Determinants of Post-Harvest Handling Practices and Technologies Harnessed by Smallholder Fruit Crop Farmers in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Abstract

Post-harvest losses pose a significant challenge to smallholder fruit crop farmers in South Africa's Vhembe District, affecting their economic livelihoods and food security. The study, which was designed with a comprehensive approach, investigates the post-harvest handling practices and technologies (PHHPT) harnessed by smallholder fruit crop farmers in the region. The research objectives include profiling the socio-economic characteristics of farmers, identifying available post-harvest practices and technologies, determining factors influencing their adoption, identifying, and identifying and assessing associated challenges faced by these farmers. The study utilised a quantitative research design in its approach, ensuring a robust and reliable analysis. The research employed a multistage sampling technique to select participants, ensuring a representative sample. Primary data were collected through administration of the administration of a structured questionnaire, which covered various aspects, including demographics, farming details, post-harvest practices and technologies harnessed, and challenges faced. A total of 224 farmers were selected comprising 114 farmers from Thulamela, 88 farmers from Makhado, 16 farmers from Musina and 5 farmers from Collins Chabane municipality. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Tobit regression model. The data analysis results, with direct implications for policymakers and organisations, reveal a predominance of male farmers (63.8%), with significant engagement in agriculture (84.4%) and high land ownership (95.5%). However, there is limited access to credit (5.4%), storage facilities (96.4% lacking), and market access (62.1% facing difficulties). The most common fruits grown include avocados, mangoes, macadamias, and bananas. The main selling channels are farmers' markets and roadside stands, influenced by factors such as market demand and transportation efficiency. Postharvest losses are prevalent, with 50.9% of farmers experiencing issues such as rotting and physical damage, primarily due to inadequate storage and improper handling. Despite 50% awareness of postharvest practices and technologies, only 37.5% usage rates were observed, with minimal use of advanced technologies like refrigeration. The Tobit model result indicates that land ownership, selling method, access to agricultural information, pack houses, and PHHPT usage significantly influence the use of PHHPT. The study highlights the critical need for improved access to credit, markets, storage facilities, and educational programs. Recommendations include targeted support for new farmers, diversification of income sources, tailored financial products, strengthened market linkages, and investments in storage and transportation infrastructure. Addressing these problems can enhance productivity, reduce PHL, and improve the livelihoods of smallholder fruits crop farmers.