Department of Animal Science
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Browsing Department of Animal Science by Author "Bhebbe, E."
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Item Open Access Effect of feed withdrawal and strain on laying performance and egg quality of white and brown Hy-Line layers(2019-05-18) Mudau, Mulanga Lenticia; Bhebbe, E.; Netshipale, A. J.The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of feed withdrawal and strain on laying performance and egg quality of White and Brown Hy-line layers. Fifty four hens for each strain (White Hy-Line and Brown Hy-line) aged 18 weeks (point of laying stage) were used in the investigation. Feed withdrawal had no effect (P>0.05) on laying performance, mortality rate, egg internal and external quality, but significantly affected (P<0.01) average feed intake, body weight, small and extra-large eggs percentages. Hens under ad libitum consumed more feed than hens under four hours and eight hours feed withdrawal. High body weight was observed on ad libitum fed hens, intermediate on eight hours feed withdrawn hens and lower at four hours feed withdrawn hens. High percentage of small graded eggs was observed on four hours feed withdrawn hens, intermediate on eight hours feed withdrawn hens and lower on ad libitum fed hens. High percentage of extra-large graded eggs was observed on ad libitum fed hens, intermediate on eight hours feed withdrawn hens and lower four hours feed withdrawn hens. Strain had a significant effect on average egg weight, median egg weight, albumen weight, extra-small, small, medium and large graded eggs percentages (P<0.01) and on body weight, egg height , egg width, average egg shell colour (P<0.05). Strain did not affect (P>0.05) average feed intake, body weight change, egg output, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate, egg shell breaking force, albumen height, yolk height, yolk weight, extra-large and jumbo graded eggs percentage. Brown Hy-Line layers had high average egg weight, median egg weight, egg height, egg width, and average egg shell colour and albumen weight than White Hy-Line layers. Small sized eggs percentage and body weight were high on White Hy-Line layers compared to Brown Hy-Line layers. Medium and large sized eggs were high on Brown Hy-Line layers than White Hy-Lines. Feed withdrawal by strain interaction effect was observed on body weight, average egg weight and median egg weight, albumen weight and egg height, percentage of small, medium and large graded eggs (P<0.05). Brown Hy-Line hens under eight hours feed withdrawal had high egg weight, median egg weight, egg height, albumen weight and under eight hours feed withdrawn White Hy-Line hens had lower albumen height compared to other interactions. In all interactions White Hy-Line had high percentage of small graded eggs whereas Brown Hy-line had high percentage of large and medium graded eggs.Item Open Access Effects of sprouted cowpea (vigna unguiculata) dietary inclusion with ronozyme ® ProAct supplementation on broiler performance(2023-05-19) Mariba, Nancy; Fushai, F.; Bhebbe, E.The study evaluated the efficacy of maize-sprouted cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) diets when fed with supplementary exogenous enzymes on the growth (live weight, live weight gain, feed conversion ratio) and carcass parameters of Ross-308 broilers. Cowpeas were screened for viable seed and sterilised by 30-minute immersion in 2% sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution. Germinated by 12-hour soaking in tap water prior to 4-day open-air, 2-hourly irrigated sprouting on steel screens, and rapid, hot sun-drying to 35% DM spread on black plastic sheeting laid on a concrete surface. Balanced [160 g CP kg-1 DM] cowpea-based grower and finisher diets were mixed at 0, 50, 100% with iso-nutrient respective commercial feed mixes (controls). Duplicates of the experimental diets were fortified with 200 g/tonne of Rononzyme ® ProAct (75,000 PROT units g-1 serine protease). Nine hundred chicks were randomly allotted at 30 birds/pen in a 3 (diet) x 2 (enzyme) factorial experiment replicated five times. Random sample (8 birds/pen) live weight were evaluated on a weekly basis. Treatments were subjected to the analysis of variance using Minitab Statistical package version 18 (Minitab, 2017). Treatment means were separated using Tukey’s test at 5% level of significance. The maize-sprouted cowpea inclusion rate had no effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption (g/b/d). Grower feed with 100 maize-sprouted cowpea inclusion had a significantly (P<0.05) lower live weight gain (45.0 g/b/d) (LWG) and consequently live weight at day 35 (LW35) compared to SCG0 and SCG50 which were not different. Enzyme fortification had no effect on all growth parameters in both grower and finisher phases. During the finisher phase, birds on maize-cowpea diets had significantly higher (P<0.05) feed consumption (g/b/d) compared to the control diet (SCF0). Diet SCF100 had the lowest (P<0.05) live weight at day 42 (LW42) compared to SCF0 and SCF50, and eventually had the highest feed conversion ratio (FCR). Cumulatively, grower-finisher (day 22-42) live weight gain (LWG22-42) was in the dietary order SCG0> SCG50>SCG100 (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR22-42) was in the dietary order SCG0< SCG500.05) affect the abdominal viscera. The enzyme had no effect (P>0.05) on the slaughter parameters except the proportional weight (%) of the heart. The maize-sprouted cowpea diets resulted in a low value for the meat redness coordinate (a) (P < 0.05). The yellowness coordinate (b) was in the order SCG0-SCF0>SCG50-SCF50>SCG100-SCF100 (P < 0.05). Meat water holding capacity and the shear force were higher on the SCG0-SCF0 compared to the SCG100-SCG100-SCF100 feeding regime (P<0.05). In conclusion, dilution of the control with the sprouted cowpea diet reduced the live weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and carcass weight, and caused adverse effect on meat quality, with more adverse effects at the 100%, compared to the 50% dilution level. Adverse metabolic and physiological effects were v indicated by the enlargement of the liver and gizzard at the high inclusion of sprouted cowpea in broiler diets.Item Open Access Evaluation of Apple (Malus domestica) Cider Vinegar and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract as Phytogenic Supplements in Broiler Chickens(2022-07-15) Chabalala, Oscar; Fushai, F.; Bhebbe, E.The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry may induce antibiotic resistance with risk of accumulation of harmful residues in poultry products, thereby compromising poultry and human health. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) and garlic are phytogenic substances which have been gaining considerable interest due to their ability to improve performance. This study investigated growth promoting effects of drinking-water supplemented with ACV and garlic extract on broilers. A total of 390, day-old Ross broiler chicks were housed in an open, deep litter house divided into 30 pen partitions, each measuring 2.3 m2, to which treatments were allocated in a randomized 2 (sex) x 5 (additives) factorial experiment. Experimental units were allotted to antibiotic free diet plus untreated drinking water (Negative control (NC), antibiotic free diet plus ACV treated drinking water (T1), antibiotic free diet plus garlic treated drinking water (T2), antibiotic free diet plus ACV+garlic treated drinking water (T3) or antibiotic fortified diet plus untreated drinking water (positive control (PC). The experiment was replicated three times. The test period started at the age of 15 days and consisted of two phases: grower (15-28 days of age) and finisher (29-42 days of age). All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of SPSS. Where main effects were significant, Tukey’s test was used to separate the means. Males had higher feed intake than females (P<0.05) in all growth phases. Weight gain, FCR and mortality of the birds was not affected by sex (P>0.05) in all growth phases. Birds on the PC gained more weight (P<0.05) than birds on T1, T2, T3 and NC during all growth phases. Grower-phase feed intake was similar across treatments (P>0.05), while birds on the PC consumed more feed (P<0.05) during finisher phase than birds on the NC and on ACV and garlic additives. Birds on the PC had a lower grower-phase FCR (P<0.05) than birds on T1, T2, T3 and NC, though with lower FCR during finisher phase to birds on T1 and T3. Mortality was similar for all treatment (P>0.05) throughout the experiment. Dressing percentage was similar across sexes (P>0.05). Birds on the NC exhibited a lower dressing percentage (P<0.05) than all others. Meat vi pH was higher in male birds (P<0.05), and was not affected by additives (P>0.05). Gut digesta pH, proventriculus weight, gizzard weight, gastrointestinal tract length across sexes were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). Birds on the PC had a higher liver weight (P<0.05) than all others, and higher spleen weights than birds on T2 (P<0.05). In conclusion, in the current study, ACV and or garlic additives did not benefit broiler performance.