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Item Open Access Determining the functionality of traditional leadership councils as agents of rural development in Vhembe District, South Africa(2019-05-16) Mudimeli, Ronald Nyambeni; Francis, J.; Tshitangoni, M. M.In other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Traditional Councils (TCs) have always been central to the governance of rural communities. In South Africa, they were restructured in 2003 in order to promote effective leadership and good governance. According to the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 2003, TCs are responsible for land administration, promotion of peace and stability, facilitating service delivery and building sustainable social cohesion in rural communities, among others. In Vhembe District, for example, land disputes, violent protests and xenophobic attacks are experienced. This situation raises the question whether TCs are really functional. Multi stage stratified random sampling was used to select six out of the 43 TCs in the Vhembe District for the purpose of the current study. Age, gender and degree of rurality were considered when selecting respondents. Using the exploratory sequential mixed methods design, a series of studies were conducted to suggest a functionality index for TCs. The first study was conducted to clarify the meaning of rural development as perceived by grassroots communities. Focus group discussions, observation and preference ranking were used to collect data in the six TCs. Using Atlas Ti version 7.5 software, standard of living, service provision, empowerment, agricultural practice, economic development, shopping malls, indigenous culture and traditions, competent human resource and spatial planning were identified as key elements of rural development. The Friedman test of the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to calculate the mean ranks of the identified themes. Most respondents (mean rank 7.57) defined rural development in terms of service delivery with construction of shopping centres (mean rank 3.90) and promotion of culture ( mean rank 3.65) being the least popular views. Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0. 01) confirmed service delivery and standard of life to be the most preferred indicators of rural development. The second study was to explain the roles of TCS in developing rural communities. In addition to reviewing previous literature and legislations, focus group discussions, observations and preference ranking techniques were used to explain the roles of TCs in rural development. Service delivery, land administration, management of resources, social welfare, administration of justice, economic development, records keeping, recruitment of investors, moral regeneration, culture and tradition, and communication were identified as key roles of TC in developing rural communities. The Friedman test was performed to calculate the mean ranks of each of the identified roles. The results indicated that provisioning of service delivery (mean rank 7.34) was the most preferred role TCs are expected to perform in developing rural communities with communication (mean rank 4.75) being the least preferred. Wilcoxon signedrank test (P=0.00) indicated that there was a remarkable significance difference between the most recognised role of TC (service delivery) and the other three (communication, culture and moral regeneration) which were identified as less important in the current study. It was evident in the study that various government policies that defines the roles of TCs did not provide specific duties traditional councillors should perform within the listed fields of functional domains. The third study was carried out to determine the major attributes of functional TCs in the Vhembe District of South Africa. Leadership and governance, resources, organisational structure, development programmes and social cohesion were the main five attributes of functional TCs identified in the study. Friedman test was computed to establish the mean ranks of each of the identified attributes. The study revealed that effective leadership and good governance (mean rank 3.71) was the most attribute contributing to the functionality of TCs in Vhembe rural communities with social cohesion (mean rank 2.03) being the least identified. The results of Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0.01) indicated a significance difference only to those pairs of variables including social cohesion. Therefore, the study concluded that social cohesion was the least preferred attribute of functional TCs. The results of the study were used to develop an index for measuring the functionality of TCs in rural development. The equation is in the form: To become functional, traditional councillors should be equipped with leadership and governance skills for rural development. Based on the findings of the current study, it is further recommended that provisioning of basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity in Vhembe rural communities be prioritized over other programmes for development discussed in the study. Furthermore, the study recommends for establishment of guidelines explaining the roles of TCs and to be translated in local languages.Item Open Access Evaluating the contributions of the traditional leadership institution to the success of rural agricultural projects(2021-11-19) Ndlovu, Wiseman; Manyoro (Mwale), M.; Zuwarimwe, J.Despite numerous attempts to improve the participation of the Traditional Leadership Institution (TLI) in rural development, it is still not clear what its sector-specific roles and contributions are in agriculture (TLIC). Furthermore, how these contributions impact the Success of agricultural projects (APSF) and the barriers to their effective participation (FHTLIC) remain unknown. Therefore, the study evaluated the moderating effect of FHTLIC on the relationship between TLIC and APSF. A structural equation model was used for evaluation through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences IBM Amos version 26. Specifically, the direct and indirect effects of the TLIC in creating conditions necessary for rural agricultural projects to prosper were modelled and analysed. Initially an explorative study was conducted using focus groups and interviews (N =103) to construct measures in the model and then, a self-administered survey questionnaire (N = 211) was utilized to collect quantitative data for model testing and evaluation. Communal farmers, traditional leaders, and key informants in Vhembe and Mopani districts in Limpopo province, South Africa provided data for the study. The study revealed that four of the five validated factors of TLIC significantly and positively impact the conditions of success for rural agricultural projects using multiple regression analysis. The role of TLI in promoting social capital by aiding networking, partnerships, and collaborations for farmers with development actors such as government, non-governmental organizations as well as other local players explained the most variance. Furthermore, it emerged that FHTLIC is a significant moderator in the relationship. Thus, with a combination of higher levels of TLIC or TLI participation and low effect of barriers to participation, conditions of success for rural farmers are significantly improved. Moreover, the higher-level effect of FHTLIC affected the effect that TLI has on APSF, even with increased participation. The political and relational barriers were the most problematic barriers mainly caused by role ambiguity. To improve TLI participation, efforts to minimize the effect of four identified barriers while enhancing the capacity of the TLI to promote rural development is recommended. Given the results, regular multi-stakeholder collaboration training is also recommended that might enable stakeholders to partner, share responsibilities, and knowledge in support of rural agricultural projects, including those in agriculture. Further refinement of the current model, by investigating the moderating effect for each of the four facets of FHTLIC is recommended. This is critical to further adapt the model, give practitioners, TLI, and policy makers options or tools to promote local economic development and add to the body of knowledge.