Life Cycle Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules: After-End-of-Life Disposal Effects

Abstract

Solar energy is a major renewable energy source supporting low-carbon development. However, the rapid deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules has created environmental challenges, particularly regarding end-of-life (EoL) management. This study evaluated the environmental, economic, and institutional implications of EoL disposal of PV modules in South Africa using a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework integrated with a physics-based modelling approach. Methodologically, the study employed a convergent mixed-methods research design within a cradle-to-grave LCA system boundary. Quantitative data were collected through structured surveys from 104 participants, while qualitative data were obtained from 13 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and then integrated into a physics-based analytical framework governed by mass conservation, energy balance, material recovery efficiency, and greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting equations. This allowed the conversion of empirical and inventory data into measurable environmental performance indicators such as energy recovery efficiency, emissions balance, and material recovery rates. Survey results indicate high general awareness of PV lifespan and EoL considerations, with 65.4% of respondents reporting knowledge of EoL handling procedures and 95.2% aware that PV modules typically last 20–30 years. However, practical exposure to EoL management remains limited, with only 12.5% having encountered decommissioned systems. Physics-based scenario analysis showed that the recycling system achieved an energy recovery efficiency of 2.71, indicating that recovered energy and avoided primary production exceed the energy consumed during collection, transport, dismantling, and processing. The study demonstrates that integrating institutional insights with physics-constrained LCA modelling provides measurable indicators for evaluating PV waste management systems. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, infrastructure development, and targeted awareness programmes is recommended to support South Africa’s transition toward a circular economy for PV modules.