Mourning rituals and their psychosocial and rights implications among black middle-aged widows in Collins Chabane Local Municipality

Abstract

Mourning rituals remain widely practiced and are often experienced as meaningful and a burden by widows in South Africa. This study explores the multifaceted impacts of mourning rituals among black middle-aged widows in Collins Chabane Municipality, Vhembe District, and Limpopo Province. The study sought to examine the nature of mourning rituals, assess their social, psychological, economic, and rights-associated effects, and determine culturally respectful responses. The study employed a qualitative research approach and an exploratory design. The study used a non-probability purposive sampling method to recruit 15 Tsonga-widows belonging to the VA Tsonga ethnic group aged 40-59 who had completed mourning for at least 2 years. The semi-structured interviews were conducted in Xitsonga and English, and the data were analysed thematically following the six phases of Braun and Clarke. The study ensured rigor through audit trail, reflexivity, thick descriptions, systematic design, and peer debriefing. Widows described core practices such as prescribed attire, personalised utensils, sitting/seclusion, proof-of-innocence tests, head shaving, cleansing, movement restrictions, and unveiling. The reported effects of mourning rituals included depressed moods, disrupted grieving, constrained religious participation, traumatic memories, social exclusion, surveillance, and financial strain, mainly linked with gender norms and concerns for human rights (privacy, equality, freedom of movement, and dignity). To mitigate harm, some women drew on peer support, religious beliefs, and negotiated modifications. While mourning is essential for cultural beliefs, practices, meaning, and belonging, coercion and harmful practices undermine the well-being and the rights of widows. The study recommends a culturally competent rights-based social work model, including trauma-informed counselling, early bereavement triage, and mediation with faith leaders and elders to adapt practices.