Faculty of Management, Commerce and Law

Permanent URI for this community

https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/handle/11602/1895

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 447

Embargo
A comparative analysis of the regulatory framework of Just Energy transition in Nigeria and South Africa
(2026-05-19) Oladipo-Ologundudu, Oluwatobi Dorcas; Jegede, A. O.
The global exigency to address climate change has prompted many countries to develop laws to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, in favour of renewable energy sources. In Africa, this transition is occurring amid concerns about job losses in the fossil fuel sector, the demand for adaptation to the renewable energy sector through reskilling and upskilling and facilitating a just transition that protects workers and communities from energy poverty. To achieve a just energy transition, the International Labour Organisation Guidelines for a Just Transition Towards Environmentally Sustainable Economies and Societies for All (2015) emphasise the importance of fair earnings, job security, social and family protection, opportunities for personal growth, realistic societal engagement, and freedom of expression. At COP26 in Glasgow, Nigeria announced its commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060, reflecting its dedication to a just energy transition at the highest level. Nigeria’s legislative framework on renewable energy includes the 1999 Constitution, the 2021 Climate Change Act (CCA), the Nigeria Energy Transition Plan (ETP), the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), the Long-Term Vision (LTV), the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP). South Africa's energy sector is transitioning from coal to renewable energy. For this energy transition to be just, the lives and communities dependent on high-emission energy industries mustn't be left behind as the country moves towards a low-emission economy. South Africa’s climate change legislative framework also includes the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, the Climate Change Act, the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), the Just Energy Transition Investment Plan, the Just Energy Framework, the National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP), the Water and Sanitation Sector Policy on Climate Change, the Low-emissions Development Strategy, the National Development Plan and the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs). It is, however, unclear how these frameworks may shape and be shaped legally in the application of the ILO Guidelines on Just Transition. The research assesses the legal frameworks and their compatibility with the application of ILO Guidelines on Just Transition, adopting a mix of doctrinal research and comparative analysis of the frameworks in both states. It draws lessons that can be mutually learned from each other by these two states. From the findings, South Africa displayed a more robust embodiment of the ILO’s imperatives, both in its understanding of unique climate change vulnerabilities and energy transition challenges and possessed a more receptive legislative/judicial atmosphere for the application of these. Nigeria has much to learn from South Africa in developing a just transition legislative framework that benefits workers in the relevant sector.
Embargo
A comparative investigation of the success factors affecting local- and foreign-owned SMMEs in the Thulamela Local Municipality
(2026-05-19) Magodi, Fariso; Chiliya, N.; Ndou, A.
Globally, small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) are considered vital drivers of economic expansion and development, contributing significantly to the economic prosperity of a nation and its inhabitants. In South Africa, they account for approximately ninety five percent of all operating enterprises, roughly sixty percent of the formal labour force and thirty percent of the country's GDP; despite these significant contributions, a greater percentage of small businesses fail in their early stages. SMMEs are thought to have a failure rate that ranges from 70% to 80%, with about 50% of SMMEs failing within the first five years. Both foreign and locally-owned SMMEs face similar challenges, although, foreign-owned businesses encounter unique obstacles, such as xenophobia, racism, and language barriers. Foreign-owned SMMEs, nevertheless, continue to thrive and grow, often outperforming their locally-owned counterparts. The existing literature on the development of SMMEs, primarily focuses on locally-held SMMEs and makes little to no mention of SMMEs owned by foreigners. This study aims to comparatively investigate the success factors affecting locally- and foreign-owned SMMEs in Thulamela Local Municipality.This study adopted an interpretive method and an exploratory research design was employed. Qualitative research method was exploited to select 16 SMMEs within the municipality - 8 foreign-owned and 8 locally-owned. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews guided by a structured interview schedule, while the sample size was determined by data saturation after using a purposive sampling technique to select participants. The data was then analyzed by thematic analysis using Atlas software. This study's results show that the success of local- and foreign-owned SMMEs, in the Thulamela Local Municipality its mainly dependent on human capital factors, such as education and training, business skills and experience; social capital factors, such as kinship network, social network, group network and information sharing; as well as cultural factors, such as owners’ propensity for long working hours and hard work. Both groups demonstrated these characteristics, however, foreign SMMEs owners use these factors more effectively and strategically, hence making them more competitive than local SMMEs owners. Both local- and foreign-owned SMMEs experience challenges from - crime, financial constraints, market and competitive pressure, government rules, regulation and licensing, lack of government support and services. There were, however, distinct extra challenges for foreign SMMEs - xenophobia, stereotyping and discrimination. Winning strategies employed by foreign SMMEs include - bulk buying, competitive pricing strategy, technological adaptation and cross promotion. This study recommends that local SMMEs invest strongly in social networks and human capital, while also following some of the strategies proven successful by foreign SMMEs’ owners to remain competitive.
Open Access
A Criminological Inquiry into Bad Policing and Student Violent Protest: Insight from the University of Venda
(2024-09-06) Nemurangoni, Gundo Chadley; Olofinbiyi, Sogo Angel
Understanding student violent protests poses a significant challenge. Central to this concern is the perplexing question: "Why do students persist in resorting to violence during protests, risking arrest, injury, or even death?" Despite advancements in comprehending the evolutionary and proximate mechanisms underlying protests, there remains a notable scarcity of insight into the factors precipitating violence during such actions. One often-overlooked factor is ‘bad policing’ during protest events, which can serve as a catalyst for violence. The right to protest is a dynamic avenue for individuals to voice their concerns on pressing issues and ensure that decision-makers heed their grievances. Section 17 of the Constitution of South Africa (1996) enshrines the legal right of all individuals to engage in peaceful and unarmed protests, encompassing non-violent demonstrations that may not be regarded as highly disruptive. The research examined the relationship between poor policing practices and student violent protests at the University of Venda. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, data collection involved administering 200 questionnaires to UNIVEN students through a simple random sampling. Complementarily, SAPS POP officers from the Thohoyandou precinct were purposively selected for participation. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted across four police stations, each comprising five members, including Thohoyandou, Mutale, Levubu, and Vuwani police stations, totaling 20 police officers for the qualitative aspect of the study. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 24 (SPSS), while qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis. The study fosters a balanced and just environment between police officers and protesters, thereby promoting a more stable, peaceful, and orderly university community. Key findings indicate significant relationships between police response attitudes and student violent protests, as well as between bad policing practices and such protests. Moreover, student attitudes toward police intervention during protests, the impact of student violent protests on the university's operational plans, and students' academic progress were also explored with more effective recommendations for improvement.
Open Access
A Critical Analysis of the Enforcement of Human Rights in Addressing Workplace Discrimination Against the LGBTQIA+ Community in South Africa
(2024-09-06) Mashamba, Takalani; Mokoena, U. C. A.; Ndou, M.
Section 9(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa indicates that everyone is equal before the law and no one should be discriminated against on the grounds of gender, sex, race, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, disability, age, religion, conscience, belief, culture, or language. Members of the LGBTQIA+ community are discriminated against in their homes, within their communities, and in their workplaces. This happens despite South Africa having progressive laws that support the LGBTQIA+ community compared to other countries around the world. In order to answer the research questions, this study adopted the doctrinal research methodology for its effectiveness in critiquing, assessing, and developing law. The aim of the study was to examine the extent to which the LGBTQIA+ community is protected against discrimination based on their sexual orientation at their workplaces. The objectives of the study were to explore discrimination within the work environment, workplace policies, and all other legislation protecting the LGBTQIA+ community; to explore the nature and determine forms of discrimination and other human rights violations against the LGBTQIA+ community in the workplace; and to analyse LGBTQIA+ anti-discrimination provisions and court judgements from other jurisdictions. The South African constitution and labour-related acts are there to ensure that the LBGTQIA+ community is protected from workplace discrimination. The Employment Equity Act, Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, Labour Relations Act, and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act are available to prevent discrimination. However, LGBTQIA+ people still experience discrimination in the workplace. When employees encounter discrimination because of their sexual orientation, they must first talk to their supervisor, and when no assistance has been provided, the employee must make use of the courts. The outreach awareness campaign for LGBTQIA+ rights in the workplace is also recommended. Equal pay for equal work done should apply to the LGBTQIA+ community in the workplace. Name-calling and harassment should be treated with severe punishment among co-workers who inflict discrimination against the LGBTQIA+ community.
Embargo
A digital transformation framework for improved institutional efficacy in the Department of Home Affairs
(2026-05-19) Mudzusi, Takalani Nancy; Munzhedzi, P. H.; Mahole, E.
The study focuses on the effects of digital transformation on the institutional efficacy of the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) in South Africa, Vhembe District with a purpose of developing a digital transformation framework to improve institutional efficacy. Digital transformation is recognised globally as a key driver of public sector reform, reshaping government operations and service delivery. The Department of Home Affairs, responsible for critical services such as identity management and immigration, has increasingly adopted digital technologies to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and transparency. South Africa’s broader government strategy and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have further highlighted the need for integrated digital initiatives and institutional changes to support sustainable transformation. With the rapid advancement of technology, digital transformation has become integral to how institutions operate, affecting efficiency, productivity and public service delivery. Despite the benefits of automation and improved processes, challenges related to technological readiness, workforce skills and coordination remain significant. The study seeks to understand how these technological changes influence the Department’s ability to function effectively and deliver services efficiently. Utilising a pragmatism paradigm, the study adopts a descriptive research design and employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Quantitative data is gathered through questionnaires targeting administrators of the Department of Home Affairs in the Vhembe District as well as the community members as users of service. Qualitative data is obtained through interviews with Managers and Supervisors of the Department of Home Affairs in the Vhembe District. Adopting non-probability sampling, the study employs convenience and purposive sampling methods to select participants. Data is analysed using statistical and qualitative analysis. Quantitative data is analysed using statistical tools facilitated by International Business Machinery (IBM): Statistical Product and Services Solution (SPSS) version 29.0 to generate outputs such as frequencies and percentages, which were further presented using Microsoft Excel through tables, graphs and charts to enhance visual interpretation of the findings and qualitative data analysed using descriptive qualitative content analysis with a narrative presentation approach to systematically interpret participants’ response. The findings of the study reveal that the Department of Home Affairs has adopted digital transformation through the introduction of digital systems and platforms, marking a shift from traditional paper-based processes, although some services remain only partially digitalised. Digital transformation improves institutional efficacy by enhancing administrative efficiency, accuracy, coordination and decision-making within the Department, while also improving public access to services, reducing waiting times and improving the speed and quality of service delivery. Initiatives such as the “War on Queues” demonstrate the Department’s efforts to implement digital transformation for improved client service. However, system downtime, poor network connectivity, outdated infrastructure, limited digital skills, inadequate training and low levels of public awareness, particularly in rural areas, continue to hinder the effective utilisation of digital systems. The study further finds that insufficient technical support and resources affect the reliability and efficiency of digital systems, highlighting the need for continuous updates and maintenance, improved infrastructure and capacity development. The study concludes that while digital transformation has contributed to improvements in institutional efficacy, its full potential has not yet been realised. The study therefore recommends the Digital Transformation Institutional Efficacy Framework (DTIEF), which emphasises organisational readiness, effective leadership and governance and the integration of digital technologies into institutional processes. Furthermore, the study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure, enhancing training and capacity building, increasing public awareness, improving technical support and fostering partnerships with technology providers, universities and other stakeholders to support sustainable and inclusive digital transformation.
Open Access
A framework fo the application of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in improving the service quality of tertiary institutions in South Africa
(2024-09-06) Patala, Najiyabanu Noormohmed; Kadyamatimba, A.; Munyoka, W.
With the capability of re-shaping the global economy, 4IR necessitates countries to keep up with technological innovations that require most sectors within a country to be restructured drastically. Tertiary institutions are therefore required to transform the delivery of higher education services to the next generation with a seamless combination of skills and knowledge set. Thus, quality measures must be redefined in the context of 4IR. However, very few studies have attempted to define and measure quality from a 4IR perspective and lack frameworks addressing 4IR-based quality improvement solutions. This study investigated how 4IR can be applied within the context of tertiary institutions for improving service quality following a positivist paradigm. A quantitative research design was adopted to obtain an understanding of the 4IR stances and quantitative data was collected through questionnaires to gain an idea of the student and staff members' perceptions of 4IR service quality. The participants were sampled from the University of Venda’s population of students and staff. A quantitative method for data analysis was employed through statistical analysis using SPSS software. The findings of the study identified challenges that inhibits and benefits that could promote a 4IR-based quality of service environment. The study found that 4IR-based quality planning plays a significant role in quality of teaching and learning management. 4IR technologies were perceived to be useful as respondents had some form of awareness. Factors such as 4IR-based institutional responsiveness, empathy and assurance were significantly shown to measure service improvement. Based on the findings, a framework for implementing a 4IR service quality improvement in the teaching, learning, and research context was developed and validated. This study contributed to addressing how best tertiary institutions can implement 4IR by assessing their readiness levels. The Framework will assist tertiary institutions in gathering knowledge of the policies, strategies, and governance mechanisms required for supporting 4IR initiatives while providing guidance to understand quality 4.0 issues. It is recommended that tertiary institutions redesign their technological pedagogies to keep up with the demands of current educations needs and quality standards.
Embargo
A framework for bridging the digital divide on e-government adoption in rural areas of the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province
(2026-05-19) Rapelo, Mokaba; Munyoka, W.; Netshirando, V.
This study developed a framework to bridge the digital divide and improve service delivery in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, where poor digital access creates barriers to essential public services and worsens existing inequalities in rural communities. Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and Digital Divide Framework as theoretical foundations, the study examined the main factors preventing digital inclusion and effective service delivery, including poor infrastructure, low digital skills, economic challenges, and cultural factors. A quantitative approach was used, collecting data through structured questionnaires from 384 participants, including residents, service users, and other stakeholders, and the data were analyzed using correlation analysis, regression modelling, and structural equation modelling. The findings showed that poor digital infrastructure, high internet costs, and limited digital skills were the main barriers preventing people from using digital services, with rural residents being the most affected. Statistical analysis confirmed that access to infrastructure (β = 0.44, p < 0.001) and digital skills (β = 0.38, p < 0.001) strongly predicted service delivery quality, together explaining 43% of the differences in service quality, while people's confidence in using digital devices (β = 0.707) and how easy services were to use (β = 0.662) were the strongest factors influencing whether people would adopt digital services, and both education level and geographic location were strongly linked to digital access and skills.
Open Access
A framework for integrating adaptive assistive technologies in inclusive education: A case study of the Disability Unit of the University of Venda
(2024-09-06) Macheque, Vhutshilo; Kadyamatimba, A.; Ochara, N. M.
Integrating Assistive Technologies in inclusive education can enable the academic engagement of students living with disabilities and be transformative from a psychological perspective. However, the success of this endeavour in disadvantaged rural South African universities remains a surmountable challenge due to factors militating against this noble idea. The aim of the study was to conceptualise a framework for integrating assistive technologies in inclusive education at a South African rural university where many students are living with disabilities. The study employed Technology-Task Fit, a variance theory, and DeLone Maclean Information Systems Theory, a process theory as a theoretical underpinning. This study adopts a pragmatism perspective and used an explanatory sequential mixed method design in which quantitative data was collected using an online questionnaire from a convenience sample of seventy-one participants, and the qualitative data was collected from a purposive sample of five participants using face-to-face interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) Version 29, and results were presented as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and chi-square test. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using Atlas ti23. The study found that several factors influenced the integration of assistive devices, but the lack of a proper framework, policies, or guidelines was the most influential. Five requirements for developing the framework were moderating factors, procurement strategies, training strategies, funding strategies, and ATs integration strategies. There was a strong and significant positive association between the requirements at p < 0.010 and other demographic characteristics and factors mitigating the integration of assistive devices in inclusive education. From the study, a Framework for Integrating Assistive Technology in Inclusive Education (IAATIE) was developed based on the requirements and best practices documented in journal literature. IAATIE was validated as relevance and acceptance using content (requirements), relevance, and acceptance by most of the reviewers and validators. The academic contribution of the study was the framework for Integrating Assistive Technologies in inclusive education at the university, which encouraged coordinated efforts from various key players, including students who have been previously ignored. The study recommends the implementation of a IAATIE framework for inclusive education.
Embargo
A Human Rights Framework Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Policies and Laws in South Africa and Nigeria
(2026-05-19) Ramabaga, Thuso
Climate change continues to exacerbate human rights vulnerabilities worldwide, including in Africa, with South Africa and Nigeria, despite having minimal historical emissions, experiencing intensifying floods, droughts, heatwaves, and environmental degradation that threaten rights to life, health, water, food, housing, and equality. Although both states have adopted climate adaptation policies and legislation, it remains unclear whether these instruments genuinely integrate the human rights principles and standards necessary to confront these escalating risks. This study engages with international human rights instruments to develop a human rights framework for climate adaptation, grounded in universality, equality, participation, accountability, and the substantive protection of rights affected by climate change. Using a doctrinal and comparative approach, the study demonstrates through its analysis that existing adaptation policies and legislation on adaptation provide only superficial and fragmented recognition of human rights, lacking the normative clarity and operational depth required to safeguard vulnerable populations. Consequently, rights protection is weakened, climate-induced threats are magnified, and the absence of explicit human rights anchoring generates heightened risks of state inaction and maladaptation. The study argues that climate adaptation, with a focus on human rights, must be pursued to achieve adaptation objectives. As shown, several constitutional values, including the Justiciability of socio-economic rights, may provide a coherent framework for implementing rights-based climate adaptation. In particular, while there are mutual lessons to be learnt, South Africa's well-grounded constitutional framework, anchored in justiciable socio-economic rights, environmental protection, and access to justice, offers an instructive model for Nigeria in strengthening its adaptation governance.
Embargo
A proposed model for the efficacy of land restitution in attaining land reforms in Vhembe District Municipality
(2026-05-19) Tshivhase, Hanedzani Miriam; Mahole, E.; Matloga, S. T.
The issue of land ownership and restitution is a crucial one in South Africa. The need to propose a model for the efficacy of land restitution in attaining land reforms in South Africa has become necessary. The necessity has arisen from numerous government reports on land reform, political parties’ arguments, and parliamentary debates on land ownership, which are among the priorities of most black people, as indicated in the Freedom Charter of the African National Congress (ANC) of 1955. The new democratic era has brought significant changes to South Africa. However, South Africa still facing challenges regarding land issues, such as how to redistribute land and restore it to those who were unjustly deprived of their rightful ownership during the apartheid regime. The study focused on the Vhembe District Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study employed a mixed-methods research design, integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. The pragmatic paradigm was used in this study. The researcher used a field research design. This study used purposive and simple random sampling to select respondents. Two data collection instruments were used, namely, research questionnaires and interviews. The reason for selecting a structured questionnaire and an open-ended interview schedule was to obtain sufficient, relevant information for the study. Two methods of data analysis were used, namely, descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The ethical issues observed in this study entailed conducting research that benefits respondents or participants in positive ways, doing no harm to research respondents or participants, and ensuring that research respondents or participants are not harmed. The findings reveal that despite constitutional and legal commitments, the restitution process remains slow, fragmented, and often ineffective in transforming land ownership and livelihoods. This study contributes to the broader land reform discourse by recommending practical reforms, including capacity-building for Communal Property Associations (CPAs), institutional realignment, and improved community participation. It advocates a more people-centred, coordinated approach to land restitution, ensuring that policy intentions translate into meaningful social and economic outcomes. This research highlighted systemic obstacles, policy deficiencies, administrative shortcomings, and socio-political intricacies that impede the success of land restitution and land reform. The results underscore the necessity of strong legal frameworks, participatory governance, equitable and context-sensitive compensation strategies, capacity development, and comprehensive monitoring and evaluation systems. By integrating theoretical knowledge with practical solutions, this research provides recommendations, outcomes, and enhances the overall effectiveness of land restitution efforts. Based on the study's findings, the Integrated Administrative Efficacy Model for Land Restitution is proposed as a framework to enhance the effectiveness of land restitution implementation in the Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo Province. The model integrates the core administrative functions of policy formulation, organisational arrangements, human resource management, financial administration, operational management, and accountability mechanisms, addressing institutional capacity constraints, governance fragmentation, and post-settlement support deficiencies in Vhembe District Municipality’s land restitution programme.
Open Access
A Sense-making Perspective of Algorithmic Accountability during Infodemics
(2024-09-06) Ramaru, Rifhiwa Rodney; Munyoka, Willard; Ochara, Nixon Muganda
During the pandemic era, enormous amounts of data were available to decision-makers. Much of the data was generated using algorithms in which people did not want to be held accountable for any wrong/false information (misinformation) that was being provided to the public, either on internet websites, social media or television and radios. Algorithmic Accountability examines the process of assigning responsibility for harm when algorithmic decision-making results in discriminatory and inequitable outcomes. Mis-and disinformation about science, technology, and health is neither new nor unique to the COVID-19 era. Amid an unprecedented global health crisis, many journalists, policy makers, and academics have echoed what World Health Organisation has stressed that misinformation about the pandemic presents a serious risk to public health and public action. The biggest challenge is that this misinformation or fake news is drowning official public health advice on COVID-19, making it extremely problematic for the voices of healthcare professionals to be heard; the implications of this may be enormous as it may cause the virus and other pandemics to spread more rapidly within diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to establish the extent of Misinformation during Infodemics, to address the lack of Algorithmic Accountability. A mixed-methods approach was used as the topic required a purposeful mixing of methods in data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the evidence. The key word is ‘mixed’; this explains that an essential step in this approach is data linkage or integration at appropriate stages in the research process. The researcher used Spyder Python for extracting data from the Twitter API and then used Feedly which is a news aggregator application for various web browsers and mobile devices running iOS and Android; this procedure is also available as a cloud-based service. Python was used to compile news feeds from a variety of online sources for the researcher to customize and share with others; after filtering for the Covid-19 Tweets there were 21 of 508 records. The analysis suggests that misinformation about COVID-19 comes in many different forms, from many different sources, and makes many different claims. The process of misinformation often rearranges existing or accurate content relatively than formulated on a large scale, and where it is manipulated, it is edited with simple tools. Given the breadth of the pandemic, independent media and actions by platforms and others played a vital role in addressing virus-related misinformation. Government websites and the World Health Organization (WHO) can help sort false from true material, and accurate from misleading assertations. With running topic modelling for the data consisting of 21 of 508 tweets, topic modelling provided a way to compress the big data qualitative phase of the research.
Open Access
A support framework of enhancing business performance of ruaral SMME's in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2024-09-06) Razwiedani, Khathutshelo Collins; Chiliya, Norman; Nkondo, Livhuwani G.
South Africa's aspiration for inclusive growth and development acknowledges the pivotal role of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) given the country's pervasive unemployment and poverty rates, particularly in rural regions. Since the inception of democracy in 1994 with the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to the present National Development Plan: Vision 2030, the focal point of South Africa's developmental endeavours has been the alleviation of poverty and inequality. This study aimed to devise a support framework to enhance the performance of SMMEs in the rural expanse of Limpopo Province, South Africa, while also fostering entrepreneurship expansion. Its primary objectives encompassed identifying the determinants affecting rural SMME performance, crafting a conceptual framework to bolster it, utilizing empirical research outcomes to formulate recommendations, and drawing conclusions to augment SMMEs' performance in Limpopo. Additionally, the study proffered actionable insights for stakeholders, including policymakers and entrepreneurs, to ensure the sustained viability of SMMEs in rural South Africa. Employing a quantitative research design aligned with the educational positivist paradigm, the study collected data from 377 entrepreneurs through questionnaires. A Convenience Sampling method was employed. Validity and reliability were ensured through exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha coefficients determination. Pearson's correlation coefficient tests were employed to discern relationships among independent variables. The resultant path model addressed prevalent challenges confronting rural small businesses, proposing a roadmap for enhancing their operational performance.
Embargo
A Systematic Literature Review of the National Health Insurance (NHI) funding models: Insights fot the Financial Sustainability of the South African NHI
(2026-05-19) Nemathaga, Pfano Kundani; Nkondo, L. G.
As South Africa moves towards implementing National Health Insurance (NHI), concerns remain about how to fund the system in a way that is both sustainable and equitable. This study aims to review existing literature on NHI funding models across different countries to identify insights that can support the financial sustainability of South Africa’s NHI. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on low- and middle-income countries with socioeconomic conditions similar to those of South Africa, and following the PRISMA protocol to ensure a structured and transparent selection of studies. Relevant literature was organised and analysed using the Atlas—ti software, enabling thematic coding and the synthesis of key findings. The findings highlighted a range of funding models adopted by low- and middle-income countries and the challenges of implementing NHI. The study provides evidence-based insights to guide policymakers in developing a sustainable and inclusive NHI funding model. Limitations include a focus on literature published between 2015 and 2025, and between 2021-2025 for results analysis, predominantly in English, which may exclude relevant studies from other periods or regions. The government should try to implement a progressive, primary healthcare–focused NHI funding model while strengthening public participation to ensure fairness, sustainability, and trust. Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Theory should guide implementation to reduce resistance through clear communication, training, and phased reform. Future research should employ a qualitative research method to explore stakeholders' perceptions and experiences regarding the feasibility and acceptability of a progressive financing and primary healthcare investment funding model for South Africa's National Health Insurance (NHI).
Embargo
Access to Healthcare Services for People with Albinism in South Africa: A Human Rights Perspective
(2025-05-16) Mudau, Benni Avhatakali; Simbo, C.; Phanyane, T. C.
The Albinism Society of South Africa found that the national healthcare system is failing to meet the needs of people with albinism. People with albinism face significant health challenges, including skin damage from ultraviolet (hereafter referred to as UV) rays and vision problems, primarily due to a lack of melanin. Research shows that many people with albinism die young, often from skin cancer in their 30s or 40s. Regular annual skin tests and eye check-ups are essential for early detection and treatment of these health issues. In South Africa, the right to access healthcare services for people with albinism is protected by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereafter referred to as the Constitution). The Constitution is read with various international laws and agreements, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (hereafter referred to as the UDHR), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereafter referred to as the ICESCR), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (hereafter referred to as the ICERD), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (hereafter referred to as the CEDAW), the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereafter referred to as the UNCRC), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereafter referred to as the CRPD), the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (hereafter referred to as the ACHPR), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (hereafter referred to as the ACRWC), and the SADC Declaration on the Protection of Persons with Albinism (hereafter referred to as the DPPA), all of which provide for the right to health. However, despite these international and constitutional provisions, there is no specific case law or health legislation in South Africa that clearly defines the state’s obligations in providing access to healthcare services for people with albinism. This lack of case law and legislation that defines the state’s internationally and constitutionally compliant obligations creates significant challenges for people with albinism in enforcing their right to access healthcare services. Clarifying these legal obligations is crucial to establish the health demands of people with albinism as legally enforceable claims, facilitating effective advocacy grounded in rights-based language. Advocacy based on international and constitutional entitlements empowers people with albinism to assert their health needs as rights rather than mere service requests. This approach provides a stronger foundation for holding the state accountable and ensuring that people with albinism have access to healthcare services they are entitled to. Through a doctrinal method, this study aims to clarify South Africa’s specific international obligations which are also protected by the Constitution in section 27. It evaluates South Africa’s legislative framework and measures to ensure healthcare access for people with albinism, identifies gaps, and concludes with recommendations to persuade the government to adopt internationally and constitutionally compliant health laws that guarantee full access to necessary healthcare services for this population.
Embargo
Administrative challenges in Land Reform: the case of Vhembe District of Municipality
(2026-05-19) Mavundadavhi, Unarine; Takalani, Hulisani; Mafunisa, M. J.
This research explored the administrative obstacles that impede the effective execution of land reform in the Vhembe District Municipality of South Africa. While land reform was designed to redistribute land, rectify historical injustices, and promote inclusive rural development, its implementation has been sluggish, fragmented, and hampered by persistent governance issues. Utilising Institutional Theory as a framework, the study examined how bureaucratic inefficiencies, capacity constraints, poor institutional collaboration, and conflicts between formal processes and customary authority hinder the effectiveness of land redistribution and restitution initiatives. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with government officials, traditional leaders, and community beneficiaries. The results showed that administrative and procedural delays, such as centralised record systems, protracted vetting processes, and insufficient staffing, considerably slow down land claim processing. The research highlighted the fragmentation of institutions and overlapping responsibilities between the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, local municipalities, and traditional councils, which leads to duplication of efforts, mistrust, and inconsistent communication. There were also significant deficiencies in post-settlement support and monitoring, leaving many beneficiaries without the necessary technical assistance, financial resources, and ongoing guidance, causing stagnation and underutilization of restituted land. Furthermore, the study found that reliance on the willing-seller/willing-buyer model contributes to market-driven delays, inflates land prices, and allows landowners to delay or resist negotiations. In conclusion, the administrative challenges faced in Vhembe are systemic, stemming from issues with institutional alignment, resource limitations, and governance complexities. The study recommends enhancing administrative capacity, improving cooperation among governmental and traditional authorities, decentralising approval processes, boosting post-settlement support, and reevaluating market-based land acquisition methods. This research adds to the existing conversation on public administration, land governance, and rural transformation by stressing that effective land reform requires not only changes in policy but also efficient, collaborative, and community-focused administrative practices. Ultimately, the study advocates for a more human-centric approach to land reform that considers the experiences, aspirations, and challenges faced by beneficiaries.
Open Access
The admission and enrolment of foreign legal practitioners in SACU countries as an international trade services issue
(2022-11-10) Mambure, Yolanda Nyasha; Ndlovu, Lonias; Van Der Walt, Tharien
When WTO members make GATS commitments, it is imperative to do follow-up studies to establish how each member adheres to her international obligations and the laws they profess to uphold. To this end, the dissertation calibrated each SACU country's GATS commitments in the background of the laws underpinning those commitments as a way to see if they uphold international ratifications. Data were collected from information available in the public domain and published online. The study established that legal services are the most restricted in all SACU countries except Lesotho. For example, foreign legal practitioners are not admitted or enrolled in the Republic of South Africa and Namibia unless they become ordinary residents or citizens. In BOLESWA countries, namely Botswana, Lesotho and Eswatini, law graduates from sister universities are given preferential treatment. Graduates with qualifications from outside BOLESWA, irrespective of nationality, must sit for local Bar examinations and satisfy some local laws. For these reasons, the measures put in place are viewed as a wanton infringement of each respective country's constitution and the key tenets of GATS. Using Lesotho, one of the SACU members who has completely liberalised legal services, as a model, the study, through recommendations, demonstrates how these countries could best comply with the GATS to enhance regional integration, cooperation, and development.
Open Access
Agricultural technology's effect on entrepreneurship: a case study of the Mopani District Municipality in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
(2023-10-05) Mangena, Mokgadi Lucy; Nkondo, L. G.; Nemushungwa, A.
Traditionally, agriculture was considered a low-tech industry with limited technical dynamics. As modernisation engulfed human kind, changes to the agricultural sector occurred, spearheaded by economic liberalisation. Economic liberalisation helped to reduce the sector’s protection. These changes brought new entrepreneurial players into the sector, in addition to innovation and portfolio entrepreneurship. Despite these positive changes, the agricultural sector faces entrepreneurship challenges. A lot of these situational challenges are widely publicised in literature but not much has been written about agricultural entrepreneurship. This study, therefore, brings a new dimension to the entrepreneurship field of research. That is, the need for a study about the agricultural technology’s effects on entrepreneurship is long overdue. Against this backdrop, this study investigated the agricultural technology’s effects on entrepreneurship in the Mopani District Municipality. The study adopted a qualitative approach with a sample of ten participants using purposive sampling. Interpretive paradigm was used to underpin the study. Data was collected through interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that agricultural technology provides unparalleled benefits to farmers despite negative consequences associated with its use. The study recommends that farmers should familiarise themselves with the new agricultural technology’s effects on their trade before embracing it. Policy makers are encouraged to formulate appropriate policies that would help to develop the farmers’ knowledge and skills about agricultural technology.
Embargo
An Analysis of the Strategies to promote Ethical Behaviour in Local Government: A Case of Thulamela Local Municipality
(2025-09-05) Ravhuanzwo, Shumani Maxwell; Zitha, H. E.; Lavhelani, N. P.
The study analyses the strategies to promote ethical behavior in local government, with a particular focus on Thulamela Local Municipality (TLM). TLM is one of the local municipalities constituting Vhembe District Municipality in the Limpopo province. The 1994 first democratic elections in South Africa demonstrated the country's dedication to human rights and prosperity. There are three spheres of government: national, provincial, and local. Local government has come a long way since then, but obstacles to service delivery have led to a loss of trust in municipal employees. Good governance is increasingly being threatened by systemic corruption, which results from the unethical behavior of municipal leadership. The strategies and recommendations to be provided in this research study serve as a light on the challenge of adherence to the prescribed ethical standards in service delivery by TLM and other local municipalities across the country. To better investigate strategies to promote ethical behavior by municipal employees in service delivery in TLM, the study utilized the public value theory, a qualitative approach (descriptive design and explorative design) and the constructivism paradigm. The study used purposive sampling to ensure precise sample collection. Primary data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Thematic and descriptive analyses were applied to the analysis of the qualitative data. The major findings of this study are that unethical behavior in TLM is manifested through corruption, nepotism, cadre deployment, political interference, and bribery; that lack of exemplary behavior by senior municipal officials and incompetent staff members are some of the causes of unethical conduct within TLM; that unethical behavior demotivates committed municipal officials; and that internal strategies for enhancing ethical conduct within the municipality are not effective. The study recommends that consequence management and the provisions of the codes of conduct must be enforced and that TLM stakeholders must report unethical behavior by municipal officials to external watchdog bodies such as the National Prosecting Authority and the Office of the Auditor General.
Embargo
An Analysis on the Impact of Service Delivery on Humam Rights: A Case of Vhembe District Municipality
(2025-09-05) Phangophango, Zwivhuya; Lavhelani, N. P.; Mbedzi, L.
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, provides that failure to provide services is a violation of human rights. In addition, Section 22 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, forbids discrimination and guarantees freedom of trade, activity, and profession,emphasizing the connection between human rights and service delivery. It creates a framework for encouraging fair access to services and holds officials responsible for making sure that the provision of services satisfies the freedom, equality, and dignity guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. This is a required activity, and people's human rights are infringed when they are denied these services. Moreover, failing to provide services to the public is not supported by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. It makes clear that everyone has the inherent right to dignity and the protection of the human rights. The study aims to analyze the impacts of service delivery on human rights in Vhembe District Municipality. Secondary data was sourced from the journal articles, municipal annual reports, legal framework, websites, library books, and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996, pertinent laws, and policies pertaining to human rights. The researcher used non-probability sampling and purposive sampling to collect secondary data for this study. Moreover, the study adopted desktop research. The literature on this subject has been examined in order to find common problems, patterns, and operational parallels with regard to how service delivery affects human rights in VDM. Thematic analysis was used to analyze secondary data collected. Significant gaps in access to essential services such as water, health-care, education, and power were shown by the analysis of service delivery in the Vhembe District Municipality. These gaps result in violations of core human rights, such as the right to dignity, health, and education. To overcome these gaps and protect human rights in the area, it is significant for the local government to consider infrastructure investment as a priority, enhance governance and accountability systems, transparency, and guarantee increased community involvement in decision-making. The study recommended the VDM to respect human rights by extending services to the communities.
Embargo
An Assessment of the Influence of Youth Unemployment on Crime Rates in Chavani Village, Limpopo, South Africa
(2025-09-05) Nyalungu, Mixo Penelope; Mulaudzi, A.; Sithuga, N. P.
Youth unemployment and crime are two major rallying themes across South Africa’s socio-political landscape. This study was conducted due to the concern of a rapid increase of unemployment and crime. Most graduates find themselves in a situation where they are unable to secure employment and this further result into emotional and mental breakdown. The study aims to assess the influence of youth unemployment on crime rates in Chavani village, Limpopo province, South Africa. The study adopted a mixed research methods approach. A purposive sampling and cluster sampling was used to select participants. The researcher used semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to collect data. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis and quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). It is envisaged that findings of this study may be used in the design and implementation of strategies and programmes to reduce youth unemployment and crime in South Africa. Further, the researcher makes some recommendations pertaining to addressing and reducing the high rate of youth unemployment and crime.