mphaphuli Home-Based caregivers for patients living with HIV/AIDS in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Finally; concrete propositions were developed for the implementation of quality community and home based care programmes in Vhembe district. HIV/AIDS is a global challenge and its impact is evident. This places a burden on hospitals and health professionals. To ease this burden there are home-based care programmes which, through home-based caregivers provide patients living with HIV/AIDS with physical and palliative care. However, these HBCGs face various challenges such as poverty, discrimination and stigma when caring for PALHIV, and their own emotional strain, which becomes burdensome without sufficient support from the home-based care centre. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collection and analysis. Qualitative techniques were mostly used in that they provide the researcher with the understanding of experiences and problems faced by Home Based Care Givers. Random and purposive samplings were used for the selection of sample for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used for analysis in this study. Secondary data were obtained from government publication, research publication, and report. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires. Data was gathered through questionnaires, categorised into themes and analysed. Major findings revealed that social challenges faced by HBCGs include poverty, stigmatisation and discrimination. Emotions experienced by HBCGs include guilt, anger, hopelessness, but they have spiritual reliance through prayer as one of their coping mechanisms. Findings revealed that the majority of the participants were concerned that they were living with HIV and AIDS. Most of them expressed anxiety, worries and fears of death. Another majority complained about the burden of opportunistic infections. Almost half of the participants felt guilty bringing misery to their families and complained of stigma and discrimination. However, a minority group of participants felt that to live with HIV and AIDS is not the end of life. Relatives were mentioned as the main care providers to HIV and AIDS patients. However, they were also cited high as a source of stigma. Conclusions were made that women and girls are at the highest risk as they bear the burden of care. It was therefore recommended that the Government of South Africa and all Non Governmental Organizations should develop women social economic status through promotion of education, provision of loans and provision of Gender Sensitive trainings. Formal training for care of HIV and AIDS patients should be introduced to all primary caregivers to render quality care in the homes and therefore this study has developed and pre-tested an educational program for this group.
Open Access
Challenges confronting schools governing bodies in making specific policies: a case study of Malamulele North East Circuit
(2013-10-11) Shivambu, Phanuel; Khwashaba, M. P.
The Department of Education, through the South African Schools Act No 84 of 1996 aim to instill the principles of democracy, equity, equality and transparency in schools, as it provide for a "uniform system for the organisation, governance and funding of schools" SASA (1996). The large responsibility of managing and governing schools is in the hands of schools with the help from the Department of Education. It is for this reason that this study aims to explore the role and effectiveness of School Governing body as it carries this amount of responsibility mentioned above. In April 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections, a new era in education commenced. The education system was transformed to a unitary system and a programme of legislation was launched aimed at promoting democratic ideals and practices. It therefore takes a capacitated SGB to facilitate the process and procedures for the newly introduced legislations. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collection and analysis. Qualitative techniques were mostly used in that they provide the researcher with an understanding of experiences and problems faced by SGB during the implementation of the policies. Random and purposive samplings were used for the selection of sample for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used for analysis in this study. Secondary data were obtained from government publication, research publication, and report. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires. The findings of this study have shown that there are differences in the understanding of roles to be played in the SGB. Learners, educators and SMT members feel that they play a positive role in the SGB whilst the parent members do not understand their roles, and this impact negatively on the effectiveness of the SGB. The study also showed that the low levels of literacy amongst parents disadvantage them in terms of their understanding of educational issues and how to perform required tasks, however good cooperation and understanding amongst member supplement the weaknesses of this SGB. The recommendations suggest the need for workshops and capacity development programmes to improve confidence amongst parents as well as to provide information to all SGB members.
Open Access
Challenges contributing towards poor performance of students registered for NCV programmes in Vhembe FET College
(2016-05) Tshisikule, Azwianewi Shadrack; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
See the attached abstract below
Open Access
The challenges faced by female managers in their positions within Vhembe District:: A case study of Sibasa Circuit Department of Education
(2015-05) Magoma, Duduzile Lephina; Mutuvhi, F. L.; Khwashaba, M. P.
The research study was initiated to investigate the challenges faced by female managers in Sibasa Circuit of the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study focused on the challenges experienced by female managers in their management and leadership positions. The assumption is that empowerment and support of women (females) in managerial and leadership positions within the Department of Education may improve performance of the Department of Education's institution. The challenges identified include among others stereotypes, home and family challenges, attitudes of female and male subordinates, Psychological challenges. Triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection that is questionnaire and interview was employed to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Females in managerial positions who are principals, Head of Department, as well as deputy managers in the Sibasa Circuit of Vhembe District of Education were sampled. Data was collected using a structured questionnaires and open-ended interview which were distributed to 50 participants and were all returned. Key findings of the study were that: A large number of female managers are married and they are fifty years and above, with few managers are younger than fifty. There is lack of support of female managers by the department and also culture does not support the issue of female leader. Some recommendations made are that: The Department of Education should organise workshops for female managers, to teach them about leadership and management. The department should also reopen Teacher Training Colleges. It is believed that support and empowerment of female managers may improve the Department of Education performance.
Open Access
Challenges faced by public works programmes (PWPS) on poverty alleviation and its impact on the service delivery : the case of Thulamela Municipality
(2015-02-24) Maswanganye, Rose Basani; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
The general objective of the study is to investigate the challenges faced by the Public Works Programmes (PWPS) on poverty alleviation and its impact on the service delivery: The case of Thulamela municipality. Government has to protect its citizens, regulate the interaction among them, develop its society and care for the poor and the weak. Public services and facilities cut across these four categories. The discriminatory apartheid development legacy resulted in extremely skewed public services and facilities. Infrastructural facilities, services officials, standards and results in more affluent 'white' communities were in many cases on par with similar situations in more developed countries, while the state of these facilities and services in traditional poor black communities were non- existent or very rudimentary. There are major challenges for the post-apartheid government in South Africa after 1994 to upgrade the quantity and quality of facilities and services in poor black communities while simultaneously maintaining the quality of these facilities in more affluent white communities at previous levels. The study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collection and analysis. Quantitative techniques were mostly used in that they provided the researcher with an understanding of investigate the challenges faced by the Public Works Programmes (PWPS) on poverty alleviation and its impact on the service delivery: The case of Thulamela municipality. Random and purposive samplings were used for selection of sample for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used for analysis in this study. Secondary data were obtained from government publication, research publication, and report. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires and interview. Major Findings of this study are the following: • The research findings indicate that participation by the youth is higher because they have a great interest in working in the EPWP projects. • The research reveals that EPWP projects are sustainable in the Bushbuckridge area because they are lasting for an average period between 2 and 4 years. • External clients also indicated their dissatisfaction with the work that the project managers are doing in the field. • The research findings indicated that project members were receiving a minimum of R1400 and a maximum of R2400, which project members take home. • According to the respondents, these salaries were not enough for the project members to support their families. Major recommendations to address the findings these included the point that: • The beneficiaries should form part of monitoring and evaluation of the programme to solicit comments and inputs from the poor beneficiaries. • Programme and project community participation should be encouraged government through municipality to enable the community to take ownership of the final product. • Poverty summits should be organised on annual bases to enhance programme and project planning processes. • Programme implementation process should be consultative with the people that seek to benefit from it. • The programme design should in the main address human basic needs related infrastructural projects. Labour intensive programmes can create a greater demand for local products and services than do high technology programmes which are reliant on imported technology and equipment.
Open Access
Challenges faced by research coordinators in the Limpopo Provincial Government
(2014-05) Malindi, Ndivhuwo Edward; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
The study was fundamentally based on the challenges faced by research coordinators in the Limpopo Provincial Government. The researcher attempted to describe the challenges; examine research capacity and develop the mechanisms to the extent to which the research is properly and well coordinated by the Limpopo Provincial Government Department officials. The democratic elected government incepted in 1994 established three spheres of government, namely, the national, provincial and local spheres of government. Currently the Limpopo Provincial Government and Administration is composed of twelve government departments including the Office of the Premier. The study therefore facilitated an approach towards a coordinated research initiatives in the province to attain the objectives laid in the Limpopo Development Plan aligned to the National Development Plan (Vision 2030). Decision making, institutional arrangements and planning, policy analysis, policy implementation, policy evaluation, policy design, and policy change and programs improvement need to be evidence-based and that could only be achieved by scientific research conduction, management and coordination. For the purpose of this study, the researcher used a triangulation approach where both qualitative as well as quantitative research methodologies were applied. The researcher used non-probability sampling and its subtype purposive sampling method to select the respondents. The researcher used both questionnaires and interviews as data collection instruments. Two data analysis methods were used, namely, statistical analysis (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and thematic analysis. The following ethical aspects were considered and applied when conducting the study and they are: permission to conduct research; voluntary participation and informed consent; no harm to participants; anonymity; confidentiality; and, deceiving of subjects. The major findings of the study are: • There are no enough research coordinators in Limpopo Provincial Government and that financial resources are not enough to conduct research; • Most of the government officials are not sure if the provincial government of Limpopo encourages innovation by devoting scientific and technological research, development and biotechnology; • Uncoordinated research results in the duplication of research and that research coordinators are not well trained in research methodology coupled by lack of qualified staff to conduct quality in-house research; • Appropriate coordinated research can improve management and service delivery and that research coordinators, research managers and research practitioners are informed of the South Africa National Research and Development Strategy of 2002 and that it must align with any Integrated Provincial Research and Development Strategy developed or to be developed in future; and, • That each provincial government department ensures that it has a full functional directorate that is well resourced in terms of personnel, financial and skills and promotes collaboration between government departments and research and academic institutions. The recommendations of the study were: • That there should be enough research coordinators in Limpopo Provincial Government and financial resources shall be made available to conduct research; • That the Limpopo Provincial Government must ensure that government officials that are responsible for research do participate in innovation programmes; • That the provincial research initiatives must be well coordinated to avoid duplication of research and research coordinators and research practitioners must be well trained in research methodologies to conduct quality in-house research; • That research coordinators, research managers and research practitioners must always be well informed of all research and development strategies and the related policies developed or to be developed in future; and, • That each provincial government department ensures that it has a full functional directorate that is well resourced in terms of personnel, financial and skills, and develop research collaboration policy with academic and research institutions.
Open Access
Challenges faced by secondary school educators in managing teenage mothers who receive child support grant: a research study mini-dissertation
(2015-01-14) Netshiongolwe, Tshamano Victor; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mutuvhi, F. L.
The research study was initiated to investigate the challenges faced by secondary school educators with regard to the management of teenage mothers who receive child support-grant in Sibasa Circuit of the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study focused at critical issues that are experienced by educators in managing these teenage mothers in schools. The assumption was that educators' and learners performance is affected the lack of effective and efficient management of learners. In addition, it is assumed that effective and efficient management of these learners may improve their performance as well as that of educators with respect to obtaining satisfactory pass rate. These critical issues include amongst others; capacity of educators in managing teenage mothers who receive child support grant; understanding of roles and responsibilities of educators in the management these learners; causes and effect of absenteeism by teenage mothers; poor performance by teenage mothers; dropouts and performance of learners. Triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection was employed to collect both qualitative and quantitative. Ten (10) Schools within the target area namely, Sibasa Circuit in the Vhembe District were sampled and data was collected using a structured questionnaire comprised of both open-ended and closed-ended questions. Key findings of the research study were that educators did not receive proper training regarding the management of teenage mothers at their schools; educators are not familiar with the policies guiding the management of teenage mothers and those lacks of management of learners have impact to the performance of learners that leads to their drop out of school. Some recommendations are that: • Educators should be trained about the management of teenage mothers, receive ongoing training, outline and communicate roles and responsibilities with respect to management of these learners, as well as the ensuring that the accountability of success and failure of the management is made clear to both educators and learners.
Open Access
Challenges facing fathers with regard to the management of child custody by the law in Nzhelele West, Makhado Local Municipality
(2016-02-02) Makhuvha, Esther Thilivhali; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
Open Access
Challenges facing home and community care givers on HIV/AIDS care and support services in Ratlou, North West Province
(2015-01-14) Mangale, Ndivhuho; Khwashaba, M. P.; Nemathaga, L
Open Access
Challenges facing Masvingo Local Council in implementation the Urban Councils ACT [Chapter 29: 15] of 1996 with regard to service delivery in Zimbabwe
(2015-01-14) Mahoso, Oscah; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
The study focused on the challenges facing Masvingo local council in implementing the Urban Councils Act [Chapter 29:15] of 1996 with regard to service delivery in Zimbabwe. The participants of the study were Masvingo Local Municipality public officials. The study was conducted at Masvingo Local Municipality offices. The study is premised on the notion that local government in Zimbabwe confronts varied challenges which inhibit their ability to provide quality services effectively and efficiently. This is as witnessed by the deteriorating of standard and quality of service being provided. One obstacle prevalent is the absence of an effective legislative framework for local government. The study is going to use a mixed methodology whereby both qualitative and quantitative research methods will be used. The researcher is going to use both methods because quantitative method they give in-depth information about the phenomenon under study while qualitative broader understanding of the phenomenon under study. The research will use a non-probability sampling and its subtype purposive sampling method. Two instruments of data collection namely, questionnaire and interview will be used to gather the data from the respondents. The data collected by the questionnaire will be analyzed using the SPSS while data collected using the interview will be analyzed thematically. The majority of the respondents revealed that Masvingo local council is not legally protected by the Urban Council's Act. The study further revealed that the council does not have the autonomy to make its own by-laws independently. Additionally, the majority of the respondents also revealed that the local authority does not have fiscal generating power. Moreover, about two thirds of the respondents indicated that urban council's workers or public officials are not elected by the electorate. The participants also revealed that most of the Masvingo urban council workers are not skilled enough to be able to deliver the basic services to the people. The study also pointed out that Masvingo local municipality does not have enough funds to run its activities. The majority of the elected councilors in urban councils are not skilled enough to provide relevant services to the people. Nearly three-quarters of the participants indicated that most residents or rate payers do not pay in time leaving the local authority with no revenue. The recommendations of the study are: Appointment of public officials must be done based on merit rather than any other criteria such as political affiliation. In addition, some sections of the Urban Council Act must be repealed in order to curb abuse of power and mismanagement of public services by the public officials. Masvingo local municipality should be allowed to charge for the services and rates within their areas of jurisdiction in line with the guidelines provided by the central government. Budget consultation must be made mandatory and elected personnel should account for previous revenues as basis for justifying financial obligation on citizens.
Open Access
Challenges facing primary health care nurses in the implementation of intergrated management of childhood illness : case study of selected clinics in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
(2015-02-24) Mutshatshi, Takalani Edith; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
The problem that guided this study is that management of childhood illnesses in the clinics is facing many challenges and there is a need to develop strategies to counteract the challenges. The aim of the study is to investigate the challenges facing primary health care nurses in the implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses Strategy in selected clinics in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used in the study. The research design which was used was descriptive in nature in the form of a case study. To get a holistic view, a non-probability, purposive sampling method was used to obtain samples from the population. Data was collected from respondents using structured interviews and close-ended questionnaires. Data analysis was done using Tesch's eight steps method of open coding for the qualitative approach. In quantitative approach, collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).Ethical issues were taken into consideration throughout the research process. The main findings of this study are: • There is shortage of staff to implement Integrated Management of Childhood Illness in the clinics. • There is shortage of rooms to consult children when implementing Integrated Management of Childhood Illness at the clinics. • Integrated Management of Childhood Illness implementation is time consuming. • There are no follow-up visits by facilitators and in-service training for Primary Health Care nurses on Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. The main recommendations of this study are: • The Department of Health must ensure there is more staff employed in the clinics so that Primary Health care nurses can be able to cope with the workload of implementing Integrated Management Childhood Illness. • The department to improve the infrastructure in the clinics so that children can be seen in their designated areas not combined with adults as outlined in the national norms and standards for child care. • Integrated Management of Childhood Illness training need to be expanded to all categories of nurses up to the level of home based care in the communities in order to can improve patients' waiting period at clinics. • There must be scheduled professional development plan for in-service training with adequate facilitators who will conduct follow up visits at the clinics.
Open Access
Challenges facing SADC Region with regard to illegal migration of Zimbabweans in Mopani District and management thereof
(2015-01-13) Ngobeni, Nghenani Onica; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
This study investigated the challenges facing SADC region with regard to illegal migration of Zimbabweans in Giyani municipality and management thereof. The recent Zimbabwean migration into South Africa is the first post-1994 large-scale inmigration from a neighbouring country. Its occurrence is due to the shifting grounds of Zimbabwe's unresolved political and economic crisis. Given its dynamic nature and the huge number of undocumented migrants, any attempt to describe current Zimbabwean migration is characterised by a lack of comprehensive data. This problem affects research on migration in Africa in general.Although migration into South Africa started as early as in the 1990's, now there is the highest increase in the number of Zimbabweans into South Africa than in any period in the previous years and the majority are undocumented immigrants. The economic and political environment is said to be one of the causes of the high migration rate. The socio-economic impact of illegal Zimbabwean immigrants in South Africa is viewed by different researchers as negative resulting in high crime rates whilst others view it as positive in terms of skills development and transfer. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques for data collection and analysis. Qualitative techniques were mostly used in that they provide the researcher with a challenges facing SADC region with regard to illegal migration of Zimbabweans in Giyani municipality and management thereof. Purposive sampling was used for the selection of sample for the study. Both primary and secondary data was used for analysis in this study. Secondary data were obtained from government publications, research publications, and reports. Primary data was obtained through interview and questionnaires. Findings of the study led to the following conclusions: • The findings of this study indicate that it was a tendency of employers both in formal and informal settings to report illegality of immigrants to avoid paying them. • The Department of Home Affairs officials blamed the South African Police Service for the high rate of illegal Zimbabweans in the country. • The Department of Home Affairs indicated that it does not have resources to manage the illegal migration of Zimbabweans into the country and has to rely on the South African Police Service to manage it. • According to research findings, it is easier for immigrants to enter the country illegally than legally because of the stringent measures put to control entry into South Africa. The following recommendations based on the findings of the study are made: • The deportation should be coupled with other measures to deter the illegal migration like prosecution of smuggling rings and individuals, employers of illegal immigrants, police and Home Affairs officials who extort bribes from illegal immigrants and stricter border controls. • The study recommended that policies for the monitoring of labour laws be implemented to protect immigrants against exploitation by employers. • The Department should make sure that before deportation, illegal immigrants are paid their dues by employers to prevent their exploitation where immigration is called when illegal immigrants are to be paid.
Open Access
Challenges facing schools as a results of experienced educators exiting the system earlier a case study of Soutpansberg East Circuit
(2018-09-21) Mudau, Ndivhuho; Khwashaba, M. P.; Mahole, E.
The study is based on challenges facing schools as a result of experienced educators exiting the education system. Retaining effective experienced teachers is a particular challenge. Statistics shows that from year 2015 to date (2018), 111 educators have exited the education system at Soutpansberg East circuit. There are number of factors that cause teachers to exit the education system, amongst others are, old age, sickness, failure to cope with new changes, career dissatisfaction, low salaries, lack of discipline amongst learners, overcrowded classrooms. As a result of these, schools suffer from lack of experienced educators; the Department of Education, communities and learners pay a price. Department of Education hence must find ways to keep their highly-skilled and experienced educators. The researcher used a mixed method approach, that is, both qualitative and quantitative research method to carry out the study. The population of the study was obtained using non - probability sampling and data was gathered from the defined population. Two data collection instruments were used, namely, interviews and questionnaires while analyses were through thematic analysis and using the statistical package for social analysis. Data collected through questionnaires was analyzed using statistical analysis while the interviews data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Ethical considerations were observed when conducting the study. The researcher found that the following are the key challenges faced by schools at Soutpansberg East regarding educators exiting the system earlier. Experienced educators are difficult to replace and the process of replacing an educator takes too long. Process of teaching and learning is compromised. Scarce skills for specific subjects are difficult to replace. New educators are not able to deal with disciplinary problems in the classrooms and the school at large. The schools are always experiencing problems of allocation of work and time tabling . The following factors were found to be the causes that induce teachers to abandon their calling. Educators are not getting enough salaries and benefits in relation to their work. The introduction of qualified conditional pass in schools is causing v frustration. Some educators are exiting because they are concerned about their safety at schools. Some educators are failing to maintain discipline since the removal of corporal punishment. Most of them are in debts. The researcher proposed the following recommendation to lessen experienced educators from exiting the education system. Pay teachers accordingly so that the experienced educators can be encouraged to stay in the profession. Measures to deal with disciplinary problems in the classrooms and the school at large should be put in place. Learners should be given counseling regarding the new system of conditional pass, its advantages and disadvantages to lessen the frustration it causes to educators .Security at school should be strengthened as it is clear from the findings that some educators are exiting the system early because they are concerned about their safety at schools Educators should be given education regarding their finances as soon as they get employed. Wellness education should be prompted to assist the educators who are in debts. Educators who are in debts can be given access to their pension funds to pay off their debts as long as the process is monitored.
Open Access
The challenges facing teachers with regard to the management of learners with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder towards their academic achievements in schools in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province
(2013-10-11) Tshubwana, Shumani Samuel; Khwashaba, M. P.; Nekhavhambe, M. M.
The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges facing educator in the inclusion of ADHD learn r in the mainstream classroom. As an introduction to the study the challenges faced by educators' in the inclusion of ADHD learners in mainstream classes were reviewed by means of a study of available and relevant literature. Educators are people who mak learning and teaching possible and their own challenges in what is happening in the classroom are of crucial importance. Research done in Limpopo Province of Vhembe District on challenges faced by educators in inclusive education indicated that educators in mainstream classrooms generally express negative attitudes to mainstreaming policies and thus finds themselves with many challenges. In the new education dispensation educators in mainstream classrooms have to accommodate learners with impairments, such as the ADHD child. Inclusion makes additional demands on educators because of the special educational needs of learners with impairment . The challenges facing educators in inclusion and their efficacy in meeting the special needs of learners with impairments play a determining role in the successful implementation of an inclusi re education policy. For the purpose of the empirical investigation a self-structured questionnaire was utilized. An analysis was done of 50 questionnaires completed by educator from Vhembe District in the Limpopo Province. The data wa processed and interpreted by means of de criptive statistic . Essentially the following were the main findings from the empirical study: • Educators lack the necessary knowledge, skills, training and experience of learners with special educational needs. • Educators have difficulty in identifying AD D learners. • Educator needed to change their teaching methods to accommodate learners with diverse educational needs. The study concludes with a summary and findings from the literature study and descriptive statistics. Ba.ed on these findings the following recommendations were made: The development of curricula, institutions and methods of assessments must include a variety of strategies to accommodate learners with special educational needs, such as ADHD learner . The basic training of educators must include compulsory courses such as orthopedagogics that will enable them to cope with the demands for inclusion of learners with special educational needs.